MEMORANDUM OPINION

GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor.

This matter involves certain Defendants' motion to dismiss claims against them, arising from the Plaintiffs' purchase of Plimus, a company in the business of facilitating payment to sellers of goods online. Plimus's business model was dependent on its relationship with entities that facilitated payment from buyers— notably Paymentech and PayPal, with which the majority of Plimus's revenue was associated. The Amended Complaint alleges that the Plimus executives who negotiated the contract made fraudulent misrepresentations in connection with the sale, withholding the information that Plimus's relationship with Paymentech had been terminated by Paymentech, and that its relationship with PayPal was also about to be terminated. As a result of this fraud, argue Plaintiffs, they paid for what they believed was a thriving company but got a near-moribund operation instead. The Plaintiffs seek contractual damages as well as recovery from two executives who negotiated the contract, based on fraud. The latter claims are not the subject of this motion to dismiss, and I assume for purposes of this motion that the complaint adequately pleads fraud against these two executives.

The Amended Complaint also seeks to recover against four members of the board of directors, a major Plimus investor, and that investor's registered agent, which served as the stockholders' representative, for fraud and/or for conspiring with and aiding and abetting the executives in their fraudulent acts, in addition to claims for indemnification and unjust enrichment. The Plaintiffs also seek to recover from two other investors for indemnification and/or unjust enrichment. These Defendants move to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), alleging, among other things, failure to plead fraud with specificity as required under Chancery Rule 9. For the reasons that follow, these Moving Defendants' Motion is largely denied.

I. BACKGROUND FACTS

A. The Parties and Business

Plimus1 is an e-commerce payment processing business incorporated in California, with its principal place of business in Waltham, Massachusetts.2 Plimus provides online tools, including a payment clearance platform, to its clients, sellers of online goods and digital content including video games, music, and software.3 Through this platform, Plimus acts as a payment intermediary between its clients and purchasers of its clients' electronic wares and services.4 Online sellers typically use Plimus because they "lack the business experience necessary to fulfill the payment-processing function themselves, lack the infrastructure or scale to do so, or both."5

To deliver its payment platform, Plimus also acts as an intermediary between its clients and payment processors that "deal directly with the major credit card companies," such as PayPal, Inc. ("PayPal").6 In the Plaintiffs' words:

Consequently, Plimus's relationships with payment processors are critical to its business model.8 These relationships are explored in further detail below.

Prior to its acquisition, Plimus was a private company, with a five-member board of directors and a relatively concentrated ownership structure.9 Defendant SIG Growth Equity Fund I, LLLP ("SIG Fund"), a Delaware limited liability limited partnership with its principal place of business in Pennsylvania, was Plimus's largest stockholder.10 Defendant SIG Growth Equity Management, LLC ("SIG Management," and collectively with SIG Fund, "SIG") is a Delaware limited liability company also based in Pennsylvania.11 SIG Management is SIG Fund's authorized agent and, as described in further detail below, signed the merger agreement as representative of the Company's stockholders.12

At the time of the merger, SIG Fund held 7,957,977 shares of Plimus Series A Preferred Stock.13 In connection with its large holding of Plimus stock, SIG designated two members to the Plimus board, Defendants Amir Goldman and Jonathan Klahr.14 Goldman, a Managing Director at SIG Management, also served on the board of Susquehanna Growth Equity ("SGE"), the U.S.-based private equity division of the Susquehanna International Group.15 Klahr, in addition to serving on Plimus's board, also served as a director of SIG Management and SGE.16 Because of Goldman's position with SIG Management, and both Goldman's and Klahr's involvement with SGE, the Amended Complaint contends that these individuals directed SIG's actions.17

Plimus's co-founders, Defendants Tomer Herzog and Daniel Kleinberg, each owned 4,723,957 shares of Plimus common stock—a collective 44% ownership stake in the Company.18 Herzog and Kleinberg also served on the Plimus board, and Herzog additionally served as the President of Plimus.19

Prior to closing, Plimus's CEO was Defendant Hagai Tal, who also sat on the board and owned 881,500 shares of Plimus common stock.20 Defendant Irit Segal Itshayek served as Plimus's Vice President of Financial Strategy and Payment Solutions.21

Other stockholders of Plimus, prior to the closing, included Defendant Donors Capital Fund, Inc. ("Donors Capital"), a Maryland corporation that owned 1,449,000 shares of Plimus's Series A Preferred Stock, and Defendant Kids Connect Charitable Fund ("Kids Connect"), a Virginia corporation that owned 351,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock.22

B. The Merger

In late 2010, Plimus's board and SIG decided to explore a possible sale of the Company.23 Perkins Coie, the Company's outside legal counsel, stepped in to advise on the sale; the Company also retained investment banking firm Raymond James.24 In connection with the sales process, Plimus and its investment bankers prepared a sales document entitled "Confidential Information Memorandum."25 This Memorandum contained detailed information about Plimus's business model, leadership, historical successes, and financial projections and prospects, among other things.26

Among those companies interested in acquiring Plimus were Great Hill Equity Partners IV, LP, a Delaware limited partnership headquartered in Boston, and Great Hill Investors LLC, a Massachusetts limited liability company also headquartered in Boston (collectively, "Great Hill"). In early February 2011, Great Hill signed a non-disclosure agreement with the Company,27 and in late February, Plimus sent Great Hill the Confidential Information Memorandum.28 Great Hill also received access to the data room set up by Plimus to facilitate information sharing with prospective bidders.29

On May 18, 2011, Great Hill submitted a bid letter to Plimus, indicating that it valued the Company at approximately $115 million.30 On May 26, Great Hill and Plimus entered into a letter agreement outlining the basic terms of a potential acquisition (the "Letter Agreement").31 The Letter Agreement reiterated that Great Hill valued the Company at $115 million, and granted Great Hill an exclusivity period in which the parties could negotiate the terms of a definitive agreement.32 During the negotiation process, Great Hill, aided by counsel and its expert due diligence consultants, including PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, engaged in extensive due diligence, involving, among other things, exchanges of written questions and responses as well as face-to-face meetings and telephone conversations between Great Hill representatives and Plimus management.33

The Plaintiffs claim that the individual Defendants were actively involved in this sales process. The Amended Complaint alleges that Goldman and Klahr attended board meetings and received a variety of information about the Company in connection with their director roles and "through SIG's information rights as a major stockholder in Plimus;" they both also had access to the data room.34 Additionally, the Plaintiffs allege that Herzog and Kleinberg were "active participants in Plimus's business and the sales process;" during the sales process, both of these co-founders "sought and obtained access to the materials in the data room; repeatedly requested and received regular written updates from the Company's investment banker and management concerning the sales process; and participated in regular telephonic meetings with Tal, SIG directors Goldman and Klahr, and Raymond James concerning the sales process."35

Following extensive negotiations and diligence, Great Hill contracted to acquire Plimus for $115 million through merger entities Fremont Holdco, Inc. ("Fremont"), a Delaware corporation based in Massachusetts, and its wholly-owned subsidiary Fremont Merger Sub, Inc.36 On August 3, 2011, Fremont, Fremont Merger Sub, Inc., Plimus, SIG Management, and certain "Effective Time Holders" (as explained below37) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Original Merger Agreement"). On September 29, an Amended Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Amended Merger Agreement"), with substantially the same terms, was executed among Fremont, Fremont Merger Sub, Inc., Plimus, SIG Management, Herzog, Kleinberg, Tal, and SIG Fund.38 While Fremont Holdco, Fremont Merger Sub, Inc., and Plimus are bound by the entire Amended Merger Agreement, Herzog, Kleinberg, Tal, and SIG Fund only signed the Amended Merger Agreement in connection with Section 5.06—the Agreement's non-compete, non-solicit, and confidentiality provisions.39 Further, SIG Management, which executed the Amended Merger Agreement on behalf of the Effective Time Holders as Stockholders' Representative, only entered into certain sections of the Amended Merger Agreement.40

The parties closed the merger on September 29, 2011. The Plaintiffs allege that, in connection with the transaction, SIG Fund received over $50.17 million, Donors Capital received over $9 million, Kids Connect received over $2.2 million, Herzog and Kleinberg each received over $21.1 million, and Tal received over $5.2 million.41

C. Plimus's Payment Processing Relationships

The current dispute between the parties revolves around material information that was allegedly withheld from the Plaintiffs during the sales process, concerning the status and cause of Plimus's deteriorating relationships with its major payment processors. The Amended Complaint explains that Plimus's relationships with payment processors are critical to its payment platform. As a May 2010 PowerPoint presentation prepared by Company management and sent to Great Hill on August 29, 2011—after the parties entered into the Original Merger Agreement—noted, Plimus's relationships with payment processors were "one of the most significant and material relationships our company has."42 This presentation further reiterated that "[w]ithout these relationships our business cannot exist. They are our gateway to all credit card issuers and additional payment methods outside the U.S."43 As of early 2011, Plimus had agreements with several payment processors, including "key payment processor" Paymentech, LLC ("Paymentech") and PayPal, "Plimus's most important payment processor."44 However, the Plaintiffs allege that, unbeknownst to them, these integral business relationships were in disrepair leading up to the merger—Paymentech already having unilaterally terminated its agreement prior to the merger's closing and PayPal preparing to do the same eight days after the closing—due to Plimus's violations of contractual terms and the credit card association rules, as described below.

1. Paymentech

Prior to Great Hill's acquisition of Plimus, Paymentech was one of Plimus's "key payment processor[s]."45 On February 4, 2011, however, Paul Hankins, Paymentech's Associate General Counsel and Vice President, notified Plimus that Paymentech intended to terminate the parties' processing agreements on May 5, 2011.46 This notice provided that:

On February 9, David Romano, a Paymentech account executive, sent an email to Tal and Segal Itshayek urging Plimus to "cease all activity for any (and all) client, vendor, supplier, author, sponsored merchant, etc. in India immediately," and warning that "[p]otential fines could be in the millions of dollars."48 On February 11, 2011, Tal sent a letter to Hankins, noting that Paymentech's "sudden termination puts an unreasonable stress on several aspects of our business for which we need to make transition [sic]."49 Tal, on behalf of Plimus, requested a two-month extension, such that the relationship would not be terminated until July 5, 2011.50 On February 14, in his response to Tal, Hankins agreed to postpone the termination until June 20, 2011, to give Plimus the opportunity to transition to a new provider, but conditioned the extension on Plimus being compliant with "merchant agreements and association rules."51 Hankins's letter noted that Plimus was, at that time, still not in compliance with the processing agreements, as had been expressed in his previous February 4, 2011 letter.52

The Plaintiffs allege that because Plimus "continued to violate the Agreements and Association Rules," Paymentech rescinded its extension on March 1, 2011 and stated its intent to terminate the parties' agreements as of March 7, 2011.53 Despite providing a March 7 termination date, however, on March 3, Roger Hart, Paymentech's General Counsel, wrote to Tal that Paymentech would extend the termination date to March 21, 2011.54 In his letter, though, "Hart warned Plimus to `immediately and permanently cease submitting to Paymentech any transactions representing new sales.'"55 Hart further conveyed that Plimus would be liable for any fines or penalties associated with Plimus transactions that were levied by the credit card companies, including those "substantial fines" that "MasterCard has indicated it intends to impose . . . against Paymentech for Plimus' noncompliance with MasterCard rules."56

On March 7, Goldman emailed Tal and requested correspondence between Plimus and Paymentech "to be sure we [i.e., SIG, Goldman, and Klahr] are up to speed on that here."57 Tal responded to Goldman's request on or around March 18.58 On March 20, Klahr emailed Tal, requesting that he provide the same correspondence to Herzog and Kleinberg, "who, with Tal, Goldman and Klahr, comprised the entirety of Plimus's five-member Board of Directors;" Klahr also noted that he and Goldman had "questions we would like to ask [Perkins Coie] about the deal and also about Paymentech."59 Meanwhile, on March 18, Plimus's counsel at Perkins Coie had sent an email to Paymentech's General Counsel, copying Goldman, Klahr and Tal, informing Paymentech that Perkins Coie had "been retained by [Plimus] to represent it in connection with Paymentech's unilateral termination of the agreements between Plimus and Paymentech and the attendant winding down process."60 Plimus counsel also expressed that the withholding of funds by Paymentech in connection with the termination "has and will continue to have a detrimental effect on Plimus' business—especially during this time of intensive transition."61

The Plaintiffs allege that on March 21, 2011, per Paymentech's General Counsel's notice, Paymentech terminated its relationship with Plimus.62 The following day, "Klahr forwarded to Herzog and Kleinberg the Company's correspondence with Paymentech, including Perkins Coie's March 18 letter to Paymentech."63 Through a separate email, Klahr requested that Herzog and Kleinberg provide him a time they could speak by telephone.64 The Plaintiffs believe that "at least Klahr, Herzog and Kleinberg spoke by telephone on March 22 regarding Paymentech's termination of the Plimus relationship."65

2. PayPal

According to the Plaintiffs, by the time of the merger, the same problems that led to the termination of the Paymentech relationship were already destroying Plimus's even more important relationship with PayPal. Leading up to the merger, the Plaintiffs allege, PayPal served as the Company's "most important payment processor."66 In the third quarter of 2011, for instance, PayPal processed approximately 66% of Plimus's total payments.67 Through its agreement with PayPal, Plimus could offer to its clients "the PayPal payment mechanism,"68 which includes both PayPal credit card payment processing services and the PayPal Wallet, an e-commerce payment mechanism with 132 million users in 133 countries.69 The Plaintiffs describe the symbiotic business relationship between Plimus and PayPal as follows:

Beginning in June 2011, however—shortly after the Company's relationship with Paymentech had been terminated—the relationship between Plimus and PayPal became similarly strained by Plimus's violations of the credit card association rules and related breaches of the parties' agreements. The Plaintiffs claim that "[t]he same inability or unwillingness of the Defendants to comply with the chargeback rules and other card association rules that led to the March 2011 Paymentech termination soon led to a crisis with PayPal."71 In fact, the Plaintiffs claim, rather than attempt to remedy the underlying breaches and "[d]espite Paymentech's March 2011 termination of Plimus due to Plimus's repeated breaches of the Paymentech agreement and the card association rules due to excessive chargebacks, in April 2011 Tal caused Plimus to take on numerous new high risk clients."72

a. The MasterCard BRAM Program

MasterCard has developed a business risk-monitoring program, the Business Risk Assessment & Mitigation Programs (the "BRAM Program"),

According to the Amended Complaint, violations of the BRAM Program are taken "extremely serious[ly]" within the payment processing industry, as they "can often result in MasterCard terminating its relationships with a credit card payment processor or MasterCard ordering a credit card payment processor to cease doing business with sellers and entities related to those sellers."74 Under this Program,

The Company, as a result of its contractual relationship with PayPal, was subject to the rules and regulations promulgated by MasterCard, including the BRAM Program; Plimus was also prohibited from engaging in any business activity resulting in fraudulent transactions.76 According to the Amended Complaint, "Plimus's relationship with PayPal was preconditioned on Plimus's compliance with the MasterCard BRAM program, and PayPal retained the right to terminate that relationship based on any violations of that program."77

b. Plimus's June 2011 BRAM Violation

On June 16, 2011, three months after Paymentech terminated its relationship with Plimus, the Plaintiffs allege that Rick Lancaster, a PayPal employee who managed Plimus's account, contacted Segal Itshayek by phone, notifying her that one of Plimus's clients had "violated the MasterCard BRAM program's prohibitions against fraudulent get-rich-quick schemes."78 The same day, allegedly "immediately recogniz[ing] the ramifications of the June 2011 BRAM Violation," Plimus's COO emailed Segal Itshayek that "[w]e don't want the word to spread out,"79 and Plimus's Assi Itshayek80 and Tal emailed Klahr and Goldman to schedule a conference call "to put adjustments to the agreement that in my eyes have [a] material financial impact."81 Goldman responded that he and SIG's in-house counsel would participate in the call.82 The evening of June 16, at 11:34 p.m., Tal emailed a PayPal contact, requesting a call.83

On June 17, Segal Itshayek sent Lancaster a letter that stated:

On June 23, Lancaster requested a status update on Plimus's investigation.85 Segal Itshayek responded that most of the get-rich-quick clients had already been suspended, but that "[t]here are a few that we are still investigating and most probably finalize [sic] our conclusions by the end of this week."86 In total, Plimus terminated sixteen other accounts as a result of its internal investigation.87 According to the Plaintiffs, Tal and Segal Itshayek communicated this information regarding the termination of clients to Great Hill in June 2011, including the representation that "Plimus did not need to terminate any additional clients due to excessive chargeback ratios, and that the termination of this small group of clients fixed the problem."88 The Amended Complaint alleges that "[d]uring this period of back-and-forth between Plimus and PayPal, Tal and SIG were communicating by telephone, including an eighteen-minute call on June 22, a sixteen-minute call on June 26, and a fifteen-minute call on June 28."89

As a result of Plimus's client's violation, PayPal charged Plimus a $200,000 fine, passing on the fine MasterCard had charged PayPal for breaching its brand integrity rules.90 Segal Itshayek became aware of the fine on September 22, 2011.91 The Amended Complaint contends that "[t]he fine was clearly recognized by several of the [] Defendants as a major problem," and that "[d]uring the two-day period following PayPal's notification of the fine . . . Tal emailed Goldman to call him, and Tal (and others at Plimus) exchanged at least seven phone calls with SIG, including Klahr."92

c. August 2011 BRAM/Aggregation Violation

The Plaintiffs contend that concurrent with Plimus's June 2011 BRAM violation, PayPal began expressing concern that Plimus was also violating another of MasterCard's BRAM rules by acting as an aggregator, instead of a reseller.93 To be acting as an aggregator, which is prohibited by the BRAM Program, meant that "Plimus was using its own merchant account in an unauthorized manner to aggregate and process transactions for its clients, rather than acting as a reseller by purchasing is clients' products and re-selling those products to end-users."94 On June 21, Lancaster, PayPal's account representative for Plimus, informed Segal Itshayek that:

Segal Itshayek responded later that day.96 In August 2011, PayPal communicated to Segal Itshayek and Plimus employee Jason Edge that MasterCard considered Plimus in violation of its aggregation rules, and was levying a $500,000 fine against the Company; Plimus eventually negotiated this fine down to $400,000.97

d. Chargeback Violations

In the wake of the June 2011 BRAM violation, PayPal additionally required Plimus "to submit a written plan to reduce chargebacks."98 As defined by the Amended Complaint, "chargebacks" are "reversals by credit card associations of credit card charges that consumers successfully dispute."99 Credit card associations and their sponsor banks set maximum thresholds for the percentage of chargeback transactions that are tolerated; for U.S.-based transactions, the chargeback threshold is typically 1.0%.100 Notably here, "[c]redit card associations and payment processors regularly monitor chargeback ratios for transactions originating from Plimus and similar companies, which are subject to penalties— including termination—for exceeding that 1.0% threshold."101

During the summer of 2011, Plimus's chargeback ratio exceeded the permissible thresholds.102 On August 4, 2011, PayPal's account representative Lancaster contacted Plimus's Edge, notifying him that the Company had exceeded the 1.0% chargeback threshold in both June and July 2011; Edge forwarded this email to Segal Itshayek that same day.103 Thereafter, PayPal monitored the chargebacks of Plimus's clients on a weekly basis, while representatives of Plimus and PayPal held weekly meetings to address PayPal's concerns with excessive chargebacks.104

On August 11, Lancaster and Edge spoke on the telephone about Plimus's chargeback violations.105 That same day, Edge sent Tal and Segal Itshayek a draft email ultimately intended for PayPal, describing the content of the call. This draft email noted that:

Segal Itshayek responded to Edge with the following feedback: "[R]emove [paragraphs] 1 and 2 . . . . Just keep the steps we r [sic] taking . . . . The rest will be communicated verbally."107

Primus communicated the issue regarding Client X, contained in the second paragraph of Edge's draft email, to Great Hill on September 23 in connection with the Amended Merger Agreement's Supplemental Disclosure; that disclosure followed a September 21 email by Klahr to Segal Itshayek asking her for "the Visa non-compliance notice dated from August 10."108 However, according to the Plaintiffs, Plimus failed to disclose to Great hill pre-closing the larger issue contained in the first paragraph of Edge's draft email—PayPal potentially terminating its payment-processing relationship with Plimus if chargeback ratios did not improve.109 Even without this information, though, Great Hill appeared concerned by the information that Plimus did disclose concerning Client X's chargebacks; on the heels of the supplemental disclosure regarding Client X, Great Hill principal Christopher Busby asked Tal to "describe what happened and any potential consequences," and Great Hill counsel also asked Plimus's counsel to describe "the risk to Plimus" stemming from PayPal's inquiry into Client X's violations.110 The Company's counsel emailed Great Hill's counsel, acknowledging that the violation from Client X was "arguably responsive" to Plimus's representations in the Amended Merger Agreement "as an exception to compliance with the PayPal contract terms," but assuring Great Hill that "Plimus is taking steps to mitigate any further violations."111

e. Plimus Reacts to the Chargeback Violations

The Plaintiffs allege that, to remedy these chargeback issues and thus retain its relationship with PayPal, Plimus would have had "to terminate broad categories of clients that offered services and products that credit card associations considered high-risk."112 However, according to the Amended Complaint, in August of 2011, Plimus management instead implemented a three-pronged strategy, "many of the plan components" of which were merely "a continuation of activities that Plimus had begun in June and July," to "hide the PayPal problems long enough to keep them from becoming known to Great Hill prior to the September 29 closing of the Merger."113

First, the Plaintiffs allege that Plimus engaged in "client trimming," meaning that, instead of severing Plimus's relationship with high-risk clients—i.e. those that yielded excessive chargebacks—"Tal instructed Plimus employees to keep some high-risk (but revenue generating) clients active until after the closing."114 Second, the Plaintiffs allege that Tal and Segal Itshayek directed Plimus employees to issue mass refunds that "preemptively refunded money to consumers who had purchased from Plimus clients expected to generate high chargebacks, thus preempting those consumers from disputing the transaction and thereby covering up the reality of chargebacks."115 Third, the Plaintiffs allege that Tal and Segal Itshayek engaged in "volume shifting" by "identify[ing] `clean' transactions on payment processors other than PayPal and shift[ing] those transactions to PayPal," while contemporaneously "shift[ing] high-chargeback volumes from PayPal onto another processor."116 Volume shifting would have likely involved shifting high chargeback volumes onto European payment processors because the chargeback ratios for European payment processers are generally higher than those in the United States.117 According to the Amended Complaint, this three-pronged approach was designed "to hold the company's payment processors at bay" while "fraudulently maintain[ing] the appearance of Plimus's revenues and profits and avoid[ing] the inevitable need to terminate broad categories of high-risk clients . . . until Plimus could close the Merger."118

f. PayPal Terminates the Relationship

Plimus management's three-pronged plan to stave off another payment processor termination was briefly successful, but the Amended Complaint alleges that in August 2011 PayPal renewed its threat "to terminate its relationship with Plimus because of the Company's repeated violations of the credit card associations' rules," including those breaches described above—Plimus's BRAM violations and the excessive client chargebacks during the summer of 2011.119 As mentioned above, PayPal had allegedly already notified the Company that it "would terminate its relationship with Plimus if Plimus, having violated the permissible ratios in both June and July 2011, failed yet again to reduce chargeback levels below the acceptable threshold in August 2011."120 On August 17, a PayPal employee notified Segal Itshayek and Tal that the Company was "on pace to exceed [in August] the total number of chargebacks that you had last month."121

The Plaintiffs allege that, in light of the notice of another looming violation, both Tal and Segal Itshayek requested extensions from PayPal on behalf of Plimus,122 while others at Plimus worked to foster an arrangement with another payment processor.123 On September 9, Segal Itshayek wrote to PayPal, admitting that the 1% chargeback ratio had been exceeded for June, July, and August.124 In this email, Segal Itshayek requested a one-month extension before its relationship with PayPal was terminated:

PayPal agreed to the extension.126 On September 26, a Plimus employee recounted a conversation he had with a PayPal representative in an email to Segal Itshayek, noting that this representative "went over the list of vendors and products . . . and identified the following product types prohibited by PayPal and considered as high risk by the association and that we should shut down if we want to keep our relationship with [PayPal]."127 The Plimus employee further noted that "we are not sure the relationship [with PayPal Pro] will continue."128 According to Plimus telephone records, Tal and Klahr spoke on both September 26 and 27.129

PayPal began terminating its payment-processor relationship with Plimus eight days after the merger closed, on October 7, 2011; by mid-December 2011, Plimus had no remaining PayPal accounts.130 The Amended Complaint alleges that Plimus became unable to use PayPal's credit card processing services or offer the PayPal Wallet, and, consequently, "Plimus's revenues plummeted as it lost both a substantial portion of its existing customers and a vast swath of the e-commerce market that requires access to the PayPal wallet."131

3. The Search for a Replacement Processor

Following PayPal's termination, in October 2011, Plimus contracted with another payment processor. This new processor, however, terminated its relationship with Plimus only three months later, in January 2012, "citing as a basis for the termination the June 2011 BRAM Violation and August 2011 BRAM/Aggregation Violation and the resulting significant fines from MasterCard."132

D. The Alleged Fraud

1. Paymentech

The Amended Complaint avers that, pre-closing, Plimus failed to disclose that it was in violation of the credit card association rules and instead misrepresented to Great Hill during diligence that "Plimus had wanted and initiated the termination of the payment-processor relationship with Paymentech"133 The Amended Complaint further avers that the data room was devoid of any information about Paymentech's unilateral termination of the parties' relationship "because Plimus's counsel had `scrubbed the dataroom to remove any documents pertaining to the dispute.'"134

Instead of maintaining information related to the Paymentech dispute in the data room, the Plaintiffs claim that Plimus chose to draft a disclosure that misinformed the remaining bidders of the situation.135 In early May 2011, Plimus began to internally circulate a draft disclosure schedule for review addressing the Paymentech termination.136 As of May 13, the draft version, in relevant part, provided:

Assi sent this version to Tal for review and to "confirm [he felt] OK with it."138 Tal, upon receiving the disclosure, amended it heavily.139 On May 18, Assi emailed the updated draft, incorporating Tal's edits, to Klahr, who made minor revisions "but otherwise did not question or revise the Paymentech disclosure, and signed off on that disclosure."140 On May 18, 2011, Plimus posted this updated disclosure in the data room for Great Hill to review.141 The updated disclosure read, in relevant part:

According to the Plaintiffs, Plimus's disclosure was "deliberately false," and concealed "crucial facts concerning Paymentech that were material to Great Hill's decision to negotiate with Plimus, enter into the Original Merger Agreement, and close the Merger."143

2. PayPal

The Amended Complaint likewise alleges that, prior to closing the merger, Plimus misrepresented the state of its relationship with PayPal. The Plaintiffs acknowledge that Plimus informed Great Hill that it had violated the chargeback ratio for June 2011, but the Plaintiffs claim that no one informed Great Hill that the Company had also violated this threshold for July and August.144 Instead, the Amended Complaint avers that Great Hill "continue[d] to rely on Tal's and Segal Itshayek's representations that Plimus's PayPal chargeback ratio was below the 1.0% threshold for July 2011 and that Plimus's termination of the sixteen clients had cured the excessive chargeback problem."145

Further, the Plaintiffs allege that Plimus concealed PayPal's intention to terminate its payment-processing relationship with Plimus.146 The Amended Complaint conveys that:

In addition to these specific diligence requests, the Plaintiffs allege that between June 7 and June 9, Great Hill Vice President Nicholas Cayer, Great Hill's due diligence advisors from PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, met with Plimus representatives, including Tal and Segal Itshayek, to discuss, among other things, Plimus's relationships with its payment processors.148 During these discussions, Plimus failed to disclose the pertinent information regarding Plimus's relationship with PayPal, including the June 2011 BRAM Violation of which Plimus had been aware shortly before Great Hill's applicable diligence request.149 Instead, Tal and Segal Itshayek again conveyed that Plimus had initiated the termination of its relationship with Paymentech.150

The Amended Complaint additionally details a variety of other fraudulent tactics Plimus allegedly engaged in during the negotiation process. Among them, the Plaintiffs allege that "Tal instructed other Plimus employees to funnel all communications to Great Hill relating to payment processors through Tal and Segal Itshayek only, to ensure that lies, and only those lies, were communicated to Great Hill;"151 that Plimus failed to disclose that it "had no choice but to terminate certain client categories to have a chance of preserving payment-processor relationships," or that it "instead selectively terminated certain clients and engaged in volume shifting and issued mass refunds in order to maintain fictitious revenues and profits so that Great Hill would close the merger;152 and that Plimus, primarily through Tal and Segal Itshayek, purposefully failed to fully disclose material information in response to diligence requests.153

E. The Side Letter

During the merger negotiations, Great Hill requested that Tal, as Plimus's CEO, "roll over" his equity interest in the Company,154 which was at the time subject to a 2008 compensation agreement between Tal, Herzog, and Kleinberg (the "Compensation Agreement").155 In connection with Great Hill's request, Tal began to indicate that he did not want to re-invest his equity, which would require him to stay with the Company, and in the United States, for longer than he had planned or wanted.156 In mid-May, Tal emailed Herzog, Kleinberg, and SIG that he wanted to be "compensate[d] . . . for the roll-over requirement."157 Tal further stated, "I also have to commit for 18 month and more so deal will take place [sic]," and communicated to Herzog and Kleinberg that "this [money pursuant to the Compensation Agreement] will be my only income from this deal and . . . without it I have limited interest in this deal at all."158 Herzog responded that "a `black-mail' style sentence like `if you don't give me money I don't want the deal' is something that the entire board needs to hear[;] it certainly affects everyone."159 Aside from seeking extra-contractual payments, Tal also adopted an interpretation of the Compensation Agreement contrary to that held by the other parties to the Agreement, resulting in a dispute over the amount due.160 Eventually, Herzog and Tal scheduled a time to speak on the phone about these concerns.161

The Plaintiffs allege that the Defendants feared Tal's "wavering on the reinvestment requirement would alert Great Hill that Tal did not believe in the future prospects of the business, and thus lead to price degradation or possibly risk the entire $115 million deal."162 Out of this fear, the Amended Complaint avers, the Defendants began taking steps to suppress Tal's resistance, through warnings and bribery. On May 24, Goldman, on behalf of SIG, sent Tal an email cautioning him to "not do anything that could signal to Great Hill that Tal was not a believer in the future of the business," which could jeopardize the deal; in his email, Goldman noted that "[w]hatever we get is better than zero."163 On June 12, Klahr, on behalf of SIG, emailed Tal, warning him to "be very thoughtful and careful about what you ask for from a rollover perspective. . . . A big emphasis on liquidity is generally a big indication that [management] aren't believers."164 On June 26, Goldman emailed Tal, indicating "he would work with Tal and Plimus's other directors to `improve the situation' for Tal, through the use of `contractual side letters that are very clear.'"165 He also reiterated, at this time, that "the alternative of no deal was `not great' for any of Plimus's directors."166

Eventually, the Plaintiffs allege, Tal did reach an agreement with the other director Defendants whereby Tal would roll over his equity as Great Hill requested in return for 30% more compensation than what was provided for under his 2008 Compensation Agreement (the "Side Letter"); the Amended Complaint cites as proof a July 21, 2011 email from Goldman to a Perkins Coie attorney that noted, "If you speak to [Tal] you should let him know that SGE's position is that it's [sic] additional funds to his side letter (the extra 30%) was contingent on him agreeing to roll $3m. The founders [Herzog and Kleinberg] also take the same position."167 In furtherance of the alleged deception, the Amended Complaint claims that the Defendants also misrepresented the circumstances surrounding the Side Letter on Tal's compensation, leading Great Hill "to believe that the total payment they were to make to Tal was owed to him under a pre-existing agreement with Tal from 2008."168 In reality, the Amended Complaint alleges, SIG, Herzog, and Klahr paid and then concealed the additional compensation—akin to a bribe—that they used to "conceal Tal's concerns about the future of the company," preserve the deal, and secure their subsequent buyout.169 In other words, the Plaintiffs' allegation is that Tal knew a roll-over into the new entity was a bad deal; the board compensated him for this loss but mislead Great Hill to preserve the illusion that Tal was willing to buy into its acquisition of Plimus.

F. Post-Merger Fines and Indemnification

According to the Amended Complaint, as a result of the Defendants' fraud, Great Hill purchased an ailing company that continued to accumulate hundreds of thousands of dollars in fines following the merger:

The Plaintiffs argue that certain Defendants agreed to indemnify the Plaintiffs for these costs under the terms of the Amended Merger Agreement. Under the terms of that Agreement, certain "Effective Time Holders" are obligated to indemnify Fremont, Plimus (as the surviving corporation), their affiliates and other indemnified parties against losses in connection with, among other things, breaches of representations or warranties of the Company.171 The Agreement defines "Effective Time Holders" as:

The Plaintiffs contend that Moving Defendants SIG Fund, Tal, Segal Itshayek, Herzog, Kleinberg, Donors Capital, and Kids Connect qualify as Effective Time Holders according to this definition.173 Consequently, the Plaintiffs argue, these Defendants are liable for the post-merger fines, penalties, and assessments, according to the indemnification and representations and warranties provisions of the Amended Merger Agreement.

1. Indemnification

Section 10.02(a) of the Amended Merger Agreement contains an indemnification provision, whereby:

Among other limitations outlined in the Amended Merger Agreement, Section 10.03(b) provides that "[t]he Escrow Amount will be the sole source of funds from which to satisfy the Effective Time Holders' indemnification obligations" that arise under Section 10.02(a)(i) for representations and warranties.175 Section 10.03(c), however, provides that, for claims not subject to the cap, such payments

The Escrow Account established under the Agreement holds $9.2 million.177

2. Representations and Warranties

The Amended Merger Agreement contained several representations and warranties that relate to Plimus's relationships with payment processors and card associations and thus are relevant here. Four such relevant provisions, and the Plaintiffs' related arguments, are described below.

First, Section 3.09(c) of the Amended Merger Agreement represents that:

The Plaintiffs argue that Tal, Segal Itshayek, SIG, Klahr, Goldman, Herzog and Kleinberg caused Plimus to breach this representation because they "never disclosed that Plimus was facing material fines, fees, and penalties as a result of the June 2011 BRAM Violation, August 2011 BRAM/Aggregation Violation, and recurring excessive chargeback ratios," and because they "never disclosed Plimus's materially reduced revenues and profits and liabilities resulting from the need to eliminate numerous clients because of Plimus's violations of the credit card association rules and regulations and the risk of termination of its processor relationships."179

Further, the Plaintiffs allege that the Defendants' fraud caused Plimus to breach the representation in Section 3.16, which provides, in relevant part, that:

The Plaintiffs contend that Tal, Segal Itshayek, SIG, Klahr, Goldman, Herzog and Kleinberg "caused Plimus to represent and warrant falsely in Section 3.16 of the Merger Agreement that Plimus was in compliance with its contracts," even though, "Plimus was in fact in default of material provisions in its contracts with PayPal."181

Thirdly, Plimus further represented in Section 3.23, in relevant part, that:

According to the Amended Complaint, Tal, Segal Itshayek, SIG, Klahr, Goldman, Herzog and Kleinberg "caused Plimus to represent and warrant falsely in Section 3.23 . . . that Plimus was in compliance with credit card rules and regulations," when, in fact, because of Plimus's BRAM violations and excessive chargebacks, "Plimus was not in compliance with the applicable operating rules of PayPal, MasterCard, and/or other payment processors and credit card associations."183

Lastly, Plimus represented in Section 3.26(b) that:

In connection with this representation, Plimus "disclose[d] that PayPal provided services to the company that were `material to the company's business' and that `alternative sources of supply are not generally available on comparable terms and conditions.'"185 The Plaintiffs allege that the Company's representation in Section 3.26(b) was false because "PayPal had notified Plimus that it intended to terminate its business relationship with the company," a fact that was concealed from Great Hill.186 According to the Amended Complaint, Tal, Segal Itshayek, SIG, Klahr, Goldman, Herzog and Kleinberg caused Plimus to make this false representation in the Agreement.187

Plimus disclosed exceptions to these representations and warranties in an accompanying schedule.188 In the Disclosure Schedule to the Original Merger Agreement, Plimus did not disclose the June 2011 BRAM Violation despite its alleged impact on the representation and warranties in Sections 3.09(c), 3.16, and 3.23.189 In connection with the Amended Merger Agreement, Plimus provided a Supplemental Disclosure Schedule. The Plaintiffs allege that this Supplemental Disclosure Schedule further "failed to disclose the imminent termination of the PayPal relationship (and, again, did not disclose either the June 2011 BRAM Violation or the August 2011 BRAM/Aggregation Violation), and did not otherwise qualify the Merger Agreement's representations and warranties to account for these facts."190

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On September 27, 2012, Great Hill Equity Partners IV, LP, Great Hill Investors LLC, Fremont Holdco, Inc., and BlueSnap, Inc. (F/K/A Plimus) (collectively, the "Plaintiffs"), filed their Verified Complaint against the Defendants in this action, SIG Growth Equity Fund I, LLLP, SIG Growth Equity Management LLC, Amir Goldman, Jonathan Klahr, Hagai Tal, Tomer Herzog, Daniel Kleinberg, Irit Segal Itshayek, Donors Capital Fund, Inc., and Kids Connect Charitable Fund (the "Defendants").

In September 2012, approximately one year after the merger, the Plaintiffs notified the Defendants that, "among the files on the Plimus computer systems that the Buyer acquired in the merger, it had discovered certain communications between the Seller and Plimus's then-legal counsel at Perkins Coie regarding the transaction."191 The Amended Merger Agreement did not provide that pre-merger attorney-client communications were excluded in the assets transferred to the Plaintiffs.192 When the Plaintiffs notified the Defendants, however, the Defendants "asserted the attorney-client privilege over those communications on the ground that it, and not the surviving corporation, retained control of the attorney-client privilege that belonged to Plimus for communications regarding the negotiation of the merger agreement."193 Then-Chancellor Strine characterized the question at issue as one "of statutory interpretation in the first instance," noting that

The Court reasoned that "[i]f the General Assembly had intended to exclude the attorney-client privilege, it could easily have said so. Instead, the statute uses the broadest possible language to set a clear and unambiguous default rule: all privileges of the constituent corporation pass to the surviving corporation in a merger."195 Thus, the privilege relating to pre-merger communications between Perkins Coie and the Defendants passed to the surviving entity following the merger. This meant that the Plaintiffs had access to these privileged documents in drafting their Amended Complaint. Such access, however, does not change the standards of review, which are discussed below.196

The Plaintiffs filed their Verified Amended Complaint on April 7, 2014, which includes the following: Count I alleges fraudulent inducement against Tal, Segal Itshayek, Goldman and Klahr; Count II alleges fraud against Tal, Segal Itshayek, Goldman and Klahr; Count III alleges aiding and abetting against SIG Fund, SIG Management, Goldman, Klahr, Herzog, and Kleinberg; Count IV alleges civil conspiracy against Tal, Segal Itshayek, SIG Fund, SIG Management, Goldman, Klahr, Herzog and Kleinberg; Count V is a Count for indemnification against the Effective Time Holders and SIG Management; Count VI alleges unjust enrichment against all of the Defendants; and Count VII is a Count for a declaratory judgment. The Plaintiffs seek, among other relief, indemnification, damages, and rescission of the merger. On May 27, 2014, Defendants SIG Fund, SIG Management, Goldman, Klahr, Herzog, Kleinberg, Donors Capital and Kids Connect (the "Moving Defendants") moved to dismiss Counts I-IV, VI and VII of the Amended Complaint, as well as the requested recession remedy, and to limit the indemnification remedy sought under Count V.

I heard oral argument on the Moving Defendants' Motion to Dismiss on August 13, 2014. For the reasons below, the Moving Defendants' Motion is granted in part and denied in part.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Moving Defendants have moved to dismiss pursuant to Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6). When addressing such a Motion, I must accept all well-pled facts as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.197 Such a motion will be denied "unless the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any reasonably conceivable set of circumstances."198

This Court imposes a heightened pleading standard to claims of fraud. Court of Chancery Rule 9(b) provides that "[i]n all averments of fraud or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity."199 To satisfy this heightened pleading standard, "a complaint for fraud must include the time, place, contents of the false representations, the facts misrepresented, as well as the identity of the person making the misrepresentation and what he obtained thereby."200 "Essentially, the plaintiff is required to allege the circumstances of the fraud with detail sufficient to apprise the defendant of the basis for the claim."201 Knowledge, however, "may be averred generally."202 But, "where pleading a claim of fraud . . . that has at its core the charge that the defendant knew something, there must, at least, be sufficient well-pleaded facts from which it can reasonably be inferred that this `something' was knowable and that the defendant was in a position to know it."203

IV. ANALYSIS

A. Fraud Counts

In addition to the fraud claims against Tal and Segal Itshayek—which are not the subject of the Motion to Dismiss and the sufficiency of which at this pleading stage is uncontested—the Plaintiffs have also alleged fraud and fraudulent inducement against Goldman and Klahr, in connection with the fraudulent acts of Tal and Segal Itshayek, as well as civil conspiracy and aiding and abetting fraud against Goldman, Klahr, Herzog, Kleinberg (the "Director Defendants") and SIG.

To briefly reiterate the basis for the direct and secondary fraud claims at issue, the Plaintiffs allege three distinct sets of circumstances that involved fraudulent actions taken largely by Tal and Segal Itshayek. First, relating to Paymentech, it is alleged that Goldman and Klahr, as well as Tal and Segal Itshayek, concealed the true reason for the termination of that relationship—that Plimus had breached agreements and had violated credit card association rules, both of which "signaled core issues" with Plimus—and allowed Tal to rewrite the disclosure relating to Paymentech in such a way as to mislead the Plaintiffs into thinking that Plimus had instigated the termination of the Paymentech relationship.204 As to PayPal, the Plaintiffs allege that Goldman and Klahr, as well as Tal and Segal Itshayek, concealed from the Plaintiffs the MasterCard BRAM and Aggregation Violations, as well as excessive chargeback ratios, which ultimately led PayPal to terminate its relationship with Plimus205 and affected subsequent payment processor relationships.206 The Plaintiffs also allege that Goldman and Klahr concealed a "deceptive and fraudulent three-pronged strategy" undertaken by Tal that prevented the Plaintiffs from discovering the fraudulent activities described above, by "attempt[ing] to hold the company's payment processors at bay—ultimately to no avail—all while Plimus's management fraudulently maintained the appearance of Plimus's revenues and profits . . . ."207 Finally, as to the Side Letter, the Plaintiffs allege that Goldman, Klahr, SIG, Herzog and Kleinberg made extra-contractual "black-mail" payments to Tal to encourage him to roll-over equity into the new company post-merger and avoid raising any red flags as to Tal's confidence in the continuing entity, an effort which misled and caused damage to the Plaintiffs.208

In Counts I and II, the Amended Complaint pleads direct fraud on the part of Goldman and Klahr for their involvement, along with Tal and Segal Itshayek, in the allegations outlined above. The Plaintiffs also allege that Goldman and Klahr conspired to commit the same acts of fraud and aided and abetted these fraudulent acts, in Counts III and IV of the Amended Complaint. Because the facts underlying the direct and secondary fraud Counts with respect to Goldman and Klahr are the same and any damages would be the same,209 recovery is only appropriate under either a direct fraud theory or a theory of secondary participation in the fraud. There is no utility in requiring the Plaintiffs to choose which theory to pursue at this stage in the litigation, however. Accordingly, for the same reasons, discussed below, that I am denying the Motion to Dismiss Counts III and IV as to Goldman and Klahr, I also decline to dismiss Counts I and II at this stage.210

1. Civil Conspiracy

The Plaintiffs have alleged that the Director Defendants and SIG, along with Tal and Segal Itshayek "knowingly entered into a confederation or combination to fraudulently induce Great Hill" to enter into the Letter Agreement, the Original Merger Agreement, and the Amended Merger Agreement, and to close the merger.211 "The elements for civil conspiracy under Delaware law are: (i) a confederation or combination of two or more persons; (ii) an unlawful act done in furtherance of the conspiracy; and (iii) damages resulting from the action of the conspiracy parties."212 "Where a complaint alleges fraud or conspiracy to commit fraud, the Rules of this court call for a higher pleading standard, requiring the circumstances constituting the fraud or conspiracy to `be pled with particularity.'"213 Knowledge, however, may be averred generally; all that is required to show that a defendant knew something are "sufficient well-pleaded facts from which it can reasonably be inferred that this `something' was knowable and that the defendant was in a position to know it."214 The purpose of the particularity requirement is to consider whether "[a] reading of the Complaint as a whole . . . gives the defendants adequate notice of the basis of their alleged wrongdoing."215

Here, the unlawful acts were the misleading of Great Hill concerning the true nature of the Paymentech termination and the impending PayPal termination, as well as the fraudulent Side Letter payment to Tal. At least with respect to Tal and Segal Itshayek, the adequacy of the fraud pleading is unchallenged, and I find it sufficient here under Rule 9(b). Additionally, the Plaintiffs have adequately alleged damages. The remaining element, a confederation or combination between the Director Defendants, SIG, and the fraudsters is the only element that remains for the Moving Defendants to challenge here. The existence of a confederation may be pled by inference; it is not subject to the specificity requirement of Rule 9(b).216 This element is analyzed below.

The Moving Defendants suggest that the Plaintiffs have failed to adequately allege a confederation to advance the fraud because they have failed to plead "knowing participation."217 But the Plaintiffs are only required to allege well-pleaded facts from which I can infer that the alleged fraud "was knowable" and that the Director Defendants and SIG were "in a position to know it."218

The Amended Complaint adequately alleges that Goldman and Klahr reviewed the proposed, accurate Paymentech disclosure, as well as the allegedly fraudulent disclosure as altered by Tal. Herzog and Kleinberg are alleged to have "sought and obtained access to the materials in the data room," in which the fraudulent disclosure was displayed to Great Hill, and to have participated in the sales process.219 They also, as Plaintiffs pled, were told by Tal that "Paymentech are closing our account,"220 from which they could then know that the data room representation that alleged a mutual termination of the Paymentech relationship was false.221

According to the Plaintiffs, these four directors' involvement in the sales process supports an inference that they "were aware of the catastrophic problems with PayPal and of Plimus's deeply misleading disclosures."222 Further, as directors, it strikes me as unlikely that they were unaware of the impending and allegedly catastrophic loss of the relationship with PayPal. Taking all reasonable inferences in the Plaintiffs' favor, I agree that these pleadings adequately allege facts from which I may infer knowing participation in the underlying wrong by Goldman, Klahr, Herzog, and Kleinberg, so as to meet the minimal requirements to survive a motion under Rule 12(b)(6).

As to knowledge on the part of SIG Fund and SIG Management, it is reasonable to infer at the pleading stage that Goldman and Klahr, two principals of SIG, had knowledge that was imputed to these entities under Delaware law.223

Given the finding above, I determine that the Plaintiffs have adequately pled that a confederation or agreement to further the underlying wrong existed among the Moving Defendants and Tal and Segal Itshayek. I can infer that Herzog and Kleinberg, together with Goldman and Klahr, as Plimus directors, collectively had control over the Company's CEO, the apparent ringleader of the alleged fraud relating to payment processors. As large blockholders within the Company,224 they also had a financial motive not to exercise that control to stop him. Since I infer, as found above, that the Director Defendants and SIG had knowledge of Tal's fraud, it is also reasonable to infer that there was at least a tacit agreement among them to perpetrate that fraud.

In fact, the Amended Complaint alleges that each of the Director Defendants and SIG "committed unlawful acts in furtherance of the conspiracy, including making or causing to be made false representations and concealing material facts that they had a duty to disclose."225 Most of these alleged misrepresentations or concealments involve Tal, Segal Itshayek, Goldman, and Klahr alone.226 But on the part of SIG Fund, SIG Management, Herzog, and Kleinberg, the Plaintiffs allege that each concealed the unilateral termination by Paymentech "due to, among other things, Plimus's repeated violations of credit card association rules" and concealed that the extra-contractual payment to Tal was made to offset his equity commitment, which "misl[ed] Great Hill into believing that Tal was committed to, and had a large stake in, the post-merger company."227 These concealments furthered the fraud, it is alleged, because had the Plaintiffs known the truth, they would not have entered into the Merger Agreement for $115 million.

Upon drawing all inferences in Plaintiffs' favor, as is appropriate at this stage, I find that they have pled sufficient facts to withstand the present Motion as it relates to the civil conspiracy claims.

2. Aiding and Abetting

As noted, civil conspiracy and aiding and abetting are quite similar. Indeed, this Court has noted that civil conspiracy claims are "sometimes called aiding and abetting."228 These two causes of action have been characterized as "concerted action by agreement," (conspiracy) and "concerted action by substantial assistance" (aiding and abetting).229 From this characterization, it seems likely to me that civil conspiracy is, in many cases, to borrow a term, a "lesser-included" claim within an aiding and abetting claim; an "agreement" and act in furtherance does not necessarily rise to the level of "substantial assistance," while "substantial assistance," if shown, normally includes an "agreement," even if implicit, and act in furtherance thereof.230

The similarity of aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty and civil conspiracy has not gone unobserved by this Court, which has noted that

It is not clear to me that—in the fraud context here, to be distinguished from the breach of fiduciary duty context applicable in the quotation above—a litigant would be likely to show aiding and abetting without incidentally having shown the elements of civil conspiracy were satisfied. This suggests that the aiding and abetting fraud claim may be duplicative of the civil conspiracy count. I also note, however, that dismissing the aiding and abetting claim will confer no benefit in terms of litigants' economy, since the underlying tort is the same, and the evidence that will show agreement and assistance will require similar discovery. In that regard, there is little utility at this stage in dismissing the aiding and abetting claim as redundant of civil conspiracy, although motion practice on a more developed record may well lead to this result. In this light, I examine the allegations of aiding and abetting below.232

Delaware courts have set out the elements for aiding and abetting a tort as: (i) underlying tortious conduct, (ii) knowledge, and (iii) substantial assistance.233 The underlying tortious conduct here is the fraud, pled in Counts I and II of the Amended Complaint, and uncontested at this stage with respect to Tal and Segal Itshayek.

As to the knowledge element, I find that the Amended Complaint states with the requisite particularity that Goldman, Klahr, Herzog, Kleinberg, and SIG knew of the fraud carried out by Tal and Segal Itshayek with respect to Paymentech, PayPal, and the Side Letter, for the reasons outlined above in connection with the civil conspiracy claim. I thus turn to the remaining element, substantial assistance.

The Plaintiffs pled substantial assistance on the part of Goldman and Klahr in that they allowed Tal and Segal Itshayek to conceal the truth regarding Paymentech and PayPal and encouraged them to close the merger even though it had been procured through fraud.234 Additionally, the Plaintiffs allege that Goldman, Klahr, Herzog, Kleinberg and SIG's role in the Side Letter payments to Tal to rollover his equity show substantial assistance. While the Moving Defendants cite a number of cases holding that inaction, without more, does not constitute substantial assistance, the Plaintiffs are not relying on such a theory— rather, they are alleging that the "black-mail" payment to Tal consisted of substantial assistance in that it encouraged him to rollover his equity, "conceal[ing] Tal's concerns about the future of the company."235 The Plaintiffs quote an email from SIG to Plimus's counsel, stating that the "side letter (the extra 30%) was contingent on [Tal] agreeing to roll $3m. The founders [Herzog and Kleinberg] also take the same position."236 The Plaintiffs also pled that Tal emailed Kleinberg and Herzog that he had "limited interest in this deal" without the side payments and, in attempting to obtain additional payments, wrote "I also have to commit for 18 month [sic] and more so deal will take place."237 The Amended Complaint alleges that the Side Letter payment was designed to and did conceal Tal's lack of confidence in his positive—and false—representations concerning the future of Plimus.

Having drawn all reasonable inferences from the pleadings in Plaintiffs' favor and concluding that it is reasonably conceivable that the Director Defendants and SIG knew of the fraud, I similarly find that it is reasonably conceivable that they agreed to the "black-mail" payment to Tal to minimize suspicion on the part of Great Hill and close the deal in spite of the Paymentech misrepresentations.238 I emphasize again that this is not the only, and perhaps not the strongest, conclusion to be drawn from the pleadings, but it is not beyond the bounds of reasonable conceivability at the motion to dismiss stage.

The Moving Defendants argue that "collateral agreements can only serve as the basis for aiding and abetting claims where they are `so grossly excessive' as to be `inherently wrongful,'" relying on this Court's decision in McGowan;239 that reliance, in my opinion, is misplaced. The allegation in McGowan that this Court found wanting was that an acquiring company had made side payments to certain directors to induce them to breach their fiduciary duties. The Court in McGowan was considering whether it could infer knowing participation when confronted with a complaint that did not plainly allege a conspiracy to breach fiduciary duties; thus, the Court had to look for a breach of duty sufficiently flagrant to imply knowledge on the part of the abetter.240 Here, for the reasons set out above, facts from which I can infer knowing participation in the alleged fraud on the part of the Director Defendants have been adequately pled.

As to SIG Management, the Stockholders' Representative, and SIG Fund, a major stockholder, the Defendants argue that "[s]imply agreeing to merger terms does not amount to substantial assistance in fraud."241 However, as discussed, the Plaintiffs have pled that much of the email correspondence with Tal regarding the Side Letter was on behalf of SIG.242 The Plaintiffs are not suggesting that SIG's only role was agreeing to the merger terms. It is reasonably conceivable that SIG's involvement, through Goldman and Klahr, amounted to substantial assistance.

Finally, with respect to the contention that the either the aiding and abetting claim or the conspiracy claim should be dismissed as duplicative, I note that it is conceivable that, at least with respect to the Side Letter, there was not a tacit agreement to pay off Tal, which is required to support a conspiracy claim, but instead financial motivation on the part of Goldman, Klahr, Herzog, and Kleinberg to further Tal's fraud for reasons of their own; thus, the payment could have been made without an agreement, conceivably supporting an aiding and abetting claim without satisfying the requisites of conspiracy.

B. Remaining Counts

The Moving Defendants seek to limit the scope of the indemnification remedy sought by the Plaintiffs and to dismiss the Plaintiffs' allegations that the Moving Defendants were unjustly enriched and that the Plaintiffs are entitled to a declaratory judgment or rescission. These arguments are addressed below.

1. Indemnification

The Plaintiffs, in Count V of their Amended Complaint, seek indemnification from the Effective Time Holders—SIG Fund, Tal, Segal Itshayek, Herzog, Kleinberg, Donors Capital, and Kids Connect—as well as SIG Management pursuant to Sections 10.02(a)(i) and (iii). Pursuant to Section 10.02(a)(i), the Plaintiffs argue that Plimus was caused by Segal Itshayek, SIG, Klahr, Goldman, Herzog and Kleinberg to breach the representations and warranties in Sections 3.09(c), 3.16, 3.23, and 3.26(b), resulting in losses which the Effective Time Holders must indemnify. In addition, pursuant to Section 10.02(a)(iii), the Plaintiffs argue that the Effective Time Holders are responsible for the approximately $788,000 in fines levied against Plimus during this applicable contractual period.243 The latter amount, while subject to proof at a later stage of the litigation, is not at issue in this motion.

The indemnification provision provides:

There is no doubt that the Amended Complaint states a claim for indemnification. Hotly debated by the parties, however, is whether the parties intended the contractual limitation on indemnification to be operative in case of fraud. The Agreement is structured such that claims for indemnification in connection with representations and warranties—the contractual remedy offered for claims brought under Section 10.02(a)(i)—are subject to a $500,000 deductible and capped at $9.2 million, the amount in escrow.245

The Amended Merger Agreement also contains an "Exclusive Remedy" clause:

Because the Exclusive Remedy clause excepts fraud and intentional misrepresentation from the limitations set forth in Article 10, and due to the fraudulent conduct allegedly perpetrated by Tal, Segal Itshayek, SIG, Klahr, Goldman, Herzog and Kleinberg, the Plaintiffs contend that "any purported limitation on the Effective Time Holders' indemnification obligations, including those set forth in Section 10.03 of the Merger Agreement, is inapplicable."247 Instead, according to the Plaintiffs, because there was fraud, the Effective Time Holders are jointly and severally liable, and "must indemnify Great Hill for the full amount of its losses," not limited by the $9.2 million set aside in escrow.248 The Moving Defendants argue that the only reasonable reading of Section 10 of the Merger Agreement is that the Plaintiffs may seek tort damages for fraud outside the limits of the indemnification provisions, but not unlimited indemnification from innocent Effective Time Holders. Although their contentions are brought as a part of the Motion to Dismiss, the Moving Defendants do not seek dismissal of Count V. Instead, the Moving Defendants seek a ruling limiting the scope of the indemnification remedy sought here to funds in escrow, that is, under the cap.

The Effective Time Holders contracted to indemnify, pro rata to their ownership interests, for damages caused by breaches of contract, and only up to the amount provided in the Agreement. Looked at in context, the indemnification provision provides benefits to both buyers and sellers. For the purchasers, the provision provided them with a fund from which losses could be indemnified without a showing of fault on the part of the individual Effective Time Holders. For the stockholders, it provided a cap on contractual damages and limited their liability to a pro rata share; in other words, it provided certainty as to what their liability for losses from the sale of the Company would be. This cap on liability, and indemnification scheme in general, was specifically inapplicable to fraud, however. The Plaintiffs argue that the language at issue makes unlimited indemnification available in case of fraud, or at least that the language is ambiguous and can be read in that manner; the Moving Defendants ask me to rule as a matter of law that the language simply exempts from the indemnification limitations in Section 10 any recovery in tort from fraudsters.

Given the purposes described above, I tend to agree that the Moving Defendants' reading is commercially reasonable. I decline to address the language here, however, because my decision would not dismiss Count V. Further, the Plaintiffs might never prove fraud, or, if they do, they might never prove damages exceeding the indemnification cap, rendering a decision here, in that case, merely advisory. In any event, an interpretation of the language at issue would be helpfully illuminated by evidence of the parties' intent. Without finding whether or not the language is ambiguous on its face, I decline to address the Moving Defendant's request for a ruling on the meaning of Section 10 as premature.

The discussion of the related question as to whether innocent Effective Time Holders may be liable for restitution follows.

2. Unjust Enrichment

The Plaintiffs allege that the Moving Defendants were unjustly enriched as a result of Great Hill being fraudulently induced to participate in the merger and acquire Plimus for $115 million, an "unfair and highly inflated purchase price" due to the fraud and breaches of representations and warranties that occurred.249 The Plaintiffs thus seek restitution, in an amount to be determined at trial, so that they can be equitably and properly reimbursed of "all monies received by Defendants in excess of a true and fair valuation of Plimus at the time the Merger closed."250

"Unjust enrichment is defined as the unjust retention of a benefit to the loss of another, or the retention of money or property of another against the fundamental principles of justice or equity and good conscience."251 It was developed "as a theory of recovery to remedy the absence of a formal contract."252 To plead a claim for unjust enrichment, a plaintiff must plead "(1) an enrichment, (2) an impoverishment, (3) a relation between the enrichment and impoverishment, (4) the absence of justification, and (5) the absence of a remedy provided by law."253 "Restitution serves to deprive the defendant of benefits that in equity and good conscience he ought not to keep, even though he may have received those benefits honestly in the first instance . . . ."254 In other words, "[r]estitution is permitted even when the defendant retaining the benefit is not a wrongdoer."255

In evaluating unjust enrichment claims, Courts conduct a threshold inquiry "as to whether a contract already governs the parties' relationship."256 "If a contract comprehensively governs the parties' relationship, then it alone must provide the measure of the plaintiff's rights and any claim of unjust enrichment will be denied."257 If the validity of that agreement is challenged, however, claims of unjust enrichment may survive a motion to dismiss.258 Further, this Court has recognized that, "[i]n some situations, . . . both a breach of contract and an unjust enrichment claim may survive a motion to dismiss when pled as alternative theories of recovery."259 This may be the case where a plaintiff pleads a right to recovery "not controlled by contract"260 or where "it is the [contract], itself, that is the unjust enrichment."261 However, the "right to plead alternative theories does not obviate the obligation to provide factual support for each theory."262

Here, if the Plaintiffs prevail on their tort claims, unjust enrichment is unavailable, because an element of unjust enrichment is lack of a remedy at law, and should the Plaintiffs otherwise prevail, that element would be lacking. Seen in this way, unjust enrichment is an alternative pleading: assuming the Plaintiffs can prove that the Moving Defendants profited, and the Plaintiffs were impoverished, as the result of the non-moving Defendants' fraud; and assuming that Plaintiffs are unable to implicate the Moving Defendants in that fraud, unjust enrichment would be invoked. The question then is whether the underlying contract, through its indemnification provisions, was meant to preclude such relief. The Moving Defendants argue that the Plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim against Plimus's pre-merger stockholders does not pass the threshold inquiry because the parties' relationship is governed by a valid contract; specifically, the pre-merger stockholders "either executed the Amended Merger Agreement or, Plaintiffs assert, are bound to its indemnification provisions."263 As to Goldman and Klahr, who did not sign the Amended Merger Agreement, the Moving Defendants argue that the existence of this contract also destroys the Plaintiffs claims, as "Plaintiffs, having bargained for the contractual remedy of indemnification, cannot seek quasi-contractual relief from non-parties to the merger contract through an unjust enrichment claim."264

I have discussed above the contractual provisions providing indemnification in certain circumstances and amounts under the Agreement. By limiting indemnification rights to a fund, did the parties mean to preclude a remedy for unjust enrichment arising from fraud against innocent stockholders? This matter has not been adequately addressed in briefing, and I cannot say based on the record before me that the existence of a contract precludes recovery from innocent stockholders of benefits wrongfully obtained through the fraud of those acting on their behalf as fiduciaries. Accordingly, I decline to dismiss Count VI at the pleading stage on the ground that an adequate remedy otherwise exists or that restitution is precluded by the contract.

The Moving Defendants also argue that SIG Management and its associated board representatives, Goldman, and Klahr, were not enriched through the merger because they did not receive any merger consideration, and their "mere association with [SIG] Fund, which received merger proceeds, is insufficient for an unjust enrichment claim."265 The Plaintiffs, for their part, argue that it is "hyper-technical" to suggest that "Klahr, Goldman, and SIG Management could not have been enriched because they were not Plimus stockholders in their individual capacities and thus did not receive merger consideration."266 The Plaintiffs reiterate that Goldman and Klahr, "who controlled and directed SIG Fund as its principals"267 used their control to cause SIG Fund to vote in favor of or consent to the merger, "which had been procured through fraud."268 If the Plaintiffs can implicate these defendants in a fraud, they obviously have a remedy at law in damages. A restitution remedy such as unjust enrichment, however, requires the party subject to the claim to hold the funds resulting from the Plaintiff's impoverishment.269 Because the Plaintiffs have not alleged that SIG Management, Goldman or Klahr received funds resulting from the fraud, restitution, as opposed to damages at law, is unavailable from those parties, and Count VI is dismissed as to them.

3. Declaratory Judgment

The Moving Defendants also move to dismiss Count VII, which is the Plaintiffs' request for a declaratory judgment. More specifically:

The Moving Defendants' argued that this Count sought "a declaration that mimics each substantive count of the Amended Complaint."271

Declaratory Judgment is a statutory action;272 it is meant to provide relief in situations where a claim is ripe but would not support an action under common-law pleading rules.

Here, however, the Plaintiffs assert immediate entitlement to a complete set of common-law and equitable affirmative remedies, in contract, tort and equity, including rescission of the contract. Because the declaratory judgment count is completely duplicative of the affirmative counts of the complaint, Count VII is dismissed.

4. Rescission

The Moving Defendants also moved to dismiss the Plaintiffs' request for rescission. As I communicated to the parties at oral argument, I find it inappropriate to dismiss this requested remedy at the motion to dismiss stage of litigation, because—although I find the chances vanishingly small that I would order such a remedy at this late date—whether rescission is available properly involves a fact-specific inquiry.274

V. CONCLUSION

For the reasons explained above, the Moving Defendants' Motion to Dismiss is granted in part and denied in part. The parties should submit an appropriate form of order.