LEONARD P. STARK, District Judge.
Plaintiff Karen M. Roberts ("Roberts" or "Plaintiff) was employed as a Part-Time Nurse in the In-patient Rehabilitation Center ("Rehab Center") of the Milford Memorial Hospital ("Hospital"), a facility operated by Defendant Bayhealth Medical Center, Inc. ("Bayhealth" or "Defendant"), a non-profit corporation that owns and operates a healthcare system in Kent and Sussex Counties, Delaware. Roberts began her employment at the Hospital in 1988 and was terminated in February 2012.
Between 2003 and 2011, Roberts had several surgeries and other procedures resulting from a brain tumor, and at some point she came to be disabled (as that term is used in the applicable statute).
Now pending before the Court in this employment discrimination matter are: (1) Bayhealth's motion for summary judgment (D.I. 103); (2) multiple motions in limine ("MIL") filed by both parties as part of the proposed final pretrial order ("PTO") (D.I. 123); and (3) various issues relating to the forthcoming jury trial (scheduled to begin on September 8, 2015). The Court will resolve most of these disputes by this Memorandum Order. The parties should be prepared to discuss the remaining disputes at the pretrial conference ("PTC") to be held on Friday, August 28, 2015.
In her Amended Complaint (D.I. 22), Roberts alleges that Bayhealth, her former employer, violated her rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101, et. seq. ("ADA"), in two respects. In claim 1, she alleges that Bayhealth discriminated against her by failing to accommodate her disability by, among other things, refusing to make the reasonable accommodation of giving her a regular, part-time schedule consisting of three 8-hour day shifts (7 a.m. to 3 p.m.), sufficient to allow her to retain her benefits. (See, e.g., D.I. 22 at ¶¶ 107-09) In claim 2, she alleges that Bayhealth discriminated against her by terminating her employment as a nurse. (See, e.g., id. at ¶¶ 110-12)
Bayhealth has moved for summary judgment with respect to both of Roberts' claims. (See D.I. 103) Bayhealth contends "there is no genuine issue of material fact that Plaintiff is not a qualified individual within the meaning" of the ADA. (D.I. 104 at 1) Further, in Bayhealth's view, "there is no issue of material fact that Bayhealth provided a reasonable accommodation to the extent required by law." (Id.) The Court disagrees with Bayhealth on both points.
The applicable legal standards are not in dispute. (See D.I. 104 at 11-12; D.I. 111 at 23) "The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party bears the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 n. 10 (1986). An assertion that a fact cannot be — or, alternatively, is — genuinely disputed must be supported either by citing to "particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those made for the purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials," or by "showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A) & (B). If the moving party has carried its burden, the nonmovant must then "come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court will "draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, and it may not make credibility determinations or weigh the evidence." Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150 (2000).
Contrary to Defendant's contention, the record taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiff contains sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that Roberts was a "qualified individual" within the meaning of the ADA. A two-part test is used to determine whether an employee is a qualified individual: (1) "the individual satisfies the prerequisites of the position, such as possessing the appropriate educational background, employment experience, skills, licenses, etc.;" and (2) "whether or not the individual can perform the essential functions of the position held or desired, with or without reasonable accommodation." Gaul v. Lucent Techs., Inc., 134 F.3d 576, 580 (3d Cir. 1998).
Here, the dispute as to whether Roberts is qualified devolves largely into a dispute as to whether the ability to work a 12-hour shift is an "essential function" of her position as a Rehab Center nurse. "Whether a particular function is essential is a factual determination that must be made on a case-by-case basis [based upon] all relevant evidence." Deane v. Pocono Med. Ctr., 142 F.3d 138, 148 (3d Cir. 1998) (en banc).
A job function may be considered essential for reasons including: (1) the position exists to perform that function; (2) there are a limited number of employees available among whom that function can be distributed; and (3) the function is highly specialized. See 29 U.S.C. § 1630.2(n)(l) & (n)(2). Evidence of whether a function is essential includes: (a) the employer's judgment; (b) the consequences of not requiring the incumbent to perform the function; and (c) the current work experience of incumbents in similar jobs. See id. at § 1630.2(n)(3).
On the record before the Court, just about each of these factors presents a genuine dispute of material fact. For instance, Defendant's contention that "Plaintiffs requested shift would have left Bayhealth and its nurses unable to operate effectively as a team for four hours of the day, 3 p.m. to 7 p.m., compromising patient safety" (D.I. 103 at 14), cannot be accepted at this point in the proceeding. To the contrary, there is sufficient evidence in the record from which a reasonable jury could find that Bayhealth's nurses could operate effectively as a team at all times, including during the busy period of 3 to 7 p.m., with a combination of 4-, 8-, and 12-hour shifts, just as Bayhealth had done prior to 2012.
There are also genuine disputes of material fact as to whether another position for which Plaintiff was qualified — Part-Time Recovery Room Nurse Position — was open and available at the applicable date, which Plaintiff contends was June 29, 2011.
Nor does Defendant's repeated criticism that Plaintiff has not identified any other nurse who received regular 8-hour shifts after mid-2011 provide a basis for granting summary judgment. Whether or not the new shift requirement was uniformly and fairly applied to all nurses is a fact question — the answer to which is pertinent to (although not necessarily dispositive of) resolution of Plaintiffs claims. Plaintiff contends she was discriminated against based on her disability. She is not asserting a violation of her right to equal protection. Thus, if there was no other nurse whose disability required a reasonable accommodation in order to work the required number of hours, Plaintiff may still prevail on her ADA claims by showing that she (alone) was unlawfully discriminated against.
The record, taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, also contains sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that Defendant failed to provide a reasonable accommodation to Plaintiff. To show that Bayhealth breached its duty to provide a reasonable accommodation, Roberts has to show: (1) Bayhealth knew about her disability (which is undisputed); (2) Roberts requested accommodations or assistance for her disability; (3) Bayhealth did not make a good faith effort to assist her in seeking accommodations; and (4) Roberts could have been reasonably accommodated but-for Bayhealth's lack of good faith. See Taylor v. Phoneixville Sch. Dist., 184 F.3d 296, 311-12 (3d Cir. 1999).
Here, among other things, the parties vigorously dispute whether one or both engaged in the interactive process in good faith. Bayhealth insists it "made every attempt to accommodate Plaintiff so that she could continue to work at Bayhealth" and "tailored its accommodation to the limitations set forth in the June 27 Note" from Dr. Rutenberg, which expressly limited Plaintiff to 8-hour shifts but which did not expressly state that those shifts had to be 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. (D.I. 104 at 17) However, a reasonable jury could find that Bayhealth was not engaged in a good faith effort to reasonably accommodate Roberts' disability — based on, for example, internal Bayhealth emails expressing doubt as to Bayhealth's efforts,
In sum, a reasonable jury could find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Roberts has adduced evidence proving each of the elements of each of her claims.
Consistent with the Scheduling Order (D.I. 13 ¶ 12), the parties incorporated their MILs and briefing on them in the PTO (D.I. 123). Having reviewed the briefing contained in the PTO, and the materials included with it,
1. Plaintiffs MIL 1, to exclude the EEOC investigator's recommendation for closure and related materials, is
2. Plaintiffs MIL 2, to exclude the Position Description/Performance Review for the Recovery Room Nurse, is
3. Plaintiffs MIL 3, to exclude the testimony of Jessica Soja as irrelevant and unduly prejudicial, is
4. Defendant's MIL 1, to exclude "irrelevant, prejudicial, and cumulative documents and testimony regarding Plaintiffs disability," is
5. Defendant's MIL 2, to preclude testimony regarding the inpatient rehabilitation schedules, is
1. Buried within the PTO is Bayhealth's request for reconsideration of the Court's denial of Bayhealth's motion to amend its answer. (See D.I. 123 at 58, 60-61) A request for reconsideration must be filed by separate motion. See D. Del. LR 7.1.2(a) ("Unless otherwise ordered, all requests for relief shall be presented to the Court by motion."). More importantly, such a motion must be filed within 14 or at most 28 days of date of the order for which reconsideration is being sought. See D. Del. LR 7.1.5 ("If a party chooses to file a motion for reargument, said motion shall be filed within 14 days after the Court issues its opinion or decision . . . ."); Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 59(e) ("A motion to alter or amend a judgment must be filed no later than 28 days after the entry of the judgment."). The Court denied Bayhealth's motion to amend on April 27, 2015. (See D.I. 121 at 27-32) Defendant's request for reconsideration, filed as part of the PTO on August 14, 2015, is obviously untimely.
Bayhealth's motion suffers from still more serious defects. First, it is not predicated on any of the grounds for which reconsideration could be granted — for example, that the Court has patently misunderstood a party, made a decision outside the adversarial issues presented by the parties, or made an error not of reasoning but of apprehension, see Schering Corp. v. Amgen, Inc., 25 F.Supp.2d 293, 295 (D. Del. 1998), or that there has been an intervening change in controlling law, new evidence is available, or there is a need to correct a clear error of law or fact to prevent manifest injustice, see Max's Seafood Cafe by LouAnn, Inc. v. Quinteros, 176 F.3d 669, 677 (3d Cir. 1999). Instead, Bayhealth merely and improperly rehashes the same arguments the Court already rejected in denying the motion to amend. See generally United States v. Veolia Env'tN. Am. Ops., Inc., 2015 WL 4454905, at *2 (D. Del. 2015). Additionally, reconsideration is never warranted where it would not change the result. See Schering Corp., 25 F. Supp.2d at 295. Here, the Court adheres to its reasoning and conclusion on the motion to amend, so reconsideration would not change the outcome.
2. Each side is allocated a maximum of
In light of these realities, the requests set out by the parties in the PTO are entirely unreasonable. Roberts, while recognizing "[t]he case is scheduled for a 5 day trial," expresses a belief "that it will take
Civil cases of even greater factual complexity than the instant case are regularly tried to verdict in this Court with each side being allocated no more than 12 hours for a one-week trial and no more than 25 hours for a two-week trial. Here, while the parties' views of the facts contrast sharply, a full and fair record to support each side can be made in the course of a oneweek trial of the length that is typical in this Court. Accordingly, again, the Court has allocated eleven (11) hours per side for trial presentations.
3. Jury selection will be held on Friday, September 4, 2015 at 9:30 a.m, allowing the trial to begin with opening statements on Tuesday, September 8, 2015 at 9:00 a.m. Trial will be held from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. on Tuesday, September 8 through Friday, September 11, 2015. Should either side have time remaining thereafter, the Court will discuss with the parties whether trial will continue on September 14, 15, and/or 16 (in light of the Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah, which begins on September 13 and may make jurors and/or witnesses unavailable).
4. Plaintiffs request that Mr. Himelein not be sequestered and be permitted to sit at counsel table (D.I. 123 at 59) is
5. It is unclear which portions of Plaintiffs request for damages the parties believe are to be tried before the jury, and which are to be left for the Court to resolve following trial. The parties should be prepared to discuss their proposals with respect to damages at the PTC.