VERTEFEUILLE, J.

The primary question that we must answer in this appeal is whether the failure to comply with the provisions of General Statutes §§ 10-56,1 10-47c2 and 9-2263 requiring towns to publish warning of a referendum in the same manner as provided for the election of town officials is prejudicial per se, automatically requiring the invalidation of the referendum results. The plaintiffs4 brought this action against the defendants5 alleging that the defendant towns of Woodbury and Bethlehem had held a referendum on the question of whether to approve a resolution by the defendant Board of Education for Regional School District Number 14 (board of education) authorizing the issuance of bonds and notes to finance certain school construction expenses, without issuing the statutorily required warning. The plaintiffs contended, among other things, that this failure rendered the referendum null and void ab initio. The defendants filed motions to strike certain of the plaintiffs' claims, which the trial court granted in part. Both the plaintiffs and the defendants then filed motions for summary judgment as to the remaining claims. The trial court concluded that there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants had substantially complied with the statutory notice provisions and that there was no evidence that their failure to properly warn of the referendum had affected the vote. Accordingly, the trial court denied the plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, granted the defendants' motions for summary judgment and rendered judgment for the defendants. The plaintiffs appeal6 from the judgment of the trial court claiming that the court improperly granted the defendants' motions for summary judgment because the failure to comply with the statutory notice provisions was inherently prejudicial. We affirm the judgment of the trial court, albeit on the basis of somewhat different reasoning.

The record reveals the following undisputed facts. On May 16, 2013, the board of education held a special meeting at which it approved a resolution appropriating $63,820,605 for the renovation of and additions to Nonnewaug High School and authorized the issuance of bonds and notes in the same amount to finance the appropriation. The board of education also approved resolutions recommending to the towns within the defendant Regional School District Number 14 (regional school district), namely, the towns of Woodbury and Bethlehem, that they subject the bond and note authorization to a referendum vote, to be held on June 18, 2013, on the following question: "Shall [the regional school district] appropriate $63,820,605 for renovations of and additions to Nonnewaug High School, and authorize the issu[ance] of bonds and notes in the same amount to finance the appropriation?"

On May 17, 2013, Debra W. Carlton, the executive assistant to the superintendent of the regional school district, forwarded the draft minutes of the May 16, 2013 special meeting of the board of education and a document entitled "Voting Machine Information" setting forth the approved ballot question to the town clerks of Woodbury and Bethlehem.7 The town clerks never arranged for any notice of the referendum to be published in a newspaper of general circulation in the towns, as required by §§ 10-56, 10-47c and 9-226.8

On June 4, 2013, however, the Woodbury registrar of voters issued a news release regarding the referendum.9 A newspaper, Voices, which has a circulation of 1360 in Bethlehem and 3338 in Woodbury, published an article about the referendum on June 12, 2013. The article provided the information that had been set forth in the news release and provided contact information for the town clerks and registrars of voters in both Bethlehem and Woodbury. Voices also had published an article about the school renovations and referring to the referendum on May 22, 2013. In addition, the Waterbury Republican American published articles on May 27, 2013, and on June 10, 2013. Another newspaper, the Sunday Republican, published an article on June 16, 2013, in which it described the renovations and referred to the June 18, 2013 referendum. On June 17, 2013, an online news service known as the Woodbury-Middlebury Patch also published an item describing the renovations and stating that the referendum would be held the following day.

The regional school district also made efforts to publicize the referendum. Specifically, at some point before June 18, 2013, the regional school district mailed notices about the school renovations and proposed referendum to all residents of the towns of Woodbury and Bethlehem and posted information about the referendum on its website. The regional school district also used a "robocalling" system to call voters by telephone to notify them of the date, time and voting places for the referendum.10

The referendum was held on June 18, 2013, and the voters approved the referendum question by a vote of 1269 to 1265. Thereafter, the Woodbury and Bethlehem town clerks refused to certify the referendum results to the Commissioner of Education because there had been no proper legal warning of the referendum pursuant to §§ 10-56, 10-47c and 9-226. This uncertainty regarding the validity of the referendum results spawned two separate actions. Specifically, the towns of Bethlehem and Woodbury brought an action against the regional school district in the Superior Court for the judicial district of Litchfield (Litchfield action) seeking, inter alia, a declaratory judgment as to whether the results of the referendum were valid. The regional school district filed a counterclaim in the Litchfield action seeking a declaratory judgment that the referendum results were valid and the issuance of a writ of mandamus ordering the respective town clerks to certify the results of the referendum. In addition to the Litchfield action, the plaintiffs filed the present action in the judicial district of Waterbury alleging that the defendants had failed to provide proper legal notice of the referendum and seeking the invalidation of the referendum results.11 The trial court in the present action stayed the proceedings pending resolution of the Litchfield action.

The plaintiffs in the present case filed an appearance in the Litchfield action for the limited purpose of seeking to consolidate the two cases. They refused, however, to be made parties to the Litchfield action, despite their claim to the trial court in the present case that the Litchfield action was void ab initio,12 and despite the warnings of the trial court that, if the plaintiffs failed to raise that claim in the Litchfield action, the claim might be "lost." On December 10, 2013, the trial court in the Litchfield action rendered judgment for the regional school district. The court concluded that "there [was] no evidence that the failure to strictly comply with the [statutory] notice requirement, by publishing an official `warning' in the newspapers, was substantial or caused the results of the referendum to be seriously in doubt."

Meanwhile, in the present case, the plaintiffs had filed a motion for summary judgment. After the trial court in the Litchfield action rendered its decision, the defendants in the present case filed cross motions for summary judgment.13 Relying on the reasoning of the trial court's decision in the Litchfield action, the trial court in the present case concluded that there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants had substantially complied with the warning provisions of §§ 10-56, 10-47c and 9-226 by publicizing the referendum in various ways and there was also no evidence that the defendants' failure to strictly comply with the statutes had affected the outcome of the referendum vote. Accordingly, the trial court granted the defendants' motions for summary judgment and rendered judgment for the defendants.

This appeal followed.14 The plaintiffs claim on appeal that the trial court improperly rendered summary judgment for the defendants15 because the failure to strictly comply with the warning provisions of §§ 10-56, 10-47c and 9-226 was prejudicial per se.16 The defendants respond that the trial court properly granted their motions for summary judgment because there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether there had been substantial compliance with the statutory notice provisions and there was no evidence that the failure to comply strictly with the statutes caused the results of the referendum to be seriously in doubt. For the reasons that follow, we agree with the defendants that the trial court properly granted their motions for summary judgment because there was no evidence that the referendum results were affected by the lack of a proper warning.

The principles that govern our review of a trial court's ruling on a motion for summary judgment are well established. "Practice Book § 17-49 provides that summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, affidavits and any other proof submitted show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the trial court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. . . . The party moving for summary judgment has the burden of showing the absence of any genuine issue of material fact and that the party is, therefore, entitled to judgment as a matter of law. . . . Our review of the trial court's decision to grant the defendant's motion for summary judgment is plenary." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Rocco v. Garrison, 268 Conn. 541, 548-49, 848 A.2d 352 (2004).

Before addressing the merits of the plaintiffs' claims, we set forth the general principles governing our limited review of claims involving the validity of election results. "First, under our democratic form of government, an election is the paradigm of the democratic process designed to ascertain and implement the will of the people. . . . The purpose of the election statutes is to ensure the true and most accurate count possible of the votes for the candidates in the election [or, as in the present case, for a particular referendum result]. . . . Those statutes rest on the bedrock principle that the purpose of the voting process is to ascertain the intent of the voters. . . . In implementing that process, moreover, when an individual ballot is questioned, no voter is to be disfranchised on a doubtful construction, and statutes tending to limit the exercise of the ballot should be liberally construed in his [or her] favor. . . . Our election laws, moreover, generally vest the primary responsibility for ascertaining that intent and will on the election officials, subject, of course, to the court's appropriate scope of review when the officials' determination is challenged in a judicial proceeding. . . . We look, therefore, first and foremost to the election officials to manage the election process so that the will of the people is carried out." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Bortner v. Woodbridge, 250 Conn. 241, 254, 736 A.2d 104 (1999). "Second . . . [t]he delicacy of judicial intrusion into the electoral process. . . strongly suggests caution in undertaking such an intrusion." (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.

"An election is essentially—and necessarily—a snapshot. It is preceded by a particular election campaign, for a particular period of time, which culminates on a particular date, namely, the officially designated election day. In that campaign, the various parties and candidates presumably concentrate their resources—financial, political and personal—on producing a victory on that date. When that date comes, the election records the votes of those electors, and only those electors, who were available to and took the opportunity to vote—whether by machine lever, write—in or absentee ballot—on that particular day. Those electors, moreover, ordinarily are motivated by a complex combination of personal and political factors that may result in particular combinations of votes for the various candidates [or, as in the present case, for or against a referendum question]. . . .

"The snapshot captures, therefore, only the results of the election conducted on the officially designated election day. It reflects the will of the people as recorded on that particular day, after that particular campaign, and as expressed by the electors who voted on that day. Those results, however, although in fact reflecting the will of the people as expressed on that day and no other, under our democratic electoral system operate nonetheless to vest power in the elected candidates for the duration of their terms [or, as in the present case, to finally determine the will of the people on a referendum question]. . . . No losing candidate [or group of persons interested in a particular referendum result] is entitled to the electoral equivalent of a mulligan.

"Moreover, that snapshot can never be duplicated. The campaign, the resources available for it, the totality of the electors who voted in it, and their motivations, inevitably will be different a second time around. Thus, when a court orders a new election, it is really ordering a different election. It is substituting a different snapshot of the electoral process from that taken by the voting electorate on the officially designated election day.

"Consequently, all of the electors who voted at the first, officially designated election. . . have a powerful interest in the stability of that election because the ordering of a new and different election would result in their election day disfranchisement. The ordering of a new and different election in effect disfranchises all of those who voted at the first election because their validly cast votes no longer count, and the second election can never duplicate the complex combination of conditions under which they cast their ballots.

"All of these reasons strongly suggest that, although a court undoubtedly has the power to order a new election . . . the court should exercise caution and restraint in deciding whether to do so. A proper judicial respect for the electoral process mandates no less." (Emphasis in original; footnote omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 255-57, 736 A.2d 104. In light of these principles, this court concluded in Bortner that "in order for a court to overturn the results of an election and order a new election . . . the court must be persuaded that: (1) there were substantial violations of the requirements of the [governing statutes] . . . and (2) as a result of those violations, the reliability of the result of the election is seriously in doubt." Id., at 258, 736 A.2d 104.

With this background in mind, we turn to the plaintiffs' claim in the present case that the trial court improperly determined that the defendants' failure to strictly comply with the statutory notice provisions by publishing an official warning of the referendum in the newspapers did not require the invalidation of the referendum. We begin our analysis with the language of the governing statutes. Pursuant to § 10-56(a), a referendum on a regional school district's issuance of bonds "shall be conducted in accordance with the procedure provided in section 10-47c. . . ." Section 10-47c provides in relevant part that "[t]he warning of such referenda shall be published. . . in the same manner as is provided for the election of officers of a town." Pursuant to § 9-226, governing municipal elections, "[n]otice of an election of a city or borough shall be given by publishing a warning in a newspaper published within the limits of such city or borough, or having a general circulation therein, not more than fifteen nor less than five days previous to holding the election, which warning shall include notice of the time and the location of the polling place in such city or borough and, in cities and boroughs divided into voting districts, of the time and the location of the polling place in each district."

The plaintiffs contend that these statutes are mandatory and, therefore, the defendants' failure to strictly comply with them by publishing a warning in the legal notice section of a newspaper of general circulation rendered the referendum invalid. Cf. Santiago v. State, 261 Conn. 533, 543, 804 A.2d 801 (2002) (general rule requires strict compliance with mandatory statutory provisions); State ex rel. Barnard v. Ambrogio, 162 Conn. 491, 502, 294 A.2d 529 (1972) (agency's failure to comply with mandatory statutory provision renders agency's action invalid). This court held in Bortner, however, that the mere failure to comply with a statute governing a part of the election process does not automatically render the election invalid. See Bortner v. Woodbridge, supra, 250 Conn. at 258, 736 A.2d 104 ("in order for a court to overturn the results of an election and order a new election . . . the court must be persuaded that: [1] there were substantial violations of the requirements of the [governing statutes] . . . and [2] as a result of those violations, the reliability of the result of the election is seriously in doubt" [emphasis added]); see also Caruso v. Bridgeport, 285 Conn. 618, 652, 941 A.2d 266 (2008) (even assuming validity of plaintiff's allegations that registrar of voters, poll workers and campaign workers had violated mandatory election statutes governing staffing of polling places, court was not required to order new election when plaintiff failed to prove that effect of violations "was to place the result of the election seriously in doubt" [emphasis in original]); Caruso v. Bridgeport, supra, at 653, 941 A.2d 266 ("proof of irregularities in the [election] process is not sufficient to overturn an election in the absence of proof that any of the irregularities actually affected the result").

We recognize that Bortner and Caruso involved statutes that are not at issue in the present case. Specifically, Bortner involved General Statutes § 9-328, governing contests in elections for municipal officers, and this court's conclusion that strict compliance with election statutes was not required was based in part on the genealogy and legislative history of that statute. See Bortner v. Woodbridge, supra, 250 Conn. at 260-63, 736 A.2d 104. Caruso involved General Statutes § 9-329a, governing contests in connection with primary elections. We note, however, that the language of General Statutes § 9-371b, governing complaints directed at the rulings of election officials in referenda, closely tracks the language of §§ 9-328 and 9-329a.17 Moreover, § 9-371b was enacted in 2004; see Public Acts 2004, No. 04-117, § 4; after this court's decision in Bortner construing the provisions of § 9-329 was published. "The legislature is presumed to be aware of the interpretation which the courts have placed upon one of its legislative enactments. . . ." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Hall v. Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co., 241 Conn. 282, 297-98, 695 A.2d 1051 (1997). Accordingly, it is reasonable to conclude that, by using language in § 9-371b that is similar to the language of § 9-329, the legislature intended that § 9-371b would be given a similar interpretation.18 Indeed, we can perceive no reason why the "general principles governing the judiciary's limited role in elections"; Caruso v. Bridgeport, supra, 285 Conn. at 637, 941 A.2d 266; as described in Bortner, should not apply equally to referenda.19 We therefore conclude that the failure to strictly comply with the statutory notice provisions does not automatically invalidate the result of a referendum conducted pursuant to § 10-56(a). Rather, a referendum may be judicially invalidated only when: "(1) there were substantial violations of the requirements of the [governing statutes] . . . and (2) as a result of those violations, the reliability of the result of the election is seriously in doubt." Bortner v. Woodbridge, supra, at 258, 736 A.2d 104.

We recognize that, as the dissent points out, there is authority from other jurisdictions to support the propositions that statutory notice provisions for special elections are more strictly applied than those for general elections,20 and, at least when there has been a complete failure to comply with a statutory notice provision for a special election, actual notice cannot cure the non-compliance.21 Several cases on which the dissent relies, however, predate the advent of television, not to mention robocalling, mass public signage, mass mailings, the Internet and e-mail. Thus, these cases were decided at a time when it could be safely presumed that the officially prescribed notice was the primary, and perhaps the only, means by which voters could learn about elections, particularly special elections that are not held on a regularly scheduled basis. While we do not deny that, even today, there is a difference between a referendum and a regularly scheduled general election with respect to presumed notice, a referendum, no less than a general election for public officials, is a snapshot in time, and invalidation of the results will disenfranchise the voters who contributed to that snapshot by campaigning and voting for a particular result. Accordingly, the general democratic principles militating in favor of limited judicial intervention in elections unless the noncompliance with governing statutes placed the result of the election seriously in doubt should apply equally to referenda. Moreover, although the difference between special elections and general elections might justify applying different evidentiary standards to the two proceedings,22 we can perceive no reason why the difference would justify depriving the relevant government officials of the power to conduct a special election when they have failed to comply with statutory notice provisions, which is essentially what the dissent is contending.

The dissent also contends that a conclusion that actual notice is sufficient to cure a total failure to comply with the statutory notice provisions usurps the role of the legislature, rewrites the governing statutes and violates fundamental democratic principles. The dissent does not dispute, however, that, when there has been only partial compliance with a statutory notice provision for a referendum, the reliability of a referendum result is the touchstone by which we should determine its validity, not whether there was technical compliance with governing statutes. Nor does the dissent dispute that this standard has its basis in the fundamental democratic principles underlying the election process. See 26 Am.Jur.2d 82, Elections § 280 (2014) ("courts are reluctant to defeat a fair expression of the popular will in either a general or special election"). Accordingly, we can perceive no reason why automatic invalidation of a referendum should be required when there was no compliance with the statutory notice provisions, where, as in the present case, the evidence establishes that the voters had actual notice of the referendum and strict compliance would not have affected the outcome. Such a conclusion would be hypertechnical, and would exalt form over substance.23 Of course, we strongly encourage public officials to comply fully with all statutes governing elections and referenda, not only because they have a duty to submit to the legislature's constitutional authority to determine how elections will be conducted, but also to foreclose even the possibility that the results of the referendum or election will be judicially invalidated and to avoid the cost and inconvenience of defending actions like the present one. For the reasons that we have explained, however, we cannot conclude that the failure to comply fully with statutory notice provisions automatically invalidates the result. If the legislature disagrees with this conclusion, nothing prevents it from making its intention clear. See id., § 277, at p. 80 ("[a] failure to comply with statutory-notice requirements will invalidate an election which has already been held only if it appears that it prevented the electors from obtaining a free and full expression of their will at the election or if the statute contains a further provision voiding an election not held in accordance therewith" [emphasis added]).

In support of their claim that strict compliance with the statutory notice provisions for elections is required, the plaintiffs rely on the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Bloomfield v. Charter Oak Bank, 121 U.S. 121, 7 S.Ct. 865, 30 L.Ed. 923 (1887). Specifically, the plaintiffs rely on the court's statement that "[a] town cannot make a contract, or authorize any officer or agent to make one in its behalf, except by vote in a town meeting duly notified or warned; and the notice or warning must specify the matter to be acted on, in order that all the inhabitants. . . may know in advance what business is to be transacted at the meeting. If the subject of the vote is not specified in the notice or warning, the vote has no legal effect, and binds neither the town nor the inhabitants. No one can rely upon a vote as giving him any rights against the town, without proving a sufficient notice or warning of the meeting at which the vote was passed." Id., at 129-30, 7 S.Ct. 865. The plaintiffs contend that this language supports their position that the failure to provide the statutorily required warning for a referendum automatically renders the referendum results null and void. As the defendants point out, however, this court has held that a town meeting and a referendum are entirely distinct decision-making mechanisms. Sadlowski v. Manchester, 206 Conn. 579, 590, 538 A.2d 1052 (1988) ("[f]or us to imply such an equivalence [between town meetings and referenda] would fly in the face of reality"); id. ("a referendum in which individual voters cast individual ballots in individual voting booths does not constitute a town meeting").24 Our limited role in reviewing challenges to the legality of the election process derives in large part from the "magnitude and complexity" of elections; Caruso v. Bridgeport, supra, 285 Conn. at 653, 941 A.2d 266; and from the important democratic values underlying the essential and necessary nature of an election as a "snapshot" of "the will of the people as recorded on [a] particular day, after [a] particular campaign, and as expressed by the electors who voted on that day." Bortner v. Woodbridge, supra, 250 Conn. at 256, 736 A.2d 104. These concerns carry far less weight with respect to town meetings. Indeed, if a town meeting is conducted without proper legal notice, it places no great burden on the persons involved to publish proper notice and to conduct another meeting. In contrast, when an election or a referendum is invalidated, all of the enormous effort and expense that went into the official planning and public campaigns preceding the election or referendum are lost, and the persons who voted at the first election or referendum are disenfranchised. Accordingly, the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Bloomfield is of little persuasive value here.

The plaintiffs also rely on this court's holding in State v. Lenarz, 301 Conn. 417, 436-37, 22 A.3d 536 (2011), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 1095, 181 L.Ed.2d 977 (2012), that, in a criminal case, the disclosure to the prosecutor of defense materials containing information subject to the attorney-client privilege is inherently prejudicial.25 We observed in Lenarz, however, both that (1) "[n]o severe definition of prejudice . . . could accommodate the [broad] sixth amendment policies" underlying the right to be represented by counsel; id., at 434, 22 A.3d 536; and (2) that prejudice should be presumed under these circumstances because "it is highly unlikely that a court can . . . arrive at a certain conclusion as to how the government's knowledge of any part of the defense strategy might benefit the government. . . ." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 435, 22 A.3d 536. In contrast, in the present case, the democratic values underlying the election process militate in favor of limited judicial intervention in that process, and nothing prevented the plaintiffs from attempting to establish actual prejudice by identifying voters within the regional school district who would have voted against the referendum question if the referendum had been properly noticed, and submitting documentation to that effect in support of their opposition to the defendants' motion for summary judgment.26 Accordingly, Lenarz has little application here.

Having rejected the plaintiffs' claim that the defendants' failure to comply with the notice provisions of the governing statutes automatically required the invalidation of the June 18, 2013 referendum, we turn to the questions of whether: "(1) there were substantial violations of the requirements of the [governing statutes] . . . and (2) as a result of those violations, the reliability of the result of the election is seriously in doubt." Bortner v. Woodbridge, supra, 250 Conn. at 258, 736 A.2d 104. Because it is dispositive, we first address the question of whether the trial court properly determined that there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the results of the June 18, 2013 referendum were seriously in doubt as the result of the defendants' failure to properly warn the referendum pursuant to the applicable statutes. The trial court concluded that, in comparison with the actual efforts to publicize the referendum, as previously described in this opinion, compliance with the statutory notice requirement "would have been merely nominal. . . ." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In addition, the court noted that "the referendum had a greater turnout than those past referenda that took place with proper notice."27 (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Finally, the trial court concluded that there was no evidence that "a single vote was lost or affected by [the defendants'] failure to publish a notice in strict compliance with the statute." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) The plaintiffs do not dispute any of these conclusions, but claim only that the defendants' failure to properly warn of the referendum in strict compliance with the applicable statutes was prejudicial per se, a claim that we have already rejected. Accordingly, we conclude that the plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden of establishing the existence of a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants' failure to strictly comply with the warning provisions of §§ 10-56(a), 10-47c and 9-226 caused the referendum results to be seriously in doubt.28 See Tuccio Development, Inc. v. Neumann, 114 Conn.App. 123, 126, 968 A.2d 956 (2009) (after party who filed motion for summary judgment has established that there is no genuine issue of material fact, "the burden shifts to the party opposing such a motion [to] provide an evidentiary foundation to demonstrate the existence of a genuine issue of material fact" [internal quotation marks omitted]); see also Caruso v. Bridgeport, supra, 285 Conn. at 652-53, 941 A.2d 266 (rejecting plaintiff's claim that irregularities in election process required new election when plaintiff failed to established that irregularities "had resulted in an improper vote, the improper counting of a vote or the improper failure to count a vote"); Caruso v. Bridgeport, supra, at 653, 941 A.2d 266 ("[U]nder our system of government, the plaintiff bears the heavy burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that any irregularities in the election process actually, and seriously, undermined the reliability of the election results before the courts will overturn an election. Although we are mindful of the difficulties that plaintiffs face in meeting this burden in light of the statutory time constraints on election contests and the magnitude and complexity of the election process, our limited statutory role in that process and our need to exercise great caution when carrying out that role compel the conclusion that proof of irregularities in the process is not sufficient to overturn an election in the absence of proof that any of the irregularities actually affected the result." [Emphasis in original.]).

In reaching this conclusion, we are mindful that the referendum question passed by only four votes. As we have already indicated herein, however, nothing prevented the plaintiffs from attempting to prove actual prejudice by identifying persons who would have voted against the referendum if it had been properly noticed. Indeed, unlike in Caruso, time constraints on the plaintiffs' ability to investigate the prejudicial effect of the defendants' failure to comply with the applicable statutes were not an issue here. There were approximately eleven months between the date that the plaintiffs filed their original complaint and the dates that the defendants filed their motions for summary judgment during which the plaintiffs could have conducted such an investigation. We therefore conclude that the trial court properly granted the defendants' motions for summary judgment.

The judgment is affirmed.

In this opinion PALMER, EVELEIGH and ESPINOSA, Js., concurred.

ZARELLA, J., with whom ROGERS, C.J., and ROBINSON, J., join, dissenting.

On June 18, 2013, a referendum was held in the towns of Woodbury and Bethlehem on the question of whether to finance more than $63 million worth of renovations to the regional high school. The financing was approved by a margin of four votes, 1269 to 1265. The majority upholds this referendum result as valid, even though the town clerks of Woodbury and Bethlehem (town clerks) failed to notify the voters of those towns that the referendum was being held, as prescribed by statute. I conclude to the contrary that the referendum result is invalid because the town clerks completely failed to comply with the statutory notice requirement, as opposed to substantially or even partially complying, and because this was a referendum, as opposed to a general or primary election. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

The majority rejects the plaintiffs'1 claim that the town clerks' failure to comply with the notice statutes; see General Statutes §§ 9-226, 10-47c and 10-56; was prejudicial per se, rendering the referendum null and void ab initio. Instead, the majority concludes that, when a party claims that a referendum result is invalid, violations of the statutes governing referenda are subject to the same standard as violations of statutes governing general elections, namely, that a plaintiff must prove that "(1) there were substantial violations of the requirements of the [governing] statute[s] . . . and (2) as a result of those violations, the reliability of the result of the election is seriously in doubt." Bortner v. Woodbridge, 250 Conn. 241, 258, 736 A.2d 104 (1999); see also Caruso v. Bridgeport, 285 Conn. 618, 650-52, 941 A.2d 266 (2008). Applying that standard to the facts of this case, the majority concludes that the trial court properly determined that the violations of the notice statutes did not cause the reliability of the referendum result to be seriously in doubt, given the widespread publicity of the referendum at issue.

Although I question whether the statutory violation in the present case satisfies the Bortner standard, I need not address that issue because Bortner does not provide the appropriate standard for evaluating the impact of statutory violations on the validity of referenda. The majority fails to recognize that referenda are fundamentally different from primary or general elections, and, therefore, we should require stricter compliance with statutes governing referenda.

It is widely accepted that the degree to which election officials must comply with statutory notice requirements depends on the type of election being held. "Notice requirements may be relaxed for general elections because the public is presumed to know when they are held, but strict compliance with notice requirements for a special election normally is required although some jurisdictions only require substantial compliance." (Footnotes omitted.) 26 Am.Jur.2d 79-80, Elections § 277 (2014). Compare, e.g., Whittle v. Whitley, 202 Ga. 633; 633, 44 S.E.2d 241 (1947) (special election was invalid when notice was published one week in advance instead of two weeks in advance, as statutorily required), Bilek v. Chicago, 396 Ill. 445, 454, 465, 71 N.E.2d 789 (1947) (special election was invalid when notice was published but failed to include time and place of election in each district), and Neal v. Board of Supervisors, 217 Miss. 102, 111, 63 So.2d 540 (1953) (special election was invalid when notice was published twenty-eight days in advance instead of at least thirty days in advance, as statutorily required), with Fuller v. Board of Education, 875 P.2d 1156, 1159 (Okla.App.1994) (special election was valid when notice was published but failed to include locations of polling places and information regarding absentee voting), and Cohen v. Clear Lake City Water Authority, 687 S.W.2d 406, 408-409 (Tex. App.1985) (special election was valid when notice was published but not all publications included same level of detail regarding question to be voted on).

In Connecticut, we previously have recognized the distinction between special and general elections and have required strict compliance with notice requirements for special elections. In Pollard v. Norwalk, 108 Conn. 145, 146, 142 A. 807 (1928), the legislature authorized by special act the issuance of bonds in an amount not to exceed $450,000 for the city of Norwalk, subject to the approval of city residents. The city's residents approved the issuance of the bonds "[a]t the city election in October, 1927. . . ." Id. However, legal notice of the election was given no more than thirteen days in advance, and the city charter required that notice be given at least two weeks in advance. Id. "[I]n view of [this] failure to give notice of the city . . . election in 1927 for the period of time fixed by the charter"; id., at 147, 142 A. 807; the court invalidated the election result, even though legal notice had been given merely one day late. See id. In reaching this conclusion, the court relied on case law in which this court had held that notice statutes for town meetings "must be complied with literally. . . ." Id., at 146, 142 A. 807. Thus, this court has required strict, not merely substantial, compliance with statutory notice requirements for special elections concerning the issuance of municipal bonds.

The trial court in the Litchfield action,2 and by extension the trial court in the present case, noted that Pollard is inapposite because Pollard relied on case law relating to notice requirements for town meetings, not referenda.3 See Woodbury v. Regional School District No. 14, Superior Court, judicial district of Litchfield, Docket No. LLI-CV-13-6009045-S, 2013 WL 6978804 (December 13, 2013). The fact that Pollard relied on case law involving town meetings, however, in no way makes it less relevant or applicable in the present case.

As an initial matter, Pollard involved an election, not a town meeting, as evidenced by the court's repeated reference to "the city . . . election to be held in 1927. . . ." Pollard v. Norwalk, supra, 108 Conn. at 146, 142 A. 807; see also id., at 147, 142 A. 807 ("the city . . . election in 1927"). Indeed, the court referred three times to the vote on the issuance of the municipal bonds as an election. Id., at 146-47, 142 A. 807. Even if the vote on the municipal bonds was taken at a town meeting, Pollard nevertheless would be applicable in the present case. Whether the votes in Pollard were cast at a communal town meeting or in individual voting booths is irrelevant. What is important is that this court has required strict compliance with statutory notice requirements when local electorates are deciding whether to finance the issuance of municipal bonds.4

Thus, Pollard, not Bortner, controls in the present case. Pollard involved a special election, which is an election that is not held regularly. See, e.g., Walker v. Oak Cliff Volunteer Fire Protection District, 807 P.2d 762, 766 (Okla.1990) ("special elections are not set on a date certain"). The present case involves a referendum, which is a type of special election because referenda are not held regularly. Compare, e.g., General Statutes § 10-47c (providing that regional board of education of regional school district "shall set the date for referenda" to amend regional school district plan approved through referenda), with Conn. Const. art. III, § 8 (providing that general election for state legislature "shall be held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, biennially, in the even-numbered years"). Pollard therefore is directly applicable to the present case. In contrast, Bortner, as the majority recognizes, involved an election of municipal officers; see Bortner v. Woodbridge, supra, 250 Conn. at 246-47, 736 A.2d 104; and Caruso, which applied the standard in Bortner, involved a primary election. See Caruso v. Bridgeport, supra, 285 Conn. at 622, 941 A.2d 266. As previously noted, the difference between general and special elections is crucial for purposes of providing notice because it cannot be presumed that voters know the date of a special election or, in this case, a referendum. Accordingly, Bortner is inapplicable, and we instead must follow Pollard, which dictates that there must be strict compliance with the statutes governing referenda.

We need not, however, decide whether to apply a standard of strict compliance, as Pollard dictates, or mere substantial compliance because, in the present case, there was no compliance. The parties stipulated to the fact that the town clerks made no effort to comply with the statutory requirement of publishing notice of the referendum in a newspaper of general circulation. Thus, there is no question that the town clerks' actions failed to satisfy either standard.5

The question then becomes what is the effect, if any, of the evidence that the voters of the towns of Woodbury and Bethlehem had actual notice of the referendum? As the majority observes, there were multiple newspaper articles regarding the referendum, and the named defendant Regional School District Number 14, attempted to publicize the referendum. Can such alternative forms of publicity cure the failure to provide legal notice? Given that we never before have been presented with this exact question, sister state case law is instructive.

In cases in which election officials have partially or substantially complied with applicable statutory notice requirements for a special election, some jurisdictions have held that actual notice can cure the failure to comply strictly with such requirements. See, e.g., Demaree v. Johnson, 150 Ind. 419, 424-26, 50 N.E. 376 (1898) (special election was valid when someone other than sheriff posted ten statutorily required copies of notice of special election because electorate had actual knowledge thereof); Wright v. Flynn, 55 Mont. 61, 61-62, 173 P. 421 (1918) (special election was valid when county clerk posted notice in three most public places but failed to publish notice in newspaper, as required by statute, because voters had actual knowledge of election); Ginn v. Bonita, 62 So.2d 159, 162 (La.App.1952) (special election was valid when legal notice was posted in public places but not in newspaper, as required by statute, because almost every eligible voter voted); State ex rel. Board of Education v. Jones, 58 Ohio Op. 227, 230, 131 N.E.2d 704 (C.P.1955) (publication of notice for two consecutive weeks in advance of special election, instead of four, was cured by, inter alia, "the distribution of literature; letters and cards mailed to the householders of the city; the house-tohouse canvass by the Citizens Committee; [and] the posting of notices in various public places"); Wilson-Patton Post 536, Inc., License, 62 Pa. D. & C. 215, 218, 229-30 (1948) (special election was valid when legal notice was provided but failed to include location where election was being held because voters had actual notice of election); Yonce v. Lybrand, 254 S.C. 14, 15-18, 173 S.E.2d 148 (1970) (publication of notice less than fifteen days prior to referendum, as required by statute, was cured by newspaper articles and political advertisements regarding referendum); State ex rel. Inman v. Quarterly County Court, 209 Tenn. 153, 155, 351 S.W.2d 390 (1961) (posting of legal notice eight days in advance of referendum instead of ten days, as statutorily required, was not fatal because "[the] election was given widespread newspaper publicity and . . . every interested citizen had an opportunity to vote and a great majority of them did"); Norman v. Thompson, 96 Tex. 250, 251-52, 254, 72 S.W. 62 (1903) (special election was valid, even though notice was posted in only four of five statutorily required locations, because voters had actual notice of election); Rands v. Clarke County, 79 Wn. 152, 159-60, 139 P. 1090 (1914) (publication of notice twenty-six days in advance of special election instead of twenty-eight days, as required by statute, was cured by fact that "the matter [to be voted on] was generally and publicly discussed by the residents and voters of the county" prior to special election).

However, in cases in which there has been a complete failure to comply with a statutory notice requirement, such as in the present case, the majority of jurisdictions have held that evidence of actual notice does not cure the failure to comply. See, e.g., Chanute v. Davis, 85 Kan. 188, 189-91, 116 P. 367 (1911) (special election on municipal bonds was deemed invalid due to complete failure to provide notice, even though issuance of bonds was matter of "great public interest and agitation" and special election was covered in "[m]any" local newspaper articles); Chumley v. Williams, 639 S.W.2d 557, 559-60 (Ky. App.1982) (rejecting claim that "extensive publicity" surrounding special election could cure "total failure" to comply with statutory notice requirement); Walker v. Oak Cliff Volunteer Fire Protection District, supra, 807 P.2d at 766 (invalidating special election results because "there was absolutely no compliance with the statutorily required notice," despite publication of newspaper article and advertisements regarding special election, and house-to-house distribution of handbills [emphasis omitted]); In re Frederick H. Harper, Jr., Inc., 150 Pa.Super. 569, 575, 29 A.2d 236 (1942) ("[T]he lack of [statutorily required] newspaper advertisement by the county board of elections of the holding of the referenda at least ten days in advance thereof was not cured by any degree of actual notice or publicity or public controversy. The entire failure to give the statutory notice rendered the special election invalid."); Turner v. Lewie, 201 S.W.2d 86, 89 (Tex.Civ.App.1947, writ dismissed) ("an entire failure to give a notice required by law" was not cured even though "some or even all of the voters learned of the election through reading news items, or by conversations with other citizens, or by hearing of it through any [alternative] means").6 But see Wurst v. Lowery, 286 Ark. 474, 475, 695 S.W.2d 378 (1985) ("the failure to publish notice of an election is immaterial if the election is actually held and the electors have not been deprived of the opportunity to express themselves"); Dishon v. Smith, 10 Iowa 212, 218-19 (1859) (election was valid without notice because "there was an election and the people of the county voted, and it is not alleged that any portion of them failed in knowledge of the pendency of the question, or to exercise their franchise"); Hanover v. Boyd, 173 Tenn. 426, 438, 121 S.W.2d 120 (1938) (failure to issue and publish writ of election one month prior to special election was cured by virtue of fact that special election was "a matter of public knowledge").

Moreover, at least one state has held that, even when there has been substantial compliance with applicable statutory notice requirements, evidence of actual notice cannot cure the failure to comply strictly with such requirements. See State ex rel. Berkeley v. Holmes, 358 Mo. 1237, 1239-40, 1242-44, 219 S.W.2d 650 (1949) (publication of notice nineteen days in advance of special election instead of twenty-one days, as required by statute, invalidated election, despite publication of newspaper article concerning special election and mailing of "election maps" to every voter).

Thus, the majority of courts have concluded that evidence of actual notice is insufficient to cure a total failure to comply with statutory notice requirements for special elections. These courts have reasoned that to hold otherwise would effectively erase notice requirements from the statutes and thereby usurp the role of the legislature. The Supreme Court of Kansas summarized this logic best by stating: "The question . . . is whether the court shall recognize a kind of publicity which has no legislative basis whatever upon which to rest in order to support a special election resulting in bonding the city, and thereby adding to the burdens of every taxpayer within its limits. The legislature could not have been unmindful of the fact that proposed measures of this character would be discussed in private, in public, and by the press. Undoubtedly it took for granted the certainty of such publicity. Nevertheless, it provided for a specific notice making a collective statement of all the information necessary for the guidance of a voter, to be published for a definite period of time. The court is not prepared to substitute its judgment for that of the legislature and accept anticipated notoriety as the equivalent of official notice." Chanute v. Davis, supra, 85 Kan. at 190, 116 P. 367; see also Chumley v. Williams, supra, 639 S.W.2d at 560 ("To hold an election valid when there has been a total failure to comply with a specific requirement of the [legislature] as to notice is simply to hold for naught a specific direction of the legislative authority. . . . Such a holding would result in the abrogation of the power of the [legislature]."); State ex rel. Berkeley v. Holmes, supra, 358 Mo. at 1243, 219 S.W.2d 650 ("it would be a matter of speculation and conjecture . . . to attempt to determine that some other notice or source of information was a proper or effective substitute for the very specific time of notice requirements of the statute"); cf. American Legion Phillips Post v. Malden, 330 S.W.2d 189, 192 (Mo.App.1959) ("[T]he only substantial compliance is actual compliance in full. A holding that a lesser notice will do would amount to judicial legislation on our part." [Emphasis in original; footnote omitted.]).

This rationale applies with no less force in Connecticut. In enacting §§ 9-226 and 10-47c, the legislature required that, prior to a referendum, "[t]he town clerk in each town shall, in the warning for [a town] election, give notice of the time and the location of the polling place in the town. . . by publishing a warning in a newspaper published within the limits of such city or borough, or having a general circulation therein, not more than fifteen nor less than five days previous to holding the election. . . ." (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 9-226. In upholding the referendum result in the present case, the majority rewrites this statute to make it directory instead of mandatory, despite the town clerks' total failure to comply with this statutory requirement. It is axiomatic that we do not possess the constitutional authority to replace the legislature's judgment regarding what type of notice voters are entitled to receive with our own.

Additionally, allowing referenda to be held when no legal notice has been given violates fundamental democratic principles. We previously have recognized that, "under our democratic form of government, an election is the paradigm of the democratic process designed to ascertain and implement the will of the people. . . . The purpose of the election statutes is to ensure the true and most accurate count possible of the votes for the candidates in the election [or, as in the present case, for a particular referendum result]. . . . Those statutes rest on the bedrock principle that the purpose of the voting process is to ascertain the intent of the voters." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Bortner v. Woodbridge, supra, 250 Conn. at 254, 736 A.2d 104. Providing legal notice of a referendum is essential to ensuring that the result reflects the true intent of the voters. By allowing town clerks to hold referenda without providing any notice to eligible voters, the majority risks depriving voters of their right to govern themselves.7

The majority fails to appreciate the significant distinction between a town clerk's complete failure to comply with the statutory notice requirement and instances in which there has been partial or substantial compliance. For instance, the majority cites a litany of sister state cases in support of its assertion that the failure to comply strictly with statutory notice requirements does not invalidate a referendum if there is no evidence that the failure to so comply affected the result. See footnote 19 of the majority opinion. In all but two cases cited by the majority, however, there was at least partial, if not substantial, compliance with the applicable statutory notice requirements. In contrast, in the present case, there was no compliance with the notice statutes.

In sum, the majority incorrectly overrules Pollard for no good reason;8 see footnote 24 of the majority opinion; and applies the standard in Bortner for general and primary elections, instead of the standard set forth in Pollard, which specifically pertains to special elections on the issuance of municipal bonds.9 In overruling Pollard under the facts of this case, the majority in effect amends the notice statutes, a power this court does not have. We thus should follow Pollard and render judgment for the plaintiffs because the town clerks failed to comply strictly with the applicable statutory notice requirements. We need not decide whether to reaffirm Pollard entirely because there is no question that the town clerks did not strictly or substantially comply but completely failed to comply with the statutory otice requirements. The plaintiffs are ierefore entitled to prevail regardless of Nether strict or substantial compliance is squired for referenda.

Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.