STUART M. BERNSTEIN, Bankruptcy Judge.
Defendant Dr. Peter Ritter, a Liechtenstein resident, served as the sole director, president, secretary and treasurer of Kinbrace Corporation ("Kinbrace"), a Liberian corporation, before Kinbrace was placed into involuntary chapter 7 in this Court. After the Court ordered relief, the chapter 7 trustee for Kinbrace, Barry N. Seidel (the "Trustee"), brought this adversary proceeding. He alleges, in substance, that Ritter breached his fiduciary duty and aided and abetted the breach of another's fiduciary duty, resulting in a significant prepetition default judgment entered against Kinbrace. (Complaint, dated Dec. 24, 2015 ("Complaint") (ECF Doc. # 1).)
Ritter has moved to dismiss the Complaint arguing that this Court lacks personal jurisdiction over him, or alternatively, that this Court should dismiss the Complaint pursuant to the doctrine of forum non conveniens. Ritter also contends that a decision by the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County dismissing claims against Ritter on forum non conveniens grounds in a related action precludes the Trustee under collateral estoppel and the Rooker-Feldman doctrine from contesting the issue here. For the reasons that follow, Ritter's motion to dismiss based on forum non conveniens is granted.
Kinbrace was organized under Liberian law on July 7, 1986. (Complaint, Ex. A.) At all relevant times, Ritter, a Liechtenstein resident, served as the sole director, president, secretary and treasurer of Kinbrace. (Id. at ¶ 12.) Munyan was a New York attorney, and at the relevant time, was working at the New York law firm of Riad & Associates. (Id. at ¶ 16.) Munyan has since passed away. (See Letter from Barry N. Seidel to the Court, dated Sept. 10, 2015, at 2 (ECF/Main Case Doc. # 33).)
During the same period that Ritter managed Kinbrace, he also served as the director of five Liechtenstein entities—Establishment Finapart, Establishment Figest, Establishment Gour-Sande, Establishment Elatia and Establishment Sundekon (collectively, the "Establishments").
Ritter and Munyan established a bank account on Kinbrace's behalf at Citibank, N.A. ("Citibank") in New York, as well as at banks in Switzerland, Paris and Bermuda. (Id. at ¶ 21.) In connection with the Citibank account, Ritter executed various documents in Liechtenstein and sent them to Munyan in New York. (See Declaration of Evan J. Zucker in Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Adversary Complaint, dated Nov. 18, 2016, Exs. E & H (ECF Doc. # 19).) The documents granted Ritter and Munyan signatory authority over the Citibank account, (Complaint, Ex. D), and Ritter also granted Munyan signatory authority over the bank accounts of the Establishments and the Trusts. (Id. at ¶ 20.) From 1997 to 2007, Munyan allegedly transferred millions of dollars from the Establishments' bank accounts into Kinbrace's Citibank account, and then used that money for his personal expenses. (Id. at ¶ 21 & Ex. E.)
On April 14, 2004, Citibank grew troubled with Kinbrace's "operating and receiving wire transfers from high risk countries, coupled with managing expenses for unknown international entities" without Kinbrace having any agreements with those entities. (Id. at ¶ 23.) As a result, Citibank emailed Munyan on May 12, 2004 to inform him that it intended to close the account unless he provided certain information to explain and reconcile the suspicious account activity. (Id. at ¶ 24.) Munyan then wrote a letter to Ritter to inform him that Citibank had concerns about the account activity, and solicited ideas as to how to handle the situation. (Id. at ¶ 25.) Munyan was apparently unable to provide the requested information, and Citibank closed the account on June 29, 2004. (Id. at ¶ 26.)
After Citibank closed Kinbrace's account, Munyan tried to open an account with JPMorgan Chase in New York ("Chase"), and sent account opening documents to Ritter, but Chase refused to open the account after hearing that Citibank had closed the account. (Id. at ¶ 27.) The Trustee has not supplied evidence that Ritter ever executed and returned the Chase documents. Furthermore, the schedule of transfers attached to the Complaint does not show any transfers from the Establishments' accounts to a Chase account maintained by Kinbrace. (Id., Ex. E.)
In June 2007, Mr. Riad—Munyan's boss at Riad & Associates—discovered that Munyan had transferred millions of dollars of the Establishments' funds into his own personal bank account, fired Munyan and alerted Ritter. (Id. at ¶ 28; State Court Dismissal Order at 6.) Despite the warning, Ritter took no actions to remove Munyan as Kinbrace's attorney-in-fact until the end of 2007. (Complaint at ¶ 30.) After June 2007, $11,382.13 was transferred from an account at Nethou owned by one of the Establishments or a related company, (id. at ¶ 21), to Kinbrace's Citibank account. (Id., Ex. E, Pt. 2, at 3.)
On April 9, 2009, the Establishments commenced an action against Kinbrace, Ritter, Munyan and others in the Supreme Court, New York County ("State Court Action") relating to Munyan's improper transfer and misuse of at least $15.5 million of the Establishments' funds. The State Court Complaint alleged, inter alia, that Ritter and Kinbrace had aided and abetted Munyan's breach of fiduciary duty to the Establishments, (State Court Complaint at ¶¶ 148-54; 166-71), and Ritter had breached his own fiduciary duty to the Establishments, (id. at ¶¶ 187-92), and acted negligently. (Id. at ¶ 193-97.) Finally, the State Court Complaint alleged that Kinbrace was unjustly enriched and had converted the Establishments' assets. (Id. at ¶¶ 225-38.)
Ritter moved to dismiss the State Court Action directed against him based on lack of personal jurisdiction, and alternatively, on forum non conveniens grounds. The New York Court denied the first prong of Ritter's motion. The State Court Complaint alleged that Ritter had transacted business in New York on behalf of Kinbrace within the meaning of N.Y.C.P.L.R. § 302(a)(1). He appointed Munyan as Kinbrace's attorney-in-fact, he authorized the opening of the New York bank accounts and he completed and sent corporate documents to Munyan in New York for delivery to Citibank. (State Court Dismissal Order at 21-22.) These allegations, taken as true, demonstrated that the Establishments' jurisdictional claims were not frivolous and that discovery was necessary. (Id. at 22.)
The New York Court nonetheless dismissed Ritter from the State Court Action on forum non conveniens grounds. (Id. at 22-23.) It observed that the plaintiff Establishments were entities with corporate structures unique to Liechtenstein, Ritter was also a Liechtenstein resident, and the transaction occurred in Liechtenstein. (Id. at 23.) Additionally, certain of the Establishments had already commenced proceedings in Liechtenstein against Ritter pursuant to Liechtenstein law, and Liechtenstein clearly had a strong interest in policing the activities of the Establishments' directors. (Id.) Finally, maintaining the State Court Action against Ritter would be burdensome given the foreign parties, documents, witnesses and controlling law. (Id.)
For unexplained reasons, Ritter never caused Kinbrace to defend the State Court Action, and the New York Court eventually entered a default judgment in the sum of $13,747,555.20 (the "Judgment") in favor of the Establishments and against Kinbrace on July 14, 2011. (Complaint at ¶ 14.)
On June 12, 2012, the Establishments filed an involuntary chapter 7 petition against Kinbrace, and the Court ordered relief on October 18, 2012. (ECF/Main Case Doc. #s 1, 5.) The interim chapter 7 trustee filed Schedules A-H on behalf of Kinbrace on March 28, 2013. (ECF/Main Case Doc. # 11.) The only creditors listed in Kinbrace's Schedules were the Establishments, which collectively held an unsecured nonpriority claim in the sum of $13,747,555.00 on account of the Judgment. (ECF/Main Case Doc. # 11.) As the sole creditors, the Establishments elected Seidel as the permanent Trustee on August 2, 2013 pursuant to Bankruptcy Code § 702. (See Report of the United States Trustee Regarding Undisputed Election of Chapter 7 Trustee, dated Aug. 8, 2013, at 3 (ECF/Main Case Doc. # 22).)
The Trustee subsequently commenced this adversary proceeding against Ritter in December 2015, asserting that Ritter had breached his fiduciary duty, aided and abetted Munyan's breach of his own fiduciary duty to Kinbrace and failed to exercise appropriate oversight over Kinbrace's bank accounts and over Munyan, resulting in the Judgment against Kinbrace. The Trustee's factual assertions largely mirrored those made by the Establishments in the State Court Complaint — Ritter knowingly participated in Munyan's scheme to steal Kinbrace's assets, failed to monitor Munyan's activity after providing him with signatory powers over Kinbrace's and the Establishments' bank accounts, and failed to monitor Kinbrace's financial health. (Complaint at ¶¶ 36-50; see State Court Complaint at ¶¶ 148-154, 187-197.)
Ritter filed the instant motion to dismiss on September 30, 2016 pursuant to Rules 12(b)(2) and 12(b)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedures made applicable to this adversary proceeding by Rule 7012 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure. (Memorandum in Support of Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Adversary Complaint, dated Sept. 30, 2016 ("Ritter Memorandum") (ECF Doc. # 15).) He contends that the Court lacks general or specific personal jurisdiction over him, (id. at 6-16), or alternatively, the Complaint should be dismissed based on forum non conveniens. (Id. at 22-29.) He further maintains that the Trustee is precluded from contesting the forum non conveniens issue based on collateral estoppel and the Rooker-Feldman doctrine given Ritter's prior dismissal from the State Court Action. (Id. at 16-22.)
The Trustee responded that this Court has specific personal jurisdiction over Ritter based on Ritter's hiring a New York attorney and signing and sending various documents to New York. These facts, the Trustee argues, are sufficient to satisfy the minimum contacts requirement for this Court to exercise personal jurisdiction without offending the traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. (Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Adversary Complaint, dated Nov. 18, 2016 ("Trustee Opposition"), at 9-13 (ECF Doc. # 18).) Additionally, the Court should not dismiss the case based on forum non conveniens because the Trustee's forum selection is entitled to significant deference, there is no evidence that a Liechtenstein forum could adequately adjudicate the matter, and the balance of private and public interests weigh in favor of hearing the matter in this Court. (Id. at 13-20.) Moreover, collateral estoppel and Rooker-Feldman do not apply. (Id. at 21-24.)
Because of the Court's ruling regarding forum non conveniens, I address the parties' other arguments briefly. I decline to dismiss the Complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction for the same reasons articulated by the State Court. (See State Court Dismissal Order at 21-22.) Ritter hired Munyan to serve as Kinbrace's attorney-in-fact, sent corporate and bank documents to Munyan in New York to allow Munyan to open Kinbrace's Citibank account, and Munyan used the Citibank account to commit tortious acts within the state.
The Rooker-Feldman doctrine is inapplicable. "Rooker-Feldman bars the federal courts from exercising jurisdiction over claims `brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments.'" Sykes v. Mel S. Harris & Assocs. LLC, No. 13-2742-cv, 2015 WL 525904, at *22 (2d Cir. Feb. 10, 2015) (quoting Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005).) The Rooker-Feldman doctrine applies where the following four elements are present:
Hoblock v. Albany Cnty. Bd. of Elections, 422 F.3d 77, 85 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 284).
Ritter satisfied the first, second and fourth elements. Kinbrace, the Trustee's predecessor, lost in State Court, Kinbrace was injured by reason of the Judgment and the State Court rendered the Judgment before the commencement of this bankruptcy case and this adversary proceeding. However, the Trustee is not asking the Court to review and reject the Judgment. Instead, the entry of the Judgment forms the basis of the Trustee's claim for damages against Ritter.
Nor does collateral estoppel apply. Under New York law, which applies by virtue of 28 U.S.C. § 1738, the party invoking collateral estoppel must satisfy two elements:
D'Arata v. N.Y. Central Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 564 N.E.2d 634, 636 (N.Y. 1990).
Kinbrace, the Trustee's predecessor, was a party to the prior action. However, Kinbrace did not assert claims against Ritter in the State Court Action, and the State Court never decided whether any claims that Kinbrace might assert against Ritter were subject to dismissal based on forum non conveniens. Instead, the State Court decided that the Establishments' claims were subject to dismissal based on forum non conveniens. Furthermore, Ritter has not argued that the Judgment entered by default against Kinbrace, which he caused by allowing Kinbrace to default in the State Court Action, has any preclusive effect on the Trustee.
I nevertheless conclude that forum non conveniens requires dismissal of the Trustee's action subject to the limitations discussed later in this decision. "A federal court has discretion to dismiss a case on the ground of forum non conveniens when an alternative forum has jurisdiction to hear [the] case, and . . . trial in the chosen forum would establish . . . oppressiveness and vexation to a defendant . . . out of all proportion to plaintiff's convenience, or . . . the chosen forum [is] inappropriate because of considerations affecting the court's own administrative and legal problems." Sinochem Int'l Co. Ltd. v. Malaysia Int'l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 429 (2007) (citations and internal quotations omitted). The forum non conveniens analysis calls for a three-step approach. First, the court must determine the degree of deference to accord to the plaintiff's choice of forum. Second, it must consider whether the defendant's proposed forum is adequate to adjudicate the parties' dispute. Third, the court must balance the private and public interests implicated in the choice of forum. Norex Petroleum Ltd. v. Access Indus., Inc., 416 F.3d 146, 153 (2d Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1175 (2006); Iragorri v. United Techs. Corp., 274 F.3d 65, 73-74 (2d Cir. 2001) (en banc). With respect to a forum non conveniens analysis, "a court considers not only the allegations of the pleadings but all evidence before it, and does not presume the facts pleaded to be true." Ramirez de Arellano v. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc., 448 F.Supp.2d 520, 522 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (citing In re Livent Inc. Sec. Litig., 78 F.Supp.2d 194, 200 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)). The defendant bears the burden of proof on all of the elements of the motion. Bank of Credit Commerce Int'l (Overseas) Ltd. v. State Bank of Pakistan, 273 F.3d 241, 246 (2d Cir. 2001).
A plaintiff's forum choice is generally afforded deference, but there is no bright line rule, and the degree of deference warranted "moves on a sliding scale depending on several relevant considerations." Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 71 (citing Koster v. (Am.) Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 330 U.S. 518, 524 (1947)). "Usually, the greatest deference is afforded a plaintiff's choice of its home forum," N0rex, 416 F.3d at 154, "while `less deference' is afforded a foreign plaintiff's choice of a United States forum." Id. (citing Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 72). This lesser deference applies even where the nominal plaintiff is American, but is acting in a representative capacity for a foreign entity. VictoriaTea.com, Inc. v. Cott Beverages, Canada, 239 F.Supp.2d 377, 381 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) ("[W]here the local claimant is only nominally American, as in the case of an assignee of a foreign corporation, the courts have generally refused to give special deference to plaintiff's choice of forum.") (citations and internal quotations omitted).
No one suggests that the Trustee has engaged in forum shopping; he sued in the home bankruptcy court. Nevertheless, the Trustee has stepped into the shoes of Kinbrace, a Liberian entity, and his status is akin to an assignee of Kinbrace. Accordingly, his forum choice is entitled to diminished deference, but I assume that it weighs in favor of retaining the litigation in this Court.
The second step in a forum non conveniens analysis is to determine whether an adequate alternative forum exists. Ordinarily, "[a]n alternative forum is adequate if the defendants are amenable to service of process there, and if it permits litigation of the subject matter of the dispute." Pollux Holding Ltd. v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 329 F.3d 64, 75 (2d Cir. 2003) (citing Piper, 454 U.S. at 254 n.22). Both requirements are satisfied here.
First, Ritter submits that he is amenable to service of process in Liechtenstein, (Ritter Memorandum at 26), and in fact, is currently defending the Establishments' lawsuit in that jurisdiction. Second, Ritter has demonstrated that the Liechtenstein courts have subject matter jurisdiction over the Trustee's claims. According to the affidavit of Christoph Bruckschweiger, LL.M.,
In rare circumstances, despite meeting these criteria, an alternative forum may nonetheless be inadequate where such forum is "characterized by a complete absence of due process and an inability of a plaintiff to obtain substantial justice.'" In re Arbitration Between Monegasque De Reassurances S.A.M. (Monde Re) v. Nak Naftogaz of Ukraine, 311 F.3d 488, 499 (2d Cir. 2002). This presents a high bar to the litigant opposing a forum non conveniens dismissal because "considerations of comity preclude a court from adversely judging the quality of a foreign justice system absent a showing of inadequate procedural safeguards." PT United Can Co. Ltd. v. Crown Cork & Seal Co., Inc., 138 F.3d 65, 73 (2d Cir. 1998). The Trustee has not argued that a Liechtenstein proceeding would not provide adequate procedural safeguards. Accordingly, the Liechtenstein forum is adequate.
The Trustee could nonetheless face obstacles litigating in Liechtenstein. In particular, a significant amount of time has passed since the commission of the wrongful acts alleged by the Trustee, and he could face a statute of limitations defense or other procedural defenses under Liechtenstein law or jurisdictional objections by Ritter that could foreclose the litigation in Liechtenstein. This problem is not unique to this case, and a dismissal based on forum non conveniens can be made conditional. Bank of Credit and Commerce Int'l, 273 F.3d at 247-48; see also Blanco v. Banco Indus. de Venezuela, S.A., 997 F.2d 974, 984 (2d Cir. 1993) ("[F]orum non conveniens dismissals are often appropriately conditioned to protect the party opposing dismissal.") (citations omitted). Thus, if the other factors point toward dismissal, the Court can impose conditions which, if not met, could return the litigation to this Court.
The third step in the analysis requires the Court to balance the private and public interest factors set forth in the seminal Supreme Court case Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 508-09 (1947). The private interest factors include: (i) the relative ease of access to sources of proof, (ii) availability of compulsory process for attendance of unwilling witnesses, (iii) the cost of obtaining attendance of willing witnesses, (iv) issues concerning enforceability of a judgment if one is obtained, and (v) all other practical problems that make trial of a case easy, expeditious and inexpensive. Jacobs v. Terpitz (In re Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP), 522 B.R. 464, 477 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2014) (citing Gulf Oil Corp., 330 U.S. at 508-09). "In assessing the private interest factors, `courts should examine the specifics of the claims: rather than simply characterizing the case as one in negligence, contract, or some other area of law, the court should focus on the precise issues that are likely to be actually tried.'" Id. (quoting Airflow Catalyst Sys., Inc. v. Huss Techs. GMBH, No. 11 cv 6012 (CJS), 2011 WL 5326535, at *4 (W.D.N.Y. Nov. 3, 2011)).
The private factors weigh heavily in favor of dismissal. The essence of the Trustee's claim is that Ritter, a Liechtenstein resident and Liberian fiduciary, breached his own fiduciary duty and aided and abetted Munyan's breach of his separate fiduciary duty. Ritter's acts of commission or omission occurred in Liechtenstein. He has travelled to New York or the United States on just four occasions, the last time in 1992, and none of these trips involved Kinbrace business. (Affidavit of Dr. Peter Ritter in Support of Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Adversary Proceeding, sworn to Sept. 26, 2016 (Ritter Affidavit"), at ¶¶ 20-22, 24 (ECF Doc. # 16).)
The Trustee argues that he will need documents and witnesses from Citibank, and the bank's employees are key witnesses. (Trustee Opposition at 15, 18.) The transfers from the Establishments' accounts to the Citibank account do not appear to be in dispute. The Trustee presumably already has the necessary bank documents because the Complaint attached a detailed reconstruction of all those transfers. In any event, the parties to the Liechtenstein proceeding have exchanged documents relating to the New York bank transfers, including bank statements, (Bruckschweiger Affidavit at ¶ 8), and access to this proof does not appear to present a problem. For this reason, the Trustee's contention that he needs the bank employees as key witnesses is unpersuasive since their only purpose would be to identify the bank documents.
The Trustee also contends that Riad, who works in New York, is a key witness. He allegedly discovered Munyan's theft of the Establishments' funds in June 2007, fired Munyan and alerted Ritter, but Ritter did not take action against Munyan until the end of 2007. (Trustee Opposition at 18.) This testimony could be important, but Liechtenstein law allows the parties to take Riad's deposition. (See Bruckschweiger Affidavit at ¶ 8.) Thus, a trial in Liechtenstein does not seem to present any practical problems with proof. Furthermore, Riad's testimony is relevant to only a single transfer amounting to slightly more than $11,000. Retaining the litigation in New York because it may be more convenient to adduce Riad's testimony when all of the other evidence pointing to over $15 million in transfers is located in Liechtenstein (and the Trustee can presumably take Riad's deposition) is unwarranted.
Finally, Ritter does not own any property in the United States, and a New York judgment against Ritter will be difficult to enforce in Liechtenstein. According to Bruckschweiger, the Trustee would have to commence a new lawsuit in Liechtenstein, and the New York judgment would be persuasive but only if it had been granted on the merits. (Bruckschweiger Affidavit at ¶ 11.) The New York judgment would not be binding or enforceable under any circumstances, and it would be up to the Liechtenstein judge in the exercise of his or her discretion to determine what issues, if any, decided in this proceeding needed to be relitigated. (Id.)
A balance of the relevant public interest factors also weighs in favor of dismissal. The public interest factors include (i) the administrative difficulties flowing from court congestion, (ii) the local interest in having controversies decided at home, (iii) the interest in having a trial in a forum that is familiar with the law governing the action, (iv) the avoidance of unnecessary problems in conflicts of laws or in the application of foreign law, and (v) the unfairness of burdening citizens in an unrelated forum with jury duty. Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP, 522 B.R. at 479 (citing Gulf Oil Corp., 330 U.S. at 508-09); accord RIGroup v. LLC v. Trefonisco Mgmt. Ltd., 949 F.Supp.2d 546, 558 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (citing Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 74).
Although Court congestion does not present a problem and Ritter did not indicate in his motion that he intends to request a jury (the Trustee did not), the other factors weigh in favor of dismissal. The underlying controversy involves the acts and omissions of a Liechtenstein domiciliary, committed in Liechtenstein and relating to his fiduciary duty owed to a Liberian corporation. The only scheduled creditors and the only creditors that have thus far filed proofs of claim (no bar date has been set) are the Establishments. In fact, the adversary proceeding duplicates the proceeding brought by the Establishments in Liechtenstein.
Moreover, the Establishments rather than the Kinbrace estate are the injured parties, and in truth, this bankruptcy case commenced by the Establishments never served a purpose. The Kinbrace account was used as a conduit for the fraud perpetrated against the Establishments. It received the funds that Munyan stole from them, and Kinbrace never acquired title to that money. See SEC v. Universal Express, Inc., No. 04 Civ. 2322 (GEL), 2008 WL 1944803, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 30, 2008) ("It is a long-established general rule that `a thief cannot convey a good title to stolen property.'") (quoting Newton v. Porter, 69 N.Y. 133, 137 (1877)). When Munyan thereafter siphoned the stolen funds from the Kinbrace account for his personal use, he stole the Establishments' money, not Kinbrace's. Kinbrace will be injured only to the extent it pays the Judgment but that seems unlikely. Kinbrace is bankrupt and has no assets.
Furthermore, under New York's internal affairs doctrine, Ritter's fiduciary duties and any breach of those duties will be determined under Liberian law. See Marino v. Grupo Mundial Tenedora, S.A., 810 F.Supp.2d 601, 607 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) ("New York applies the internal affairs doctrine to claims for breach of fiduciary duty and, thus, applies the law of the state of incorporation to such claims.") (citing Walton v. Morgan Stanley & Co. Inc., 623 F.2d 796, 798 n.3 (2d Cir. 1980)); Davis v. Scottish Re Grp., Ltd., 28 N.Y.S.3d 18, 20 (N.Y. App. Div. 2016) ("Under the internal affairs doctrine, claims concerning the relationship between the corporation, its directors, and a shareholder are governed by the substantive law of the state or country of incorporation . . . .") (citing Hart v. General Motors Corp., 517 N.Y.S.2d 490 (N.Y. App. Div. 1987), leave to appeal denied, 515 N.E.2d 910 (N.Y. 1987)). Hence, Liberian law will govern the Trustee's claim for breach of fiduciary duty.
Accordingly, the Court concludes based upon consideration of the relevant factors that this case should be dismissed under the doctrine of forum non conveniens. As noted, however, it is necessary to condition that dismissal to prevent prejudice to the Trustee should Ritter assert a defense of lack of personal jurisdiction or similar defense in Liechtenstein, or contend that the Trustee's claims are foreclosed based on procedural rules or the statute of limitations that would not present obstacles in this Court. In the event that litigation of the Trustee's claims is foreclosed in Liechtenstein for these reasons, the Trustee can reopen this adversary proceeding provided he has diligently pursued his rights in Liechtenstein. To avoid any doubt, Ritter is free to defend the Trustee's claims on the merits.
Settle order on notice.
