MEMORANDUM OPINION

DEBORAH K. CHASANOW, United States District Judge.

Presently pending and ready for resolution in this declaratory judgment action is a motion for summary judgment filed by Plaintiff Chartis Property Casualty Company ("Plaintiff"). (ECF No. 64). The issues have been briefed and a hearing was held on January 10, 2017. For the following reasons, the motion for summary judgment will be granted.

I. Background1

This case involves the intersection of three actions in which George W. Huguely, V ("Defendant") is the defendant: a criminal case, a civil case, and this insurance coverage case.

A. Criminal Case

Early on the morning of May 3, 2010, one of Yeardley Love's roommates found her dead in her bedroom. Huguely v. Commonwealth, 63 Va.App. 92, 99-100, 754 S.E.2d 557 (2014). Defendant, who had dated Yeardley Love "on and off" for years, had been drinking alcohol heavily on May 2 and went to her house late that night. Id. at 99, 101, 754 S.E.2d 557. He admitted to police that he kicked a hole in her bedroom door to gain access to her room, had a physical altercation with her during an argument, and left her bleeding on her bed. Id. at 102 n.4, 754 S.E.2d 557. In a 2012 trial, a jury in the Circuit Court for the City of Charlottesville, Virginia found Defendant responsible for her death and guilty of second degree murder. Id. at 105, 754 S.E.2d 557.

After his trial, Defendant petitioned for appeal of his conviction to the Court of Appeals of Virginia on numerous grounds, and the Court of Appeals granted Defendant's petition on several procedural issues. (ECF Nos. 24-2; 24-3). The Court of Appeals later affirmed Defendant's conviction, Huguely, 63 Va.App. at 131, 754 S.E.2d 557, and, subsequently, the Supreme Court of Virginia and the Supreme Court of the United States each denied Defendant's petitions for review. (ECF No. 64-6); Huguely v. Virginia, ___ U.S. ___, 136 S.Ct. 119, 193 L.Ed.2d 39 (2015) (mem.). Defendant has since filed a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Charlottesville court where his trial was originally held. (ECF No. 73-2). The post-conviction proceedings are ongoing.

B. Civil Case

On April 26, 2012, interested party Sharon D. Love ("Ms. Love"), as administrator of the estate of Yeardley Love, brought a civil suit against Defendant in the Circuit Court for the City of Charlottesville. (ECF No. 1-1). Her amended complaint alleges that Defendant was the proximate cause of Yeardley Love's injuries and death. (ECF No. 1-2, at 4). The alternative counts of the complaint include ordinary negligence, "gross negligence — indifference and acting with utter disregard of caution," "willful and wanton negligence — acting with conscious disregard and reckless indifference," "assault and/or battery," and punitive damages. (Id. at 4-9). Based on section 8.01-419 of the Virginia Code, the suit alleges Yeardley Love had a life expectancy of another 58.9 years and seeks nearly thirty million dollars in compensatory damages and an additional one million dollars in punitive damages. (Id. at 10-11). In November 2015, the circuit court stayed its proceedings to allow this court to act in the instant insurance coverage case, but some discovery between those parties has continued. (ECF No. 73-4, at 2-3). Trial is now set for July 2018. (See Case No. DKC-13-3088, ECF No. 25, at 6).

C. Insurance Case

The case in this court concerns whether Plaintiff, an insurance company, is contractually obligated to defend and to indemnify Defendant in the Civil Case. Interested parties Marta Murphy and Andrew Murphy, III, Defendant's mother and stepfather (together with Defendant, "Respondents"), purchased a homeowners' insurance policy and an excess insurance policy (together, "the Policies") from Plaintiff. (ECF No. 1 ¶ 24).2 The Policies include broad indemnification provisions that state that Plaintiff "will pay damages an insured person is legally obligated to pay for personal injury ... caused by an occurrence covered by this policy ... unless stated otherwise or an exclusion applies." (ECF No. 64-8, at 15). In addition to indemnity, the Policies agree to "pay the costs to defend an insured person against any suit seeking covered damages ... even if the suit is false, fraudulent or groundless." (Id.). After Ms. Love filed her complaint in the Civil Case, Plaintiff acknowledged Defendant's claim for coverage in that case and told Defendant that it would provide coverage pursuant to a reservation of its rights under the Policies. (ECF No. 59 ¶ 54).

Plaintiff then began an investigation of the matter to determine its contractual obligations under the Policies. (Id. ¶¶ 55-64). Plaintiff sought to examine Defendant under oath, but he has refused to submit to such an examination, asserting his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. (Id. ¶¶ 80-87). After Defendant's counsel in the Criminal Case told Plaintiff that Defendant would "decline any visit or contact with representatives" from Plaintiff, it initiated this suit, naming Respondents and Sharon Love as interested parties and seeking a declaratory judgment that it was not required to defend or to indemnify Defendant in the Civil Case under either of the Policies. (ECF No. 1). Plaintiff alleged that Defendant's refusal to cooperate with its investigation violated a provision of the Policies setting out the insured's duties after a loss. The homeowners' insurance policy requires an insured to "[s]ubmit to a separate examination under oath" "as often as [Plaintiff] reasonably require[s]," and both the homeowners' and excess insurance policies require an insured to "[a]ssist and cooperate with [Plaintiff] in the conduct of the defense by helping [it] ... [t]o secure and give evidence and obtain the attendance of witnesses." (Id. ¶¶ 36, 49). Plaintiff has claimed that Defendant's refusal to submit to an examination constituted a material breach of the Policies and resulted in actual prejudice to its ability to identify defenses to its coverage obligations, which included issues over Defendant's residency and provisions in the Policies that exclude coverage for intentional or criminal acts. (Id. ¶¶ 54-60).

Plaintiff moved for summary judgment on its original complaint on July 3, 2013. (ECF No. 8). Respondents moved to deny or defer consideration of that summary judgment motion (ECF No. 25), and, at the same time, moved to stay the case pending the outcome of Defendant's appeal in the Criminal Case (ECF No. 24). Respondents' motion to stay was joined by Ms. Love. (ECF No. 28). The court granted Respondents' motion to stay proceedings pending his criminal appeal because: (1) the Virginia Court of Appeals had accepted multiple issues for appellate review in the Criminal Case, (2) the Insurance Case could benefit from the factual development in the Criminal Case, and (3) the court in the Civil Case appeared likely to stay that case. (ECF No. 36, at 7-10). Among the reasons favoring the stay, the court noted that "resolution of the Criminal Case may clarify the issues for which [Plaintiff] is claiming relief: [Defendant's] criminal acts could become a reason for denying coverage." (Id. at 10).

On January 5, 2016, after Defendant had exhausted all direct appeals in his criminal proceedings, this case was reopened. (ECF No. 56). Plaintiff's unopposed motion for leave to amend its complaint was granted. Plaintiff added two new counts seeking a declaratory judgment that it was not required to defend or to indemnify Defendant under either policy because the Civil Case resulted from his commission of a criminal act. (ECF No. 59). Under the homeowners' insurance policy, coverage does not extend to personal injuries "resulting from any criminal, willful, intentional or malicious act," and, under the excess insurance policy, coverage does not extend to injuries "[a]rising out of any criminal, willful, fraudulent, dishonest, intentional, or malicious act" (together, "the Exclusions"). (Id. ¶¶ 39, 52).3 Plaintiff then filed the instant motion for summary judgment, arguing that the Exclusions and Defendant's failure to cooperate each provide an independent basis to deny coverage. (ECF No. 64).4 Respondents and Ms. Love responded in opposition, and Plaintiff replied. (ECF Nos. 73; 75; 76). After reviewing the motion papers, the court provided the parties with some tentative conclusions and requested supplemental briefing on several issues. (ECF No. 79). On January 10, 2017, the court held a joint hearing on the instant motion and a motion for summary judgment in case DKC-13-3088 by State Farm Fire and Casualty Company, which provided another insurance policy to Mr. Murphy under which Defendant has claimed coverage as an insured. (See Case No. DKC-13-3088, ECF No. 1).

II. Standard of Review

A motion for summary judgment will be granted only if there exists no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Emmett v. Johnson, 532 F.3d 291, 297 (4th Cir. 2008). To prevail on a motion for summary judgment, the moving party generally bears the burden of showing that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248-50, 106 S.Ct. 2505. A dispute about a material fact is genuine "if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Id. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505. In undertaking this inquiry, a court must view the facts and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom "in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion," Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) (quoting United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962)); see also EEOC v. Navy Fed. Credit Union, 424 F.3d 397, 405 (4th Cir. 2005), but a "party cannot create a genuine dispute of material fact through mere speculation or compilation of inferences." Shin v. Shalala, 166 F.Supp.2d 373, 375 (D.Md. 2001) (citation omitted).

III. Applicable Law

In diversity actions, a district court applies the substantive law and choice of law rules of the state in which the court sits. Padco Advisors, Inc. v. Omdahl, 179 F.Supp.2d 600, 605 (D.Md. 2002) (citing Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 S.Ct. 1188 (1938)). In contract claims, Maryland applies the doctrine of lex loci contractus, meaning that the law of the place where the contract was made applies. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hart, 327 Md. 526, 529, 611 A.2d 100 (1992). "The locus contractus is the place where the last act is performed which makes an agreement a binding contract." Grain Dealers Mut. Ins. Co. v. Van Buskirk, 241 Md. 58, 65-66, 215 A.2d 467 (1965). In an insurance contract, the delivery of the policy and the payment of the premiums constitute these "last acts." Id. (citing Sun Ins. Office v. Mallick, 160 Md. 71, 81, 153 A. 35 (1931)). Plaintiff has provided undisputed evidence that Respondents received the Policies at their residence in Maryland. (ECF No. 64-12, at 2).5 Therefore, Maryland substantive law applies to the contract dispute here.

Maryland law does not, however, govern procedural rules in this court, even when jurisdiction is based on diversity. The parties failed to account for the distinction between substantive law and procedural rules in their initial papers and presented arguments based solely on Maryland law, which does not govern certain aspects of the instant dispute, as noted below.

IV. Denial of Coverage Based on a Criminal Act

In Maryland, insurance policies are to be construed pursuant to "ordinary principles of contract interpretation." Megonnell v. United Servs. Auto. Ass'n, 368 Md. 633, 655, 796 A.2d 758 (2002). Thus, the words used in an insurance policy should be given "their usual, ordinary, and accepted meaning" — i.e., the "meaning a reasonably prudent layperson would attach to the term." Bausch & Lomb Inc. v. Utica Mut. Ins. Co., 330 Md. 758, 779, 625 A.2d 1021 (1993). Where the provisions of an insurance policy are unambiguous, the meaning of the terms is determined by the court as a matter of law. Cole v. State Farm Mut. Ins. Co., 359 Md. 298, 305, 753 A.2d 533 (2000).

The two Exclusions bar coverage for liability "resulting from any criminal, willful, intentional or malicious act" and "[a]rising out of any criminal, willful, fraudulent, dishonest, intentional, or malicious act," respectively. According to Plaintiff, "the exclusive basis of Sharon D. Love's claims in the Civil [Case] is the injury and harm caused by [Defendant] to [Yeardley] Love that ultimately resulted in Love's death." (ECF No. 64-1, at 13). Plaintiff is clearly correct that Ms. Love's suit "results from" and "arises out of" Defendant's acts on the night of Yeardley Love's death. Each count of Ms. Love's complaint is based on that incident. (ECF No. 1-2 ¶¶ 19, 27, 36, 43, 48). Respondents themselves admitted that the allegations in Ms. Love's complaint are based on "the same facts and circumstances underlying [his] criminal proceedings." (ECF No. 73, at 4).

Plaintiff's basic argument for summary judgment is simple. Plaintiff has introduced undisputed evidence that Defendant was convicted of second degree murder. Plaintiff contends that "Defendant's conviction for second degree [murder] ... establish[es] that his acts ... in connection with Love's death were criminal in nature." (ECF No. 64-1, at 18). Because the Civil Case is based on those same actions, Plaintiff contends that any liability it will incur in the Civil Case resulted from Defendant's criminal act of second degree murder, which means he is not entitled to coverage under the Policies.

A. Duty to Pay Damages

1. Interpreting the Exclusion

Whether the Plaintiff has a duty to pay damages in the Civil Case thus depends on whether its evidence of what happened that night — namely, Defendant's criminal conviction — is sufficient to show that he committed a criminal act under the Policies. Giving the words their ordinary meaning, a "criminal act" is any act prohibited by a criminal law. See Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Jones, No. JFM-05-2792, 2006 WL 361336, at *4 (D.Md. Feb. 15, 2006) (interpreting a criminal acts exclusion to mean an act "defined as criminal by Maryland law"); see also Allstate Ins. Co. v. Burrough, 120 F.3d 834, 840 (8th Cir. 1997) (interpreting a criminal acts exclusion to mean an act "defined as criminal by the Arkansas Criminal Code"). Although an issue might arise if the criminal laws in the state where the act occurred differed from the criminal laws of the state of insurance, both Maryland and Virginia criminalize second degree murder and define it in the same way as pertinent to the conduct underlying Defendant's conduct. Compare Md.Code Ann., Criminal Law § 2-204 (West 2002), with Va.Code Ann. § 18.2-32 (1998).6

Attempting to give significance to Defendant's intoxication on the night of Yeardley Love's death, Ms. Love devotes a large portion of her opposition to the motion for summary judgment to arguing that the Exclusions here apply only to intentional criminal acts. In her view, even if the evidence shows that Defendant committed a crime, the Exclusions from coverage are not triggered unless that criminal act was also intentional, which, she further argues, cannot be proved solely by Defendant's conviction for second degree murder.

Ms. Love first points out that the portions of the Exclusions that mention criminal acts appear under the heading "Intentional Acts." (ECF No. 75, at 13-15). She also suggests that the headings should be read continuously with the text beneath them as a "complete thought" in the excess insurance policy. (Id. at 14). Applying this method, the language of that exclusion would bar coverage for an "Intentional Act [a]rising out of any criminal ... act." (Id.). Finally, reading the provisions of the Exclusions as part of the broader contract, Ms. Love asserts that the Policies "clearly provide[] coverage for unintentional or negligent acts — even if those same acts also may happen to constitute a crime." (Id. at 11). She points to Young v. Brown, 658 So.2d 750, 754 (La.Ct.App. 1995), in which a Louisiana court stated that "[t]he term `criminal acts,' as used in the coverage exclusion is susceptible of more than one meaning." The Young court held that, despite the disjunctive text, an exclusion of coverage for "the intentional or criminal acts of an insured person" required that the criminal acts at issue be intentional as well. (ECF No. 75, at 13-14). According to Ms. Love, the Exclusions are at least ambiguous in the context of insurance law as to whether intent is required, and, therefore, summary judgment cannot be granted.

Plaintiff counters that an ambiguous title or heading does not create ambiguity in the contract where it is followed by clear specific language. Bernhardt v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 102 Md.App. 45, 55, 648 A.2d 1047 (1994); see also Beretta U.S.A Corp. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 17 Fed. Appx. 250, 255 (4th Cir. 2001) (unpublished opinion). It also asserts that Ms. Love's "complete thought" method to reading the contract is "nonsensical and entirely unsupported by Maryland law." (ECF No. 76, at 13). Plaintiff points out that a "complete thought" reading of the excess insurance policy exclusion would perplexingly bar coverage for an "Intentional Act [a]rising out of any ... intentional... act." (ECF No. 76, at 13). In fact, a closer look at the Policies shows that Ms. Love's method fails to account for the language prior to the numbered headings of excluded acts, which states, "This insurance does not provide coverage for liability, defense costs or any other cost or expense...." (ECF No. 64-11, at 15). Read in full context, this prior language actually forms complete thoughts with each of the ensuing provisions, so long as the headings are not included. For example, when read this way, the Exclusion in the excess policy reads, "This insurance does not provide coverage for liability, defense costs or any other cost or expense ... [a]rising out of any criminal, willful, fraudulent, dishonest, intentional, or malicious act." Looking at the other numbered headings, this method makes complete sentences without the headings and complete gibberish with them inserted. (See, e.g., ECF No. 64-11, at 15 ("This insurance does not provide coverage for liability, defense costs or any other cost or expense ... 3. Watercraft [a]rising out of the ownership, maintenance, use, operation, loading or unloading of any watercraft...." (emphasis added to heading))).

Furthermore, the vast majority of other courts either have refused to follow the Young holding or independently ruled that clauses that cover both intentional and criminal acts like the one here do not require intent for criminal acts. See Littlefield v. Acadia Ins. Co., 392 F.3d 1, 8-12 (1st Cir. 2004); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Brown, 16 F.3d 222, 225 (7th Cir. 1994); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Burrough, 914 F.Supp. 308, 312 (W.D.Ark. 1996); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Barnett, 816 F.Supp. 492, 497 (S.D. Ind. 1993); Hooper v. Allstate Ins. Co., 571 So.2d 1001, 1003 (Ala. 1990); 20th Century Ins. Co. v. Schurtz, 92 Cal.App.4th 1188, 112 Cal.Rptr.2d 547, 553-54 (2001); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Schmitt, 238 N.J.Super. 619, 630, 570 A.2d 488 (1990); Steinke v. Allstate Ins. Co., 86 Ohio App.3d 798, 803-04, 621 N.E.2d 1275 (1993); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Sowers, 97 Or.App. 658, 660-61, 776 P.2d 1322 (1989); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Peasley, 131 Wn.2d 420, 428-430, 932 P.2d 1244 (1997). The Young court also suggested that any criminal acts exclusion — i.e. even one that prohibited criminal acts alone as opposed to the "intentional or criminal acts" clause at issue in that case — would not cover unintentional criminal acts because "[l]osses ... resulting from negligent, non-intentional conduct are precisely the losses a liability policy buyer expects to insure against." Young, 658 So.2d at 753-754. The Court of Special Appeals of Maryland explicitly refused to accept such an argument in Medical Mutual Liability Insurance Society of Maryland v. Azzato, 94 Md.App. 632, 640-41, 618 A.2d 274 (1993), holding that a criminal acts provision excludes coverage for injuries arising out of acts that "constitute both [negligent] malpractice and criminal behavior." As that court pointed out:

Id.7 Ms. Love's argument thus runs contrary to Maryland law. The criminal act provisions in the Exclusions do not require that the criminal act be intentional.

2. Defendant's Criminal Conviction

Without directly proposing that res judicata or collateral estoppel should be applied here, Plaintiff argues that Defendant's criminal conviction "conclusively" shows that he has committed a criminal act. (ECF No. 76, at 5). To the degree that Plaintiff attempts to prevent the relitigation in this case of the issues decided in another case, its argument could be construed as an application of collateral estoppel. At the motions hearing, Plaintiff acknowledged that collateral estoppel is inapplicable in the instant case, because, under Virginia law which applies to this issue, courts must "adhere[] to the principle of mutuality which holds that `a litigant is generally prevented from invoking the preclusive force of a judgment unless he would have been bound had the prior litigation of the issue reached the opposite result,'" Rawlings v. Lopez, 267 Va. 4, 5, 591 S.E.2d 691 (2004) (quoting Norfolk & W. Ry. v. Bailey Lumber Co., 221 Va. 638, 640, 272 S.E.2d 217 (1980)). Where jurisdiction is based on diversity, "the law of the state where the District Court sits ... controls questions of res judicata and collateral estoppel." St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Lack, 476 F.2d 583, 585 (4th Cir. 1973). This court applies Maryland law, and Maryland, in turn, applies the preclusion rules from the state where the original judgment was rendered. In this case, then, Virginia law applies to Defendant's Virginia conviction. See Rourke v. Amchem Products, Inc., 384 Md. 329, 347-352, 863 A.2d 926 (2004) ("[W]e hold that, in applying full faith and credit to the Virginia judgment, a Maryland court must treat the judgment precisely the same as it would be treated in a Virginia court, and that requires that we apply the preclusion rules that would be applied in Virginia."). Although most jurisdictions have allowed the use of non-mutual collateral estoppel, Virginia does not. Rawlings, 267 Va. at 4, 591 S.E.2d 691. Because Plaintiff was not a party to Defendant's criminal case, it cannot rely on collateral estoppel.

Next, the parties argue at length over whether Defendant's conviction is admissible as evidence, and to what effect. Although the parties cited to Maryland cases discussing the admissibility of criminal convictions, admissibility in this court is based on the Federal Rules of Evidence. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit has affirmed that the Federal Rules of Evidence are "validly enacted procedural rules" that govern even in diversity cases. E.g., Hottle v. Beech Aircraft Corp., 47 F.3d 106, 109 (4th Cir. 1995).

19 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur Miller, et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 4512 (3d ed. 2016).

Federal Rule 803(22) creates an exception to the hearsay rule in civil cases for:

Defendant's conviction meets these requirements. First, his judgment is final despite his ongoing post-conviction proceedings. Because the Rule allows consideration of a judgment even as it is being directly appealed, collateral attack does not preclude it from being sufficiently final here. Second, the judgment was entered after a trial. Third, Defendant was convicted of second degree murder under section 18.2-32 of the Virginia Code, a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than a year.8 Finally, the Rule mandates that the conviction must be "admitted to prove any fact essential to the judgment." Here, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant's liability in the Civil Case arises out of his commission of the criminal act of second degree murder. It was essential to Defendant's conviction for second degree murder for the jury to find that he had committed a malicious killing. Turner v. Commonwealth, 23 Va.App. 270, 274, 476 S.E.2d 504 (1996) (defining second degree murder under Virginia law). The evidence of his conviction is being admitted to prove that he committed that same criminal act. Therefore, the final requirement has been met, and Defendant's conviction is admissible in this court. At the motions hearing neither Respondents nor Ms. Love contested the admissibility of Defendant's conviction under the Federal Rules.

The Advisory Committee's note on Rule 803(22) provides clarity as to the effect of such evidence:

Given this description, Defendant's conviction is admissible as rebuttable evidence here for what it is worth. See also Semler v. Psychiatric Inst. of Washington, D.C., 538 F.2d 121, 127 (4th Cir. 1976) (holding that the district court was "free to assign... the weight it saw fit" to evidence submitted pursuant to a conviction under Rule 803(22)).

In response to this standard, Respondents suggest that what Defendant's conviction is worth should be viewed in light of Brohawn v. Transamerica Ins. Co., 276 Md. 396, 347 A.2d 842 (1975). The Brohawn court explained that a guilty plea may be admissible in a subsequent civil proceeding, but the criminal defendant should be given an opportunity to explain the plea in the civil action. Id. at 403-04, 347 A.2d 842. Respondents' argument is that if a guilty plea, which acts as an admission and is followed by a conviction, is not conclusive, a conviction by a jury should not be conclusive either. For that reason, they argue, the court should reject Plaintiff's contention that Defendant's conviction "thereby establish[es] conclusively that [Defendant] acted criminally in causing the death of Love." (ECF No. 64-1, at 14).

There are significant differences between a criminal conviction based on a guilty plea and one based on a verdict in a jury trial, but delving into them is not required here. The Advisory Committee's note clarifies that the conviction should not be conclusive, suggesting that a fact-finder might give a conviction "substantial effect" but noting that a defendant might offer a "satisfactory explanation" for the conviction. The summary judgment standard also gives Respondents leeway. At this stage in the case, if Respondents or Ms. Love presented any evidence refuting the conviction, there might be a dispute over a material fact, and Plaintiff's motion could not succeed. Both the motion papers and the motions hearing have given the parties the opportunities described in Brohawn. At oral argument, the court specifically asked Respondents and Ms. Love whether they forecast evidence to rebut the facts underlying Defendant's conviction; neither party argued that he had not committed the murder of Ms. Love. By way of Defendant's criminal conviction, then, Plaintiff has produced evidence that Defendant committed the criminal act of second degree murder, and that the same act or acts gave rise to his potential liability in the Civil Case. Neither Respondents nor Ms. Love have presented any evidence disputing these facts.

B. Respondents' Rule 56(d) Motion

Respondents contend in their opposition that they have not presented any evidence to rebut Plaintiff's arguments because the parties have not yet engaged in discovery. Ordinarily, summary judgment is inappropriate "where the parties have not had an opportunity for reasonable discovery." E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Kolon Indus., Inc., 637 F.3d 435, 448-49 (4th Cir. 2011). The Fourth Circuit has held, however, that "the party opposing summary judgment cannot complain that summary judgment was granted without discovery unless ... more time was needed for discovery." Harrods Ltd. v. Sixty Internet Domain Names, 302 F.3d 214, 244 (4th Cir. 2002) (quoting Evans v. Techs. Applications & Serv. Co., 80 F.3d 954, 961 (4th Cir. 1996)). To raise the issue that discovery is needed, the non-movant typically must file an affidavit or declaration pursuant to Rule 56(d) (formerly Rule 56(f)), explaining why, "for specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition" without discovery. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(d); see Harrods, 302 F.3d at 244-45.

"Notably, `Rule 56(d) affidavits cannot simply demand discovery for the sake of discovery.'" Hamilton v. Mayor & City Council of Balt., 807 F.Supp.2d 331, 342 (D.Md. 2011) (quoting Young v. UPS, Inc., No. DKC-08-2586, 2011 WL 665321, at *20 (D.Md. Feb. 14, 2011) aff'd, 707 F.3d 437 (4th Cir. 2013), vacated on other grounds, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 1338, 191 L.Ed.2d 279 (2015)). The party seeking discovery must identify "specific facts that were not already available to him." McKinnon v. Blank, No. DKC-12-1265, 2013 WL 781617, at *12 (D. Md. Feb. 28, 2013); see also Boyd v. Guiterrez, 214 Fed.Appx. 322 (4th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (affirming denial of a 56(d) motion because appellant's affidavit had "failed to identify any facts essential to his opposition that were not already available to him" from prior administrative proceedings); Nana-Akua Takyiwaa Shalom v. Payless Shoesource Worldwide, Inc., 921 F.Supp.2d 470, 481 n.16 (D. Md. Feb. 5, 2013) (quoting Price ex rel. Price v. Western Resources, Inc., 232 F.3d 779, 783 (10th Cir. 2000), for the proposition that a Rule 56(d) affidavit must "identify[ ] the probable facts not available and what steps have been taken to obtain these facts"). The affidavit must also provide the court with "a reasonable basis to suggest that the requested discovery would reveal triable issues of fact." McKinnon, 2013 WL 781617, at 10; Nana-Akua, 921 F.Supp.2d at 481 n.16; see also Richard v. Leavitt, 235 Fed.Appx. 167, 167 (4th Cir. 2007) (affirming denial of a Rule 56(d) request when the plaintiff failed to provide a basis for believing that the information sought actually existed). Put simply, Rule 56(d) does not authorize "fishing expedition[s]." Morrow v. Farrell, 187 F.Supp.2d 548, 551 (D. Md. 2002), aff'd, 50 Fed.Appx. 179 (4th Cir. 2002); see also Wright v. Eastman Kodak Co., 550 F.Supp.2d 371, 382 (W.D.N.Y. 2008), aff'd, 328 Fed.Appx. 738 (2nd Cir. 2009) ("While a Rule 56[(d)] discovery request may be granted to allow a plaintiff to `fill material evidentiary gaps,' it may not be premised solely on speculation as to evidence which might be discovered[.]").

Respondents labeled their response to Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment as a "memorandum in opposition to Plaintiff's second motion for summary judgment or, in the alternative, motion to deny or defer judgment pending discovery," and filed a declaration by their lawyer stating that further discovery is necessary "to find evidence that will allow [Defendant] to fully respond" to Plaintiff's motion. (ECF Nos. 73, at 1; 73-5, at 3). In the declaration and in a corresponding section of their opposition to summary judgment, Respondents suggest that the necessary discovery would include "locating and deposing ... any neighbors who heard or saw anything in Ms. Love's residence on the night of her death; locating and deposing witnesses who interacted with [Defendant] or [Yeardley] Love on the night of the incident who could speak to their conditions and state of mind; locating and deposing law enforcement officers engaged in the investigation of [Yeardley] Love's death...; and obtaining experts who could opine as to [Yeardley] Love's cause of death, [Defendant's] ability to form intent, and the criminal standards which may or may not be applicable." (ECF No. 73, at 14).

Although inquiry into these topics could be relevant in determining whether Defendant committed second degree murder, Respondents have not explained why discovery is needed to collect such information. None of the information above is in Plaintiff's possession, and all of these inquiries would undoubtedly have been relevant to Defendant in his Criminal Case. Respondents also acknowledge that "much of the discovery which [they] would need in this action has already occurred" in the Civil Case. (ECF No. 73, at 14). But despite the completion of Defendant's Criminal Case and the ongoing discovery in his Civil Case, Respondents have not provided any evidence in opposition to Plaintiff's motion that refutes his criminal conviction or explained what they expect to find in discovery. In short, they have not articulated why discovery is needed to obtain such evidence or given the court any reason to believe that there may be evidence undermining Defendant's criminal conviction that they could obtain with discovery.

Respondents' 56(d) affidavit mentions only one piece of discoverable information that they aver is not available to them: "what, if any, standard for criminal behavior [Plaintiff] is using in an attempt to disclaim coverage under the `criminal acts' exclusion." (ECF No. 73-5, at 3). Respondents' counsel declares that he will need to depose Plaintiff's designee for this information because it "is something that can only be known by Plaintiff and something that is essential for [Defendant] to understand in order to fully and effectively respond." (Id.). According to Respondents, until Defendant knows what criminal act Plaintiff is "charging" him with, they cannot formulate a response. Assuming arguendo that Plaintiff must identify the specific criminal acts it believes Defendant committed, it has quite clearly identified second degree murder as the criminal act from which the liability in the Civil Case arose. Given that the whole of Plaintiff's evidence for its exclusion argument in the present motion is Defendant's criminal conviction for second degree murder, there is little room for confusion about what crime Plaintiff is alleging here. Respondents therefore cannot substantiate a need for discovery by seeking that information from Plaintiff, and their affidavit under Rule 56(d) fails to justify deferring consideration of the summary judgment motion presently.

Accordingly, Defendant's unrebutted criminal conviction provides sufficient evidence that he committed a criminal act when he caused the death of Yeardley Love. Plaintiff is thus entitled to summary judgment with regard to its duty to pay damages in the underlying civil suit.

C. Duty to Defend

The fact that Plaintiff is not obligated to pay damages in the underlying suit does not necessarily entitle it to summary judgment on all of its claims. Insurance policies that impose a duty to defend along with liability coverage act as "`litigation insurance' as well, protecting the insured from the expense of defending suits brought against him." Brohawn, 276 Md. at 410, 347 A.2d 842. Even where an insurer's duty to defend against a suit is based on its potential liability in that suit, then, the duties are "distinct conceptually." Walk v. Hartford Cas. Ins. Co., 382 Md. 1, 15, 852 A.2d 98 (2004). Because the duty to defend covers even false, fraudulent, and groundless suits (ECF No. 64-8, at 15), it is the allegations in the tort suit, not other discernable facts, that govern this inquiry.

St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Pryseski, 292 Md. 187, 193, 438 A.2d 282 (1981). Because the duty to defend is a "broader" duty, Walk, 382 Md. at 15, 852 A.2d 98, if there is any doubt as to "whether or not the allegations of a complaint against the insured state a cause of action within the coverage of a liability policy sufficient to compel the insurer to defend the action, such doubt will be resolved in [the] insured's favor." Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Cochran, 337 Md. 98, 107, 651 A.2d 859 (1995) (quoting U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Nat'l Paving Co., 228 Md. 40, 54, 178 A.2d 872 (1962)).

As to whether Ms. Love's allegations "potentially bring the tort claim within the policy's coverage," Pryseski, 292 Md. at 193, 438 A.2d 282, Plaintiff argues that if it has no duty to pay damages because of Defendant's conviction, there can be no potentiality of coverage creating a duty to defend. (ECF No. 82, at 3).9 Respondents counter that if Defendant's conviction were overturned in his pending habeas proceedings and he was acquitted in a subsequent trial, then he would no longer be excluded under the criminal acts provision but might still be liable to Ms. Love on her negligence claims. (ECF No. 83, at 5). They maintain that even if the likelihood of this sequence of events is low, Maryland law commands that "any potentiality of coverage, no matter how slight, gives rise to a duty to defend." Litz v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 346 Md. 217, 226, 695 A.2d 566 (1997). They point to Grain Dealers Mut. Ins. Co. v. Marino, 200 Cal.App.3d 1083, 246 Cal.Rptr. 410 (Cal. App. 6th Dist. 1988), in which the lower court held that there was no duty to defend under an intentional acts exclusion based on collateral estoppel from the insured's criminal trial, and the appellate court reversed that decision after the insured's habeas proceeding was successful. If Defendant's conviction were similarly vacated, Respondents argue, Plaintiff would have a duty to defend, and, therefore, a slight potentiality exists.

Marino does not support Respondents' position. The trial court in Marino ruled in the insurer's favor while the insured's habeas proceeding was pending or forthcoming. The appeals court did not vacate that decision during the pendency because of the potential for a duty to defend, but rather stayed the appellate review until after the insured had succeeded in his habeas challenge. The Marino court relied on the Restatement, which stated:

Marino, 200 Cal.App.3d at 1089, 246 Cal.Rptr. 410 (citing Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 16 cmt. c (Am. Law Inst. 1982)). The appellate court's holding was not that the trial court had wrongly decided the case, but that, after the criminal conviction had been vacated, there was no final judgment on the merits, which had been critical to the trial court's use of collateral estoppel. Id. at 1088-89, 246 Cal.Rptr. 410. Furthermore, that case is distinguishable because the parties in Marino had produced at least some evidence that the insured's conduct was not intentional, id. at 1087, 246 Cal.Rptr. 410, whereas none of the parties have presented any evidence that Defendant's conduct here was not criminal.

Respondents also read too much into the phrase "no matter how slight" from Litz. When applying the potentiality standard, the Litz court cited to a prior opinion of the Court of Appeals that describes the threshold as "reasonable potential." Litz, 346 Md. at 231, 695 A.2d 566 (citing Cochran, 337 Md. at 112, 651 A.2d 859). Based on the facts of that case, the court found that the insured was covered, id. at 230, 695 A.2d 566, not that he might be, and therefore it had no trouble at all finding a "reasonable potential." Id. at 231, 695 A.2d 566. The "no matter how slight" language came directly from a law review article that also notes that the potentiality rule is construed broadly in order to provide protection to the insured even when the third party's claims are "groundless, false, or fraudulent." Andrew Janquitto, Insurer's Duty to Defend in Maryland, 18 U.Balt.L.Rev. 1, 13-14 (1988). The article later summarizes the "maxims that should guide the inquiry into whether allegations create a potentiality" and states that the duty to defend arises "if there is a reasonable possibility" that the claim is within the scope of the policy. Id. at 16.

Moreover, Maryland courts have firmly established that a criminal defendant's constitutional rights against self-incrimination do not extend beyond his direct appeals. See Archer v. State, 383 Md. 329, 344, 859 A.2d 210 (2004). There is no reason to think that Maryland would hold that the same negligible and nearly unending potential for habeas relief warrants an ongoing duty to defend, especially where, as here, Respondents have not argued Defendant's actual innocence. Accordingly, Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment with regard to its duty to defend as well.10

V. Declaratory Judgment While State Action Is Pending

Finally, Respondents argue that declaratory judgment is not appropriate at this time, given the ongoing nature of the Civil Case. In their opposition they rely on Maryland's "Brohawn rule," which states that declaratory judgments are inappropriate in insurance coverage cases where "the issue upon which coverage is denied [is] the ultimate issue to be determined in a pending suit by a third party." Brohawn v. Transamerica Ins. Co., 276 Md. 396, 406, 347 A.2d 842 (1975). Brohawn is inapplicable here, however, because "[f]ederal standards guide the inquiry as to the propriety of declaratory relief in federal courts, even when the case is under the court's diversity jurisdiction." White v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co., 913 F.2d 165, 167 (4th Cir. 1990); see also Icarom, PLC v. Howard Cty., Md., 904 F.Supp. 454, 458 (D. Md. 1995) (refusing to apply Maryland's declaratory judgment rules from Allstate Ins. Co. v. Atwood, 319 Md. 247, 572 A.2d 154 (1990), a more recent articulation of Brohawn).

Under federal law, district courts have "some measure of discretion [as to whether] to entertain a declaratory judgment action that is otherwise properly within its jurisdiction." Nautilus Ins. Co. v. Winchester Homes, Inc., 15 F.3d 371, 375 (4th Cir. 1994). The Fourth Circuit has held that district courts should not entertain a declaratory judgment action during the pendency of a related state proceeding "when the result would be to `try a controversy by piecemeal, or to try particular issues without settling the entire controversy.'" Mitcheson v. Harris, 955 F.2d 235, 239 (4th Cir. 1992) (quoting Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Quarles, 92 F.2d 321, 325 (4th Cir. 1937)). A court must consider four factors in deciding whether to make a declaratory judgment in such a case:

Myles Lumber Co. v. CNA Financial Corp., 233 F.3d 821, 824 (4th Cir. 2000) (quoting Nautilus, 15 F.3d at 377).

After the court provided the parties with the appropriate legal standard, neither Ms. Love nor Respondents argued that declaratory judgment would be inappropriate in this case.11 Weighing the state court's interest in resolving coverage issues as part of the tort litigation, the Fourth Circuit held in Mitcheson that the district court should have refrained from deciding a coverage case where Brohawn might preclude a Maryland court from issuing declaratory judgment under Maryland law and the other legal issues in the coverage suit were "close" and "problematic." 955 F.2d at 236, 240. The same concerns are not present here, however, where Maryland law governs the contract, but the Civil Case is taking place in Virginia, which clearly has little interest in resolving questions of Maryland law.12 As noted above, the Virginia Circuit Court stayed its proceedings in the Civil Case specifically to allow this court to make a determination on the insurance issue, so both comity and efficiency support resolution of the coverage issue here. Making a determination on coverage before the trial in the Civil Case will both "serve a useful purpose in clarifying and settling the legal relations in issue," and "terminate and afford relief from the uncertainty, insecurity, and controversy giving rise to the proceeding." Nautilus, 15 F.3d at 375 (quoting Quarles, 92 F.2d at 325). Because Plaintiff's duties to defend and indemnify Defendant in the Civil Case represent the only controversy between those two parties, adjudication of the case through declaratory judgment would resolve their entire dispute. This dispute is also sufficiently distinct from the Civil Case so that "overlapping issues of fact or law" would not cause any entanglement between the federal and state courts. Indeed, granting summary judgment based on Defendant's criminal act here does not "put at risk, by issue preclusion or claim preclusion, the ability of any state court to adjudicate fairly the underlying liability." Icarom, 904 F.Supp. at 460. This also does not appear to be a "procedural fencing" case in which "a party has raced to federal court in an effort to get certain issues that are already pending before the state courts resolved first in a more favorable forum." Nautilus, 15 F.3d at 380. Thus, it is appropriate to issue a declaratory judgment.

VI. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the motion for summary judgment filed by Plaintiff Chartis Property Casualty Company will be granted. A separate order will follow.