RULING ON FACTS1

NORA BETH DORSEY, Chief Special Master.

On April 9, 2015, Vera and Andrey Ivanchuk ["petitioners"] filed a petition for compensation under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. §300aa-10, et seq, [the "Vaccine Act" or "Program"] on behalf of their minor daughter, Y.I. The petition alleges that following the April 17, 2012 administration of a number of vaccinations, including Measles Mumps and Rubella ("MMR"), Y.I. experienced Thrombocytopenic Purpura ("ITP"). Petition at 1. The case was assigned to the Special Processing Unit ["SPU"].

I. Procedural History

An initial status conference was held with the staff attorney managing this case on June 22, 2015. During the status conference, petitioners' counsel confirmed that petitioners were alleging that Y.I.'s spinal tap and bone marrow biopsy, conducted under anesthesia, constituted a "surgical intervention" in satisfaction of the Vaccine Act's severity requirement at §300aa-11(c)(1)(D). See Scheduling Order, June 22, 2015 (ECF No. 9). In a status report of July 27, 2015, respondent's counsel indicated that upon review of the case, her client wished to file a Rule 4(c) report. See Status Report, July 27, 2015 (ECF No. 10). In subsequent e-mail communication with the court's staff attorney, respondent's counsel confirmed that her client was opposed to settlement and wished to have a status conference with the Chief Special Master to discuss petitioner's contention that Y.I.'s bone marrow biopsy constituted a surgical intervention.2

On September 17, 2015, I held a status conference with the parties. During the call I indicated that I intended to rule on the question of whether Y.I.'s bone marrow biopsy constitutes a surgical intervention for Program purposes. Respondent's counsel raised and preserved respondent's objection to my ruling.

II. Facts

Y.I. was born on December 29, 2008. Ex. 1, p. 1. On April 17, 2012, she was seen for her 3 year well child check-up at which she received the following vaccinations: DTap-HIB-IPV, Hepatitis A, Pneumococcal Conjugate, MMR, and Varicella. Ex. 2; Ex. 5, pp. 1-3.

Approximately one week later, on April 28, 2012, Y.I.'s mother reported unusual bruising following a "minor bump." Ex. 1, p. 2; Ex. 7, p. 18. The bruise worsened the following day, and Y.I. also developed petechia, gingival bleeding, and bloody urine. Id.

On April 29, 2012, Y.I. was admitted to the emergency department on stretcher via EMS and her case was classified as "urgent." Ex. 7, pp. 127-28. She was diagnosed with "severe" thrombocytopenia, having a platelet count of 2,000. Ex. 7, p. 19. She remained hospitalized for 10 days. Ex. 7, p. 18-20.

Initially, Y.I. was given two rounds of IVIG.3 Ex. 7, p. 19. She experienced clinical improvement, but no change in her platelet count. Id. She was later given prednisolone, an oral steroid, beginning May 3, 2012, which improved her thrombocytopenia by May 8, 2012, her discharge date. Id. During her hospitalization, Y.I. underwent a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy "to rule out myeloprofliferative disease prior to starting oral steroids." Id.

Although Y.I. continued to have follow-up appointments to monitor her platelet counts in the several months following discharge, petitioners do not contend that Y.I.'s ITP persisted for at least six months. Petition at 3.

III. Discussion

In order to state a claim under the Vaccine Act, a vacinee must have either:

§300aa-11(c)(1)(D).

There is no definition of "surgical intervention" within the Vaccine Act. See §300aa-33 (Definitions). Nor is there any Federal Circuit decision interpreting that term. As described in prior decisions by special masters, the "surgical intervention" language was added to the Vaccine Act to allow for recovery for intussusception, which often requires surgery but does not typically persist for six months. See, e.g. Spooner v. HHS, No. 13-159V, 2014 WL 504728 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 16, 2014); Stavridis v. HHS, No. 07-261V, 2009 WL 3837479 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 29, 2009).

In Spooner, the special master interpreted surgical intervention as "the treatment of a disease, injury and deformity with instruments or by the hands of a surgeon to improve health or alter the course of a disease." 2014 WL 504278, 10. In that case, the special master based his definition of surgical intervention on entries from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (29th Edition). 2014 WL 504278, 10. He noted that the Federal Circuit has approved of the use of medical dictionaries to define medical terms. Id. (citing Abbot v. HHS, 19 F.3d 39 (Fed. Cir. 1994)). I agree with the definition of surgical intervention identified in Spooner.4

In Spooner, utilizing the above definition, the special master determined that a lumbar puncture conducted under general anesthesia was surgical in nature, but did not constitute an "intervention," because it was diagnostic and not necessary for treatment. Id. at 12. Conversely, he determined that IVIG, though for treatment, was not surgical in nature. Id.

In this case, there is no question that Y.I. underwent a surgical procedure. In order to perform the bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, Y.I. was placed under anesthesia and the procedure was performed by a physician. See, e.g. Ex. 7, p. 1, 190. A preoperative checklist was completed. Ex. 7, pp. 130-31. Her mother signed a consent for an operative procedure.5 The authorization form identified possible risks of pain, bleeding and infection. Ex. 7, pp. 5-6. Following the procedure, Y.I. was monitored with Aldrete scoring to assess her recovery from anesthesia. Ex. 7, p. 4.

I also find that Y.I.'s bone marrow aspiration and biopsy constituted an intervention. Although a bone marrow biopsy is in itself not a treatment that alters the course of a disease or condition, under the facts of this case that is an incomplete characterization.6 Y.I.'s medical records indicate that "a bone marrow biopsy was performed to rule out myeloproliferative disease prior to starting oral steroids . . ." Ex 7, p. 19. The same record indicates that the oral steroid effectively improved Y.I.'s ITP. Id. Because the medical record explicitly indicates that the bone marrow biopsy was required in order to institute treatment, the bone marrow biopsy was a necessary and integral part of the overall treatment protocol that ultimately cured Y.I.'s ITP. I also find it significant that at three years of age at the time of the procedure, Y.I. was incredibly young. It is highly unlikely that her treating physician would have subjected her to an invasive procedure of this nature without sufficient need.7

Finally, I note that this finding is narrowly tailored to the facts and circumstances presented by this case. It is not a finding that bone marrow biopsy constitutes a surgical intervention in all circumstances.

IV. Conclusion

For all these reasons, I find that Y.I. experienced hospitalization and surgical intervention within the meaning of §300aa-11(c)(1)(D)(iii) of the Vaccine Act.