HENRY EDWARD AUTREY, District Judge.
This matter is before the Court on Plaintiffs' Claim for Damages and Request for Entry of Final Judgment, and Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment. For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiffs' Claim for Damages is granted. The request for Entry of Final Judgment will be granted, and Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment on their trademark claims is granted.
Plaintiffs brought this action alleging they are the legal and/or beneficial owners of all copyrights, trademarks, commercial use and merchandising rights, publicity rights and related rights associated with the motion pictures "Gone With the Wind" and "Wizard of Oz" and multiple Tom & Jerry animated motion pictures.
The Court granted summary judgment to Plaintiffs on their copyright claims, and entered an injunction against Defendants from continuing to infringe the copyrights.
On July 5, 2011, 644 F.3d 584, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit issued an opinion which affirmed in large part this Court's grant of summary judgment to Plaintiffs on the issue of copyright infringement and the resulting permanent injunction.
Plaintiffs now seek a money judgment on the copyright infringement and summary judgment on their trademark and unfair competition claims.
Section 504 of the Copyright Act provides:
17 U.S.C. § 504(a), (b) and (c)(1) and (2).
The statutory damages provision of the Copyright Act has both deterrent and compensatory components. Cass County Music Co. v. C.H.L.R., Inc., 88 F.3d 635, 643 (8th Cir.1996).
Id. at 643 (quoting F.W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc., 344 U.S. 228, 233, 73 S.Ct. 222, 97 L.Ed. 276 (1952)) (footnote and emphasis omitted).
Within the above stated statutory limits, the assessment of damages is within a court's discretion. See F.W. Woolworth, 344 U.S. 228, 231-32, 73 S.Ct. 222 (1952). Statutory damages are "designed to discourage wrongful conduct" and "vindicate the statutory policy." Id. at 233, 73 S.Ct. 222.
This Court finds statutory damages of 10,000.00 per infringement to be reasonable, considering: the factual history of this case, including Defendants' failure to provide accurate records in order for Plaintiffs to determine the profits made for the infringements; Defendants' undisputed continued infringement after the initiation of this suit; the need for specific deterrence of the Defendants' further copyright violations; the need for general deterrence for others who may consider engaging in copyright violations; and comparative awards of statutory damages by other federal district courts confronted with similar violations.
Plaintiffs seek recovery of Defendants' entire gross revenue because Defendants have failed to provide Plaintiffs with records needed for Plaintiffs to ascertain the actual profits received as a result of Defendants' infringement. Alternatively, Plaintiffs seek statutory damages. Defendants argue that they earned a total of $70,390.10 as a result of the use of Plaintiffs' images. Defendants further assert the reports submitted by Plaintiffs reflect Defendant AVELA's historical gross revenue for all of its business operations and has nothing to do with the revenue earned by Defendants as a result of licensing the relevant images.
This case has had a tortured and laborious discovery history. The parties have engaged in extensive battles for production of Defendants' records. The Court is indeed sympathetic to Plaintiffs' difficulties in obtaining accurate records throughout the entire history of this matter. The Court, therefore, recognizes Plaintiffs' continued frustration with the inability to receive reliable, accurate and complete records for assessment of damages. By the same token, the Court recalls that Defendants were sanctioned in the past for failing to provide properly requested discovery, and promptly satisfied the sanction.
Having so recognized Defendants compliance with the Court's sanction, the Court is, however, unpersuaded that Defendants' claim that it earned a total of $70390.10 from the infringement of Plaintiffs' copyrights is entirely accurate. Over the course of the time period in question, Defendants' records that have been produced indicate that the license royalties they received far exceed the stated total.
The most sound course of action in the Court's opinion is granting Plaintiffs' alternative selection of statutory damages. With respect to whether Defendants' infringements were willful, the record, as well as the Eighth Circuit Court's opinion lends some support to Defendants' position that the infringements were not willful, as Defendants only copied posters which were in the public domain. However, on the other hand, the posters themselves were not simply copied and reproduced, rather, they were used for licenses to its licensees in ways which were not in the public domain, and therefore were infringing. Plaintiffs have submitted proof of 257 registered copyrights owned by Plaintiffs: the copyright in the film the Wizard of Oz, the copyright in the film Gone with the Wind and the copyrights in 255 Tom and Jerry cartoons. Thus, the Court will award statutory damages for each copyright infringed. The statute provides for a minimum of $750.00 and a maximum of $30,000. As stated above the Court has considered this entire record, the proceedings herein and the events that have led to this point in the litigations. The Court, in its discretion, is of the opinion $10,000.00 per infringement, for a total of $2,570,000.00 is reasonable. Judgment will be entered accordingly.
The Court, in its Opinion, Memorandum and Order denied Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment with respect to Plaintiffs' trademark and unfair competition because Plaintiffs had failed to present evidence that Plaintiffs own valid, distinctive, protectable trademarks in those aspects of the films that are the subject to this controversy. Plaintiffs have now presented reliable, undisputed documentation of the trademarks in the images from the films such that they are entitled to summary judgment.
The standards for summary judgment are well settled. In determining whether summary judgment should issue, the Court must view the facts and inferences from the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986); Woods v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 409 F.3d 984, 990 (8th Cir.2005); Littrell v. City of Kansas City, Mo., 459 F.3d 918, 921 (8th Cir.2006). The moving party has the burden to establish both the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Enterprise Bank v. Magna Bank, 92 F.3d 743, 747 (8th Cir.1996). Once the moving party has met this burden, the nonmoving party may not rest on the allegations in his pleadings but by affidavit or other evidence must set forth specific facts
Defendants have failed to controvert any of Plaintiffs' uncontested facts as required by this Court's Local Rule 7-4.01. As such, the following facts are deemed admitted.
Beginning with the release of The Wizard of Oz in 1939, the successive owners of the film have consistently licensed the use of images from the film as trademarks for a wide variety of products. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's parent company, Loew's, Inc., administered licensing and advertising for the 1939 release. The 1939 theatrical campaign book that was produced by Loew's for The Wizard of Oz noted, "We also have in work a big two-color supplement which will be identified on its cover by the words: MERCHANDISING EXPLOITATION SUPPLEMENT. It will contain an imposing list of national manufacturers who are cooperating with us in the matter of merchandising the picture.... In the meantime we are publishing herewith the licensees whose products will be featured in that supplement." The campaign book then listed the manufacturers with Loew's licenses that had been granted or were pending.
The September 2, 1939 edition of the Motion Picture Herald, a trade journal of the motion picture industry, featured an
The Wizard of Oz merchandise using either direct likenesses of the film actors or incorporating film stills — that was licensed by Loew's and sold in the United States during the period from 1939-42 — included: rubber figurines by A.A. Burstine Sales Organization; Judy Garland dolls by Ideal Novelty & Toy Co., marked, "Judy Garland as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz"; Scarecrow dolls by Ideal Novelty & Toy Co., marked, "The Strawman by Ray Bolger of The Wizard of Oz"; paper and gauze masks of the film cast by Einson-Freeman Co., and Newark Mask Co., respectively; costume jewelry by Hollywood Jewelry Co.; valentine cards by American Colortype Co.; scarves decorated with film scenes and characters by Brian Fabrics; soap figurines by Kerk Guild; girls' hair bows sold on decorated cards by John C. Wellwood Co.; dress tags by L. Gidding Co.; a photoplay edition of The Wizard of Oz by Bobbs-Merrill Co.; and a 78-rpm record album set by Decca Records.
The Wizard of Oz merchandise using either direct likenesses of the film actors or incorporating film stills that was licensed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and sold in the United States after 1966, included: picture puzzles issued by Jaymar from circa 1968-1973; porcelain figurines by Seymour Mann in 1974; a line of dolls and play sets (which were endorsed by the surviving Wizard of Oz movie actors) by Mego Toy Corp., issued from 1975-76; a line of Halloween costumes by Ben Cooper in 1975; a series of craft kits by Friends Industries in 1975; a series of collector's plates by Knowles, issued from 1977-79; a Judy Garland as Dorothy doll by Effanbee in 1984; and a Judy Garland as Dorothy figurine by Avon in 1985.
For the 1989 50th anniversary of The Wizard of Oz, dozens of manufacturers were licensed to produce a broad range of merchandise ranging from children's toys to novelty items to high-end collectible items. All 50th anniversary merchandise was created in the likeness of the film actors and incorporated film stills.
Examples of licensed The Wizard of Oz merchandise produced in the likenesses of the film actors, as cited above and as issued from 1939 to 1990, may be found in the book The Wizard of Oz Collector's Treasury by Jay Scarfone and William Stillman (Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., 1992). Samples may be seen on the following pages, copies of which are attached to Exhibit 1 as Exhibit A: books, page 53; calendars, pages 115, 117; chess set, page 85; cookie jars, page 122; costumes and masks, pages 91-94; Dixie Cups, page 119; figurines, pages 123, 125, 128; greeting cards, pages 172-174; holiday ornaments, page 245; magnets, page 122; pens and pencils, pages 120-121; plates, pages 76-84; puppets, pages 248, 250; stained glass designs, page 122; toiletry kits, page 245; and wind-up toys, page 244.
Images from the film continue to be licensed for use in connection with a variety of goods including, among other things,
Images from the film that have been and continue to be used as trademarks include Dorothy as portrayed in the film by Judy Garland, the Tin Man as portrayed in the film by Jack Haley, the Cowardly Lion as portrayed in the film by Bert Lahr, the Scarecrow as portrayed in the film by Ray Bolger and the Wicked Witch of the West as portrayed in the film by Margaret Hamilton.
Like The Wizard of Oz, the successive owners of Gone with the Wind have consistently licensed the use of images from the film as trademarks for a wide variety of products since the film's release. Merchandise has been licensed for trademark use featuring the images of Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara, Clark Gable as Rhett Butler, Hattie McDowell as Mammy, Leslie Howard as Ashley Wilkes and Olivia de Havilland as Melanie, among others.
For the 1939 premier of the film, M-G-M's advertising department prepared or authorized all advertising and promotional items that featured images from the film. For example, the World Premier Ball program featured an image of Scarlett and Rhett from the film, while the back cover included an advertisement for the Nunnally Candy Company that featured "Scarlett Chocolates" and included photographs of Vivien Leigh and Clark Cable in their roles as Scarlett and Rhett.
The Nunnally Candy Company was an Atlanta company that distributed its products throughout the United States. In addition to using images from the film in its advertising, Nunnally sold candy in a box that used licensed images of the actors in their film roles. Nunnally sold candy varieties called Scarlett Fantasies, Rhett Caramels and Melanie Molasses, all using the film images on the candy boxes.
In 1940, Merrill Publishing produced and sold paper doll books under license. The front and back covers featured images of the actors Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable and Ann Rutherford as their film characters. Merrill Publishing also licensed the use of the image of Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara in 1940 for use in connection with its "Gone with the Wind Paint Book."
Slidewell Neckwear of New York City marketed the "Rhett Butler Bow" tie in 1940 under a license to use images of Clark Gable as Rhett Butler in advertisements for the product.
Similar to Rhett's bow tie, a "simulated" cameo brooch and a "simulated" pearl brooch, designed to be replicas of jewelry worn by Vivien Leigh in the film, were sold in 1940 featuring an image of Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara.
In the 1950's, M-G-M licensed images from the film of Clark Gable as Rhett Butler and Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara for use in connection with record album covers distributed by RCA Victor and Warner Bros. Records, among others.
Theatres in 1968 used a license to include images from the film on five-inch plastic drink cups that featured images of the actors as Rhett and Scarlett in a steamy embrace.
Gameophiles Unlimited of Berkley Heights, New Jersey licensed the use of an image of Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara prancing down the drive at Tara on the
The 1970's saw licensed use of the actors' images as their film characters on men's neckties and on calendars.
Beginning in 1978, the Edwin Knowles China Company produced under license thousands of plates featuring numerous scenes from the film, including the starring actors in their film roles.
In the 1980's, the Peggy Nesbitt Doll Company produced dolls featuring the actors from the film under license, and Avon Products marketed porcelain figurines of the film characters.
The images from the film continue to be licensed for use in connection with a number of goods including, among other things, gifts and collectibles, water globes, jewelry boxes, figurines, greeting cards and ornaments.
The cartoon characters Tom and Jerry as they have been depicted in the Tom and Jerry films and television series have been the subject of numerous trademark licenses since as least as early as 1948.
In a license agreement dated January 21, 1948, Warner Bros.' predecessor Loew's licensed the Tom and Jerry cartoon characters to Coventry Ware, Inc. for use as trademarks in connection with a number of consumer products, including "ceramic and/or composition figurines, flower holders, bookends, wall brackets, boxes, candy dishes, ash trays, paper weights, pipe racks, urns, beakers, mugs, vases, door stops, bowls, candles sticks, coin banks, cream and milk pitchers, salt and pepper shakers, teapots, and sugar bowls and creamers."
Loew's granted the Norwich Knitting Co. in a license dated July 15, 1948 (renewed in 1949 and 1951) the right to use the Tom and Jerry characters as trademarks in connection with children's sweatshirts, t shirts and polo shirts.
In October 1948, Loew's granted licenses to Pennant Boyswear to use the Tom and Jerry characters as trademarks in connection with ties, mufflers, suspenders and suspender clips.
Other trademark licenses that were granted include those to Georgene Novelties, Inc. in 1948 for the Tom and Jerry characters in connection with stuffed dolls; to Jay V. Zimmerman Company in 1951 for the Tom and Jerry characters in connection with hand puppets; to Sawyer's Inc. for the Tom and Jerry characters in connection with View-Master reels; and to J. Halpern Company for the Tom and Jerry characters in connection with masquerade costumes and masks.
Consumer goods featuring the licensed trademark images of Tom and Jerry from the 1940's to the present can be found on auction sites such as eBay and include items such as puzzles, kaleidoscopes, toy figures, vhs tapes, water guns, record jackets, comic books, view master reels, porcelain figurines, coloring books, stamp sets, jelly glasses, games, wristwatches, lunch boxes, bendable figures, coin banks and egg cups.
As author T.R. Adams described it in his book Tom and Jerry Fifty Years Of Cat and Mouse (Crescent Books, 1991), after M-G-M acquired the rights to Tom and Jerry, there were a wide variety of licensed Tom and Jerry "tie-ins" including scarves and handkerchiefs, brooches, charm bracelets, sweatshirts, games, balloons, bicycle horns, puppets and books. As Adams noted, "these novelties, aimed mainly at children, would tide the tried and true Tom & Jerry fan through the long hours until a trip to the movies could
Warner Bros. continues to license the Tom and Jerry cartoon characters for trademark use in connection with all manner of goods, including apparel, printed checks and checkbook covers.
Although Defendants attempt to avoid the finding of a valid trademark by arguing that hundreds of third parties use different images of each of the characters from the films or the cartoons, Defendants cannot overcome the reality that a valid trademark in the images in the films and cartoons as such exists. Plaintiffs' trademarks are solely in the images from the films and cartoons, not from other sources, such as the books which created the fictional characters. Any images from sources other than the specific films, the Wizard of Oz or Gone With the Wind or the Tom and Jerry cartoons are not in issue, and clearly would not cause confusion with the films and cartoons because of the notoriety of the films and cartoons. Plaintiffs claim trademarks only in the films and cartoons.
Plaintiffs have provided an abundant amount of evidence which clearly establishes a valid, protect able trademark in the characters in the films and cartoons. The Court's previous ruling detailed its findings with respect to the elements of trademark infringement. Those findings remain, and Defendants' failure to now contest the facts which establish a valid protect able trademark entitle Plaintiffs to judgment as a matter of law on their trademark and unfair competition claims.
Accordingly,
A separate judgment in accordance with this Opinion, Memorandum and Order is entered this same date.
