AMY BERMAN JACKSON, District Judge.
On April 1, 2014, plaintiff David Jack Barouch filed a pro se complaint under the Freedom of Information Act ("FOIA") and the Privacy Act of 1974 against the United States Department of Justice ("DOJ") and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives ("ATF"). The parties cross-moved for summary judgment, and the Court granted judgment to defendants on all but two issues, remanding the matter for further proceedings. The parties have now cross-moved for summary judgment a second time, and the Court finds that defendants have addressed the only two issues that remain in this case, and that judgment in their favor is appropriate. Accordingly, the Court will grant defendants' renewed motion for summary judgment and deny plaintiff's renewed cross-motion for summary judgment.
Plaintiff is incarcerated at the Seagoville Federal Correctional Institution in Seagoville, Texas, Compl. [Dkt. # 1] at 1, serving a 120-month sentence for possession of an unregistered destructive device, in violation of 26 U.S.C. §§ 5841, 5861(d), and 5871. See Barouch v. DOJ (Barouch I), 962 F.Supp.2d 30, 40 (D.D.C. 2013). This is plaintiff's second action against DOJ and ATF seeking disclosure of records in his name and those related to the crime for which he is incarcerated, and the Court's second Memorandum Opinion in this particular case. See id.; Barouch v. DOJ (Barouch II), No. 14-0552 (ABJ), 2015 WL 1505965, at *1 (D.D.C. Mar. 31, 2015).
In April and May of 2011, plaintiff submitted FOIA requests to the Criminal Division of the DOJ, the United States Marshals Service, the Executive Office for United States Attorneys, the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the Department of the Treasury, and ATF. Barouch I, 962 F. Supp. 2d at 39-40. Plaintiff's requests sought "full disclosure and release of all files, records, data and/or information maintained by" each agency under plaintiff's name. Id. at 41.
On January 23, 2012, plaintiff filed a pro se complaint in this Court under FOIA and the Privacy Act against all of the agencies to which he had sent FOIA requests, as well as the Department of Justice and the Parker County Sheriff Department.
The defendants filed two partial motions for summary judgment or dismissal. Id. at 46-47. The Court granted the defendants' first partial motion for summary judgment, and granted in part and denied in part the defendants' second partial motion for summary judgment. Id. at 70. With respect to ATF, one of the two defendants in the instant case, the Court found that plaintiff's claim for one set of documents was barred for failure to exhaust administrative remedies, id. at 50, and that ATF had properly withheld a second set of documents under the relevant FOIA exemptions. Id. at 62. The Court also found that it did not have jurisdiction to consider plaintiff's claims under the Privacy Act because plaintiff had not exhausted his administrative remedies under the Act. Id. at 66-68.
On September 3, 2013, plaintiff submitted another FOIA request to ATF seeking "access to all records in agency files, including but not limited to" the following information:
Ex. F to Compl. [Dkt. # 1-1] at F3-F4.
On June 24, 2014, ATF released a set of responsive records to plaintiff, Letter from Stephanie M. Boucher, Chief, ATF Disclosure Div., to plaintiff (June 24, 2014) [Dkt. # 8-11] at 1, and on July 1, 2014, it filed a motion for summary judgment. Defs.' Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 8] ("Defs.' Mot."); Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Defs.' Mot. [Dkt. # 8-1] ("Defs.' Mem."). Plaintiff filed an opposition to defendants' motion for summary judgment combined with a cross-motion for summary judgment on October 21, 2014. Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 15] ("Pl.'s Mot."); Pl.'s V. Mem. Resp. to Defs.' Mot. & Defs.' Mem. [Dkt. # 15-1].
On March 31, 2015, the Court granted in part and denied in part the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment. Order (Mar. 31, 2015) [Dkt. # 25] at 1; Mem. Op. (Mar. 31, 2015) [Dkt. # 26] ("Mem. Op.") at 29. The Court found that defendants had conducted an adequate search for records responsive to plaintiff's request, and that defendants had properly withheld records under FOIA Exemptions 5, 6, 7(C) and 7(E). Mem. Op. at 8, 16-24. The Court further found that defendants had not adequately justified the withholding of 97 pages of grand jury records under FOIA Exemption 3 in conjunction with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e). Id. at 24-26. Finally, the Court found that defendants had justifiably invoked Privacy Act Exemption j(2) with respect to all records but one, "document 74." Id. at 28. The Court remanded the case to defendants for further proceedings with respect to the grand jury records and document 74.
On April 29, 2015, defendants filed a renewed motion for summary judgment. Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Defs.' Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 29] ("Defs.' Renewed Mot."). Plaintiff responded with a cross-motion for summary judgment and opposition on June 8, 2015. Answer to Defs.' Renewed Mot. & Pl.'s Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Pl.'s Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 32] ("Pl.'s Renewed Mot."). Defendant filed a reply on June 16, 2015, Reply to Pl.'s Renewed Mot. [Dkt. # 33] ("Defs.' Reply"), and plaintiff filed a cross-reply on July 10, 2015. Answer to Defs.' Reply [Dkt. # 35] ("Pl.'s Reply").
In a FOIA case, the district court reviews the agency's action de novo and "the burden is on the agency to sustain its action." 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B); accord Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). "FOIA cases are typically and appropriately decided on motions for summary judgment." Moore v. Bush, 601 F.Supp.2d 6, 12 (D.D.C. 2009).
On a motion for summary judgment, the Court "must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, draw all reasonable inferences in his favor, and eschew making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence." Montgomery v. Chao, 546 F.3d 703, 706 (D.C. Cir. 2008); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). But where a plaintiff has not provided evidence that an agency acted in bad faith, "a court may award summary judgment solely on the basis of information provided by the agency in declarations." Moore, 601 F. Supp. 2d at 12.
FOIA Exemption 3 permits an agency to withhold records that are "specifically exempted from disclosure by statute," provided that the statute either "requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue; or establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld." 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). Here, defendant ATF withheld 97 pages of grand jury records under Exemption 3 in conjunction with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e), which protects the secrecy of grand jury proceedings. Rule 6(e) qualifies as a statute for purposes of FOIA Exemption 3 because it was affirmatively enacted by Congress. See Fowlkes v. ATF, 67 F.Supp.3d 290, 301 (D.D.C. 2014), citing Fund for Constitutional Gov't v. Nat'l Archives & Records Serv., 656 F.2d 856, 867-68 (D.C. Cir. 1981).
Rule 6(e) does not draw "a veil of secrecy ... over all matters occurring in the world that happen to be investigated by a grand jury." Senate of P.R. ex rel Judiciary Comm. v. DOJ, 823 F.2d 574, 582 (D.C. Cir. 1987), quoting SEC v. Dresser Indus., Inc., 628 F.2d 1368, 1382 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (en banc). "There is no per se rule against disclosure of any and all information which has reached the grand jury chambers." Id. Rather, "the touchstone is whether disclosure would tend to reveal some secret aspect of the grand jury's investigation," such as "the identities of witnesses or jurors, the substance of testimony, the strategy or direction of the investigation, the deliberations or questions of jurors, and the like." Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Notably, the D.C. Circuit has held that the disclosure of a grand jury subpoena necessarily reveals a secret aspect of the grand jury's investigation. Lopez v. DOJ, 393 F.3d 1345, 1350 (D.C. Cir. 2005) ("All grand jury subpoenas ... fall within FOIA's third exemption"); see also Boehm v. FBI, 983 F.Supp.2d 154, 159-60 (D.D.C 2013) (holding that withholding of records related to a federal grand jury subpoena was proper under FOIA Exemption 3 and Rule 6(e)); Marcusse v. DOJ Office of Info. Policy, 959 F.Supp.2d 130, 143 (D.D.C. 2013) (same); Kishore v. DOJ, 575 F.Supp.2d 243, 255 (D.D.C. 2008) (same).
The Court previously found that defendants had not carried their burden to justify the withholding of the 97 pages of grand jury records under Exemption 3 and Rule 6(e) because they had failed to provide any description of the materials or to show that "no portion of the 97 pages was `reasonably segregable.'" Mem. Op. at 25, quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b), and citing Senate of P.R., 823 F.2d at 582. But defendants have now provided enough detail about the records to permit the Court to conclude that the withholding was justified.
In a declaration submitted in support of defendants' renewed motion for summary judgment, Stephanie M. Boucher, Chief of the Disclosure Division at ATF, explains that the 97 withheld pages "are comprised of a grand jury subpoena for records and the records produced in response to the grand jury subpoena." 2d Decl. of Stephanie M. Boucher, Chief, Disclosure Division, ATF [Dkt. # 29-1] ("2d Boucher Decl.") ¶ 5. She further specifies that the records produced in response to the subpoena consist of financial documents that "provide the direction of the grand jury investigation as well as lay the groundwork for how Mr. Barouch proceeded with the attempted murder of his ex-wife through the use of a destructive device." Id. ¶ 6.
Given that "[a]ll grand jury subpoenas ... fall within FOIA's third exemption," Lopez, 393 F.3d at 1350, the Court concludes that ATF properly withheld the grand jury subpoena and related records under FOIA Exemption 3 and Rule 6(e), and that no portion of those records was reasonably segregable. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b).
Under the Privacy Act, each "agency that maintains a system of records" must, "upon request by any individual to gain access to his record or to any information pertaining to him which is contained in the system, permit him ... to review the record and have a copy made of all or any portion thereof in a form comprehensible to him." 5 U.S.C. § 552a(d)(1). Agencies may, however, promulgate rules exempting particular systems of records from section 552a(d)(1) under the conditions described in section 552a(j). Defendants previously established that almost all of the records responsive to plaintiff's request fell under the exemption in section 552a(j)(2), which shields many types of records that are "maintained by an agency or component thereof which performs as its principal function any activity pertaining to the enforcement of criminal laws," including "information compiled for the purpose of a criminal investigation" that is "associated with an identifiable individual." 5 U.S.C. § 552a(j)(2); Mem. Op. at 26-28. But defendants had failed to account for one of the responsive records, document 74, an audio recording found only in the personal files of an ATF Special Agent, and so the Court remanded that issue for further explanation. Mem. Op. at 28.
The Court finds that defendants have now shown that the Privacy Act does not mandate disclosure of document 74 because that record was not located in a "system of records" covered by the Privacy Act. The Privacy Act defines a "system of records" as "a group of any records under the control of any agency from which information is retrieved by the name of the individual or by some identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual." 5 U.S.C. § 552a(a)(5). "A system of records exists only if the information contained within the body of material is both retrievable by personal identifier and actually retrieved by personal identifier." Paige v. Drug Enforcement Admin., 665 F.3d 1355, 1359 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (emphasis omitted), quoting Maydak v. United States, 630 F.3d 166, 178 (D.C. Cir. 2010). For that reason, courts typically find that records that are "stored or maintained by agency employees in their desk drawers, in their file cabinets, or on their personal computers . . . fall outside the `system of records' requirement." York v. McHugh, 850 F.Supp.2d 305, 314 (D.D.C. 2012) (collecting cases); see also Henke v. Dep't of Commerce, 83 F.3d 1453, 1461 (D.C. Cir. 1996) ("[T]here is no magic number of incidental or ad hoc retrievals by reference to an individual's name which will transform a group of records into a system of records keyed to individuals.").
Document 74 consists of a voice recording "specifically made with a third party, regarding the crime committed by the third party" that "had nothing to do with" plaintiff. 2d Boucher Decl. ¶ 13. Defendants located this record not by conducting a name search or using some other identifying number or symbol, but only after an employee diligently searching for records responsive to plaintiff's request "reached out to [plaintiff's] former case agent," and the agent retrieved the record from his personal files. Id. ¶¶ 7-8, 10. There is no indication that the personal files of this agent were structured in a way to permit the types of retrievals that characterize a "system of records" under the Privacy Act. See 5 U.S.C. § 552a(a)(5); Paige, 665 F.3d at 1359; see also York, 850 F. Supp. 2d at 314-15 (holding that a file stored on a shared "J" drive did not fall within a "system of records" because "there [was] no evidence that the agency used the shared drive to retrieve information by personal identifiers and the drive was not created for employees to do so").
Given that the Privacy Act only applies to records located within a "system of records," the Court finds that defendants properly withheld document 74 from plaintiff. See 5 U.S.C. § 552a(d)(1) (requiring agencies to release "record[s] or ... information pertaining to" an individual requestor if that information "is contained in the system [of records]").
Accordingly, the Court will grant defendants' renewed motion for summary judgment and deny plaintiff's renewed motion for summary judgment. A separate order will issue.
