09-2644-cr
USA v. Rabbani

                                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                           FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT


                                             SUMMARY ORDER
R U LIN GS BY SU M M A R Y O RD ER D O N OT H AVE PR EC ED EN TIA L EFFEC T . C ITATION TO A SUM M AR Y ORD ER FILED A FTER
J AN UA RY 1, 2007, IS PERM ITTED AN D IS GOVERNED BY F EDER AL R U L E O F A PPELLATE P RO CED UR E 32.1 A N D TH IS
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CO UN SEL .


        At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York,
on the 24th day of June, two thousand ten.

PRESENT:           WILFRED FEINBERG,
                   ROBERT D. SACK,
                   PETER W. HALL,
                                   Circuit Judges.

_______________________________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                Appellee,

                                                 v.                            09-2644-cr

MANSOOR RABBANI, also known as
Mansoor Rabbini
                  Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________

Appearing for Appellant:                         KIMBERLY A. SCHECHTER, Federal Public Defenders Office
                                                 for the Western District of New York, Buffalo, New York.

Appearing for Appellee:                          STEPHAN J. BACZYNSKI, Assistant United States Attorney,
                                                 for William J. Hochul, United States Attorney for the
                                                 Western District of New York, Buffalo, New York.

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of New York

(Richard J. Arcara, Chief Judge).
        UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED and

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

            Defendant Mansoor Rabbani appeals from a June 9, 2009 judgment of the United States

District Court for the Western District of New York (Arcara, C.J.), sentencing him to 36 months

of imprisonment. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and procedural history, which

we reference only to the extent necessary to explain the order of this court.

        A jury found Rabbani guilty of four criminal offenses in connection with his attempt to

bring an alien, Iftikhar Virk, into the United States for financial gain.1 A border patrol agent

detained and arrested Rabbani and Virk as they attempted to cross into the United States in

Rabbani’s car. The documentation proffered by Virk at the border turned out to belong to

Jaskaran Singh, an individual proven at trial to be an acquaintance of Rabbani’s. Further

evidence showed that Rabbani called Singh the day before his arrest and that Singh attempted to

call Rabbani four times on the morning following Rabbani’s arrest. Virk testified that he paid

Rabbani $8000 for passage to the United States, and that Virk obtained the money from a friend

in Canada, Kamaran Khan, who was to be reimbursed, and was reimbursed, by Virk’s brother,

Zolfgar Virk.

        On appeal, Rabbani challenges (i) an evidentiary ruling allowing into the record his and

Singh’s cell phone billing statements,2 including call histories, as well as (ii) the district court’s

        1
         Rabbani was convicted of bringing in and harboring aliens for the purposes of financial
gain, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1324(a)(1)(A)(iv), and (a)(1)(B)(i), attempting to bring in and harbor aliens by
means of a motor vehicle for the purpose of financial gain, 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(2)(B)(ii), making
a materially false statement within the jurisdiction of the executive branch of the U.S.
government, 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(2), and misuse of a passport, 18 U.S.C. § 1544.
        2
          For the sake of clarity we reference “Singh’s cell phone billing statement.” The record
is clear, however, that the relevant cellular account was under the name of Tanvir Ahmad, a
friend of Singh. Singh testified that Ahmad had two phones registered under a single cellular
plan, that Singh used one of those phones, and that Singh and Ahmad split the bill.

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refusal to include in its jury charge a missing witness instruction with respect to Kamaran Khan

and Zolfgar Virk. We review both rulings for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., United States v.

Mercado, 

, 141 (2d Cir. 2009); United States v. Gaskin, 

, 463 (2d Cir.

2004). We require a showing of actual prejudice in order to reverse on the grounds of a missing

witness charge. 

.

       [a]     Admission of Cell Phone Call Records

       Rabbani argues that the district court abused its discretion in admitting his and Singh’s

cell phone records because of numerous occasions where an outgoing call from Rabbani to

Singh was identified on Rabbani’s telephone bill but no corresponding incoming call was

recorded on Singh’s telephone bill. The court ruled that any putative inconsistencies between the

records would pertain to the weight of the evidence, not admissibility. “The determination of

whether a record is sufficiently reliable to warrant its admission is within the ‘sound discretion’

of the district court.” United States v. Strother, 

, 874 (2d Cir. 1995). This Circuit has

“adopted ‘a generous view’ of the business records exception, ‘construing it to favor [] the

admission of evidence . . . if it has any probative value at all.’” 

States v.

Freiden, 

, 722 (2d Cir. 1988)). A review of the relevant exhibits suggests that the

records were not in any way inconsistent. Even if the records were inconsistent, any error in their

admission was harmless because substantial evidence established a relationship between Rabbani

and Singh and their attempts at communication immediately following Rabbani’s arrest. See,

e.g., United States v. Paulino, 

, 219 (2d Cir. 2006) (finding harmless error when

“other evidence overwhelmingly established [the defendant’s] culpability with respect to the

charged crime.”).



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       [b]     Missing Witness Instruction

       “A missing witness charge permitting the jury to infer that the testimony of an

unproduced witness would have favored one party is appropriate if production of the witness is

‘peculiarly within [the] power’ of the other party.” United States v. Nichols, 

, 601

(2d Cir. 1990) (quoting United States v. Torres, 

, 1169 (2d Cir. 1988)). Rabbani

asserts that because Kamaran Khan and Zolfgar Virk were peculiarly within the power of the

government to produce as witnesses, the district court erred in denying Rabbani’s request to

charge the jury with a missing witness instruction. “[W]hen a witness is equally available to both

sides, the failure to produce is open to an inference against both parties.” 

(internal quotations omitted and emphasis removed). “Whether or not such a ‘missing

witness’ charge should be given lies in the sound discretion of the trial court.” United States v.

Miranda, 

, 1330-31 (2d Cir. 1975). “We are particularly disinclined to second-

guess [district courts’] decisions where, as in this case, a judge refrains from commenting on the

inference to be drawn on the facts before the jury and allows counsel instead to argue the

inference.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       Rabbani has made no showing that the government “had it peculiarly within its power to

produce” Khan. United States v. Myerson, 

, 158 (2d Cir. 1994). “‘[T]he 'availability'

of a witness . . . depend[s] . . . on all the facts and circumstances bearing upon the witness's

relation to the parties, rather than merely on physical presence or accessibility.’” 

(quoting United States v. Rollins, 

, 412 (2d Cir. 1973)). Rabbani has

not shown that Khan was ever even accessible to the government. The government stated at trial

that they first learned of Khan’s existence during Virk’s testimony, and, in response to the court’s



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inquiry as to Khan’s whereabouts, the government stated that “[t]here is no hope of getting an

address or any identifiers on him.”

        With respect to Zolfgar Virk, the record shows that he was equally available to both

Rabbani and the government. While Rabbani did not learn of Zolfgar Virk until he was

mentioned during Iftikhar Virk’s testimony during trial, Rabbani also learned that Zolfgar lived

in Brooklyn, N.Y. with Iftikhar. Rabbani could have requested an adjournment in order to

subpoena Zolfgar as a witness. See United States v. Crisona, 

, 118 (2d Cir. 1969)

(explaining that the court did not err in charging the jury that “[i]n a federal criminal trial both

the government and a defendant are entitled to receive from the clerk of the court a subpoena

calling for the attendance of a witness, and no matter where the witness lives in the United

States, he is required to appear when served,” and that the failure of either side to call a witness

who could have been served with such a subpoena allows the jury to “infer that his or their

testimony might have been unfavorable to either the government or to a defendant . . . [or] to

draw no inference at all.”). In her closing statement, moreover, Rabbani’s counsel was permitted

to make a missing witness argument to the jury. See 

. Accordingly, the

district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to deliver a missing witness instruction to the

jury.

        For the reasons stated above we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                                       FOR THE COURT:

                                                       Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk




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