MEMORANDUM OPINION

BERYL A. HOWELL, District Judge.

The parties to this case are two companies that have collaborated as business partners in the development of a proposed luxury resort on the island of Aruba. The plaintiff, a Florida company, alleges that it has helped to procure a lease for the resort property and has attempted to secure financing for the planned resort. The defendant, a Venezuelan company, is directly developing the resort. The parties have a contract that spells out their respective rights and duties in connection with the resort project. The plaintiff brought this lawsuit seeking a declaratory judgment regarding its right to certain investment banking fees under the parties' contract. The defendant has moved to dismiss the lawsuit on the grounds that, among other things, the request for declaratory judgment is premature. For the reasons explained below, the Court grants the motion to dismiss and dismisses the Complaint without prejudice.1

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff Bazarian International Financial Associates, L.L.C. ("BI") is a Florida company in the business of providing investment banking services. Compl. ¶ 1. In 2003, the Government of Aruba granted BI the option to lease land on Palm Beach, Aruba, in order to establish and develop a luxury resort (the "Palm Beach Option"). Id. ¶ 7. BI approached Ritz Carlton Hotels to manage this contemplated resort. Id. ¶ 8. While BI and Ritz Carlton were negotiating the possible sale of the Palm Beach Option, Ritz Carlton introduced BI to the defendant Desarrollos Aerohotelco, C.A., a Venezuelan company in the business of developing and owning hotels. Id. ¶¶ 2, 9.

After several successful renewals of the option, BI and Ritz Carlton were unable to consummate sale of the Palm Beach Option. Id. ¶ 10. The option expired by its own terms at the end of 2006. Id. The Government of Aruba re-opened bids for the Palm Beach Option and the defendant retained BI to assist with its efforts to obtain the Palm Beach Option and to arrange for funding for the resort development project. Id. ¶¶ 11-12. BI and the defendant entered into an agreement on February 5, 2007, to memorialize their duties and obligations (the "Agreement"). Id. ¶ 12.

The Agreement called for the defendant to pay BI $70,000 upon execution of the Agreement, which the defendant paid. Id. ¶¶ 14, 21. The Agreement also called for the defendant to pay BI $70,000 upon award of the Palm Beach Option. Id. ¶ 15. In early 2008, the Government of Aruba did award the option to the defendant, and the defendant accordingly paid BI the second $70,000 fee. Id. ¶ 26.

In addition to specifying that BI would help the defendant acquire the Palm Beach Option, the Agreement also called for BI to "perform exclusive investment banking services" in connection with the development of a luxury hotel and resort on the Palm Beach Option land (the "Project"). Id. ¶ 13. Specifically, BI was to "conduct negotiations ... to secure, on a best efforts basis, financing for the Project." Compl. Ex. A, ¶ 1.D. In exchange for these services, the defendant agreed to pay BI a percentage-based investment-banking fee. Id. ¶ 2.C. According to the Complaint, BI is entitled to this fee under the Agreement upon settlement of binding loan or guarantee commitments for the Project obtained directly or indirectly by BI. Compl. ¶ 16. Payment of the fee becomes due "upon the earlier of the first draw-down of funds and/or first infusion of equity capital, provided that financing has been committed to the project as a result of the efforts of BI." Id. ¶ 18. The Agreement further entitles BI to this fee "if the financing for the Project is concluded within thirty-six (36) months following the termination of this Agreement from sources introduced to the Project by [BI]." Compl. Ex. A, ¶ 3. Finally, the Agreement also provides that it is to "become part of the relevant loan documents, management agreements, joint-venture agreements, guaranty agreements, bridge loan facilities and Memorandum of Association for [the] Project amongst and between the equity shareholders and lenders." Id.

In or about December 2006 and January 2007, BI allegedly introduced the defendant to key executives and decision-makers at two banks—AIB Bank and Scotiabank—to begin the process of obtaining financing for the Project. Compl. ¶¶ 23-24. BI also claims that it worked with the defendant to coordinate the financing process with these two banks. Id. ¶ 25.

Ultimately, the defendant chose not to proceed with Scotiabank but continued to pursue financing from AIB Bank. Id. ¶ 26. BI claims that it obtained an Indicative Term Sheet from AIB Bank for the defendant as of March 26, 2007 setting forth a total facility amount of $170 million. Id.

At some point thereafter, however, the relationship between BI and the defendant apparently soured. In around June 2009, the defendant allegedly informed BI in writing that it did not intend to pay the investment banking fees specified in the Agreement for Project financing from AIB Bank. Id. ¶ 28. BI claims that the defendant asserted that BI had no role in facilitating its relationship with AIB Bank. Id.

On September 17, 2009, BI brought this action seeking declaratory judgment as to whether it is entitled to the investment banking fees called for under the Agreement upon the settlement of binding loan or guarantee commitments for the Project from AIB Bank. Id. ¶ 33.

At the time of filing the Complaint on September 17, 2009, BI believed that AIB Bank would provide total project financing to the defendant, and anticipated the financing deal closing within sixty days of filing the Complaint. Id. ¶ 27. In October 2009, about a month after the filing of the instant Complaint, AIB Bank and various other lenders apparently did issue a financing commitment for the Project (the "AIB Financing Commitment"), although it appears that this loan commitment remains subject to various contingencies and the loan has never settled, closed, or been drawn upon. Def.'s Mot. Dismiss Pl.'s Compl. & Incorporated Mem. ("Def.'s Mem.") at 4. The defendant denies that BI had any involvement in obtaining the AIB Financing Commitment. Ex. A to Def.'s Mem., Declaration of Pedro Vera dated January 26, 2011 ("Vera Decl.") ¶ 9.

On January 19, 2011, the defendant filed a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.2 Def.'s Mem. at 1. This motion is currently before the Court.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW UNDER RULE 12(b)(1)

A court must dismiss a case when it lacks subject matter jurisdiction. McManus v. District of Columbia, 530 F.Supp.2d 46, 62 (D.D.C. 2007). "Plaintiff bears the burden of proving subject matter jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence." Am. Farm Bureau v. U.S. EPA, 121 F.Supp.2d 84, 90 (D.D.C. 2000); accord Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). It is well established that, in deciding a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, a court must construe the allegations in the Complaint liberally but "need not accept factual inferences drawn by plaintiffs if those inferences are not supported by facts alleged in the complaint, nor must the Court accept plaintiffs' legal conclusions." Speelman v. United States, 461 F.Supp.2d 71, 73 (D.D.C. 2006); see also Hohri v. United States, 782 F.2d 227, 241 (D.C.Cir. 1986), vacated on other grounds, 482 U.S. 64, 107 S.Ct. 2246, 96 L.Ed.2d 51 (1987). The Court must be assured that it is acting within the scope of its jurisdictional authority and therefore must give the plaintiff's factual allegations closer scrutiny when resolving a Rule 12(b)(1) motion than would be required for a Rule 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a claim. See Macharia v. United States, 334 F.3d 61, 64, 69 (D.C.Cir. 2003); Westberg v. FDIC, 759 F.Supp.2d 38, 41 (D.D.C. 2011); Dubois v. Wash. Mut. Bank, 2010 WL 3463368, at *2, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 91855, at *5-6 (D.D.C. Sept. 2, 2010); Hoffman v. District of Columbia, 643 F.Supp.2d 132, 135-136 (D.D.C. 2009); Grand Lodge of Fraternal Order of Police v. Ashcroft, 185 F.Supp.2d 9, 13-14 (D.D.C. 2001). In evaluating subject matter jurisdiction, the Court, when necessary, may look outside the Complaint to "undisputed facts evidenced in the record, or the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court's resolution of disputed facts." Herbert v. Nat'l Acad. of Sci., 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C.Cir. 1992) (citing Williamson v. Tucker, 645 F.2d 404, 413 (5th Cir. 1981)); see also Alliance for Democracy v. FEC, 362 F.Supp.2d 138, 142 (D.D.C. 2005).

III. DISCUSSION

In this case, BI seeks a declaratory judgment regarding its legal entitlements under the Agreement. The parties have briefed several substantive legal disputes about the proper construction of the Agreement's provisions. Before addressing any substantive issues of contractual interpretation, however, the Court must address the threshold questions of whether it has subject matter jurisdiction to entertain BI's claim and whether a declaratory judgment is appropriate in this case. As explained below, the Court finds that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction and that judicial intervention in this case is unwarranted at this time.

A. Declaratory Judgment is Not Appropriate Because BI Has Not Alleged a Justiciable Controversy

The Declaratory Judgment Act provides that "[i]n a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction ... any court of the United States ... may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such declaration." 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a). Of course, under Article III of the U.S. Constitution, "[t]he federal courts are powerless to decide any matter unless it involves a case or controversy." Fed. Express Corp. v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n, 67 F.3d 961, 963 (D.C.Cir. 1995); see also U.S. Const., art. III, § 2. The case-or-controversy requirement prohibits courts from issuing advisory opinions or decisions based on hypothetical facts or abstract issues. Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83, 96, 100, 88 S.Ct. 1942, 20 L.Ed.2d 947 (1968); Westberg, 759 F.Supp.2d at 43. The term "actual controversy" in the language of the Declaratory Judgment Act is "one of emphasis, and not indicative of a different standard from Article III as to what qualifies as a controversy." Fed. Express Corp., 67 F.3d at 964. "To establish that a matter is a `controversy' rather than an abstract question, a party seeking declaratory relief must `show that there is a substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.'" Hoffman v. District of Columbia, 643 F.Supp.2d 132, 140 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting Md. Cas. Co. v. Pac. Coal & Oil Co., 312 U.S. 270, 273, 61 S.Ct. 510, 85 L.Ed. 826 (1941)).

In this case, BI asks the Court for a declaratory judgment confirming that "by virtue of BI's role in introducing Defendant to AIB Bank and efforts to obtain AIB Bank's commitment to provide Project financing, BI is entitled to the investment banking fees called for under the Agreement upon settlement of binding loan and/or guarantee commitments for the Project from AIB Bank." Compl. ¶ 33. BI concedes that the contingency that triggers the defendant's obligation to pay the fees—namely, settlement of binding loan or guarantee commitments from AIB Bank—has not occurred. Pl.'s Opp'n Def.'s Mot. Dismiss ("Pl.'s Mem.") at 6.

The defendant contends that BI's Complaint should be dismissed with prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) because there is no substantial controversy of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant a declaratory judgment. Def.'s Mem. at 1-2. According to the defendant, BI's claim is "based upon contingent and uncertain future rights ... that may not occur at all" and "merely calls for the issuance of an advisory opinion." Id. at 9.

Despite the fact that the contingency that triggers its right to a fee has not occurred, BI asserts that "the existence of a contingency does not per se require a court to find that the issuance of a declaratory judgment would be improper." Pl.'s Mem. at 5 (quoting Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Consol. Rail Corp., 670 F.Supp. 424, 429-30 (D.D.C. 1987)). BI is correct. In evaluating whether a declaratory judgment claim that hinges on a contingency presents a justiciable controversy, courts look to the "practical likelihood" that the contingency will occur. Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp., 670 F.Supp. at 429-30; see also Am. Exp. Bank Ltd. v. Banco Espanol de Credito, S.A., 597 F.Supp.2d 394, 405 (S.D.N.Y. 2009). Ultimately, "the difference between an abstract question and a `controversy' contemplated by the Declaratory Judgment Act is necessarily one of degree." Federal Express Corp., 67 F.3d at 964 (quoting Md. Cas. Co., 312 U.S. at 273, 61 S.Ct. 510). As explained below, BI has failed to establish a practical likelihood that settlement of binding loan or guarantee commitments for the Project will actually occur. Therefore, the Court must conclude that there is no substantial controversy of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment at this time.

In the Complaint, BI has alleged only that it obtained a non-binding indicative term sheet for the defendant from AIB Bank. Compl. ¶ 26; Def.'s Mem. at 4. BI's entitlement to payment under the Agreement is not triggered, however, until the settlement of binding loan or guarantee commitments for the Project. Compl. ¶ 16. Since the Complaint does not even allege that AIB Bank agreed to provide any financing to the Project, the Complaint itself does not sufficiently allege a practical likelihood that BI will become entitled to investment banking fees under the Agreement. The likelihood of BI's ultimate entitlement to an investment banking fee remains highly uncertain and speculative when based merely on the allegation that BI helped the defendant obtain a non-binding term sheet reflecting a potential loan proposal. See Am. Exp. Bank Ltd., 597 F.Supp.2d at 406 (finding "[d]ismissal pending further developments" to be "the proper course" where claim hinged on "multiple contingencies"). Accordingly, the Complaint itself does not present a substantial controversy of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant declaratory relief.

BI's opposition to the motion to dismiss relies on an additional factual allegation not mentioned in the Complaint—i.e., the existence of the AIB Financing Commitment, which the defendant apparently entered into on October 26, 2009, approximately one month after the Complaint was filed. In considering a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1), the Court may consider undisputed factual information outside the pleadings. Herbert, 974 F.2d at 197. Accordingly, the Court may consider factual information regarding the AIB Financing Commitment in assessing whether there is subject matter jurisdiction to entertain BI's declaratory judgment claim. Even upon consideration of the record facts relating to the AIB Financing Commitment, however, there is still an insufficient basis to conclude a justiciable controversy exists.3

The existence of the AIB Financing Commitment was first disclosed to this Court in the defendant's motion to dismiss, which was filed on January 31, 2011, approximately a year and a half after the Complaint was filed. See Def.'s Mem. at 4. Both BI and the defendant cite to a declaration filed by the defendant—the Declaration of Pedro Vera, an officer of the defendant—as their source for information regarding the AIB Financing Commitment. See id.; Pl.'s Mem. at 6; Vera Decl. The Vera Declaration describes the AIB Financing Commitment as a "binding and enforceable financing loan facility agreement" entered into on October 26, 2009. Vera Decl. ¶ 8. The declaration, however, goes on to deny BI's involvement in obtaining the AIB Financing Commitment and, most importantly for the present inquiry, states that the AIB Financing Commitment is "still subject to a numerous contingencies and conditions, has not been settled upon and there has not been any draws made by the borrowers pending a final closing [sic]." Id. ¶¶ 9-10. According to the declaration, "[i]t is unknown when, and if, the various contingencies and conditions of the [AIB] Facility Agreement will be satisfied and no settlement or closing date is currently scheduled to take place in the near future." Id. ¶ 10.

While the existence of the AIB Financing Commitment certainly comes closer to establishing a practical likelihood that the loan settlement will occur, the Court still would not conclude that settlement is likely due to the facts in the Vera Declaration, upon which both parties rely. Significantly, the AIB Financing Commitment remains subject to various contingencies and "no settlement or closing date is currently scheduled to take place in the near future," despite the fact that the AIB Financing Commitment was entered into in October 2009, approximately 20 months ago. These facts do not establish that a settlement or closing is particularly likely to occur.

In addition to the argument based upon the AIB Financing Commitment, BI's opposition also raises additional legal issues involving a "drop dead fee" to which BI may be entitled "even if the loan does not settle." Pl.'s Mem. at 6. BI's invocation of the drop dead fee, which is not mentioned in the Complaint, only serves to underscore the abstract and contingent nature of the parties' dispute at this time and the corresponding uncertainty regarding the factual and legal claims that must be resolved.

Thus, considering all the relevant facts and claims, the Court concludes that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction because the facts of this case do not present an actual controversy within the meaning of the Declaratory Judgment Act and Article III of the U.S. Constitution. Therefore, the Complaint will be dismissed without prejudice to BI's ability to file a new complaint, if necessary, at an appropriate time in the future.4

B. The Court Would Exercise its Discretion to Abstain from Entertaining the Claim for Declaratory Relief

Even if subject matter jurisdiction did exist, the Court still has broad discretion to abstain from entertaining an action for declaratory judgment. Patton Boggs, LLP v. Chevron Corp., No. 10-cv-01975, 2011 WL 1474866, at *7 (D.D.C. Apr. 19, 2011) ("District courts possess discretion in determining whether and when to entertain an action under the Declaratory Judgment Act, even when the suit otherwise satisfies subject matter jurisdictional prerequisites.") (quoting Wilton v. Seven Falls Co., 515 U.S. 277, 282, 115 S.Ct. 2137, 132 L.Ed.2d 214 (1995)); see also MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118, 136, 127 S.Ct. 764, 166 L.Ed.2d 604 (2007). The text of the Declaratory Judgment Act itself, which provides that a court "may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such declaration," illustrates the permissive nature of declaratory judgment jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a) (emphasis added). "In deciding whether to exercise its permissive jurisdiction over declaratory actions, a court may consider `equitable, prudential, and policy arguments.'" Swish Mktg., Inc. v. F.T.C., 669 F.Supp.2d 72, 76 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting MedImmune, Inc., 549 U.S. at 136, 127 S.Ct. 764). While there is no list of dispositive factors for determining when the Court should exercise its discretion to hear a declaratory judgment action, "the D.C. Circuit has listed several relevant considerations to guide the Court's analysis." Id. Those factors include:

Id. (quoting Hanes Corp. v. Millard, 531 F.2d 585, 591 n. 4 (D.C.Cir. 1976)).

Based on the facts in this case as they currently stand, the Court would decline to entertain the claim for declaratory judgment. A declaratory judgment as to the parties' respective rights and obligations under the Agreement is not likely to settle the dispute between the parties because the dispute appears to involve both factual and legal issues. For example, the parties dispute the circumstances in which BI is legally entitled to fees under the Agreement as well as the factual issue of whether BI had a role in procuring the AIB Financing Commitment. See Vera Decl. ¶ 9; Pl.'s Mem. at 6. Thus, even if the Court were to enter a declaratory judgment regarding the parties' legal rights and obligations under the Agreement, factual disputes would likely remain.5 In addition, as noted above, BI's opposition raises additional legal issues involving a "drop dead fee" to which BI may be entitled if the loan does not settle. Given the uncertain and shifting nature of BI's allegations and the existence of factual disputes that would not be resolved by a declaratory judgment, the Court would not exercise its discretion to entertain a declaratory judgment claim in this case at this time.

Consideration of the purposes of the Declaratory Judgment Act also favors abstention. For example, the purposes of the Declaratory Judgment Act include "minimiz[ing] the danger of avoidable loss and the unnecessary accrual of damages and [affording] one threatened with liability an early adjudication without waiting until an adversary should see fit to begin an action after the damage has accrued." 10B CHARLES WRIGHT AND ALAN MILLER, FED. PRAC. & PROC. CIV., § 2751 (3d ed.). The purpose of minimizing avoidable loss and damages is not implicated here because BI is not suffering any ongoing harm from the dispute and the amount of damages— which is fixed at two percent of the loan value—will not be minimized by early adjudication. Nor is BI a party threatened with liability whom a declaratory judgment might relieve "from the Damoclean threat of impending litigation which a harassing adversary might brandish, while initiating suit at his leisure—or never." Id. (quotation omitted).

With respect to avoiding damages, BI does argue that because the Agreement calls for its entitlement to fees to be made a part of the loan documents, BI's "ability to be paid from the loan proceeds will [be] lost" if BI "has to wait until after settlement and then obtain a breach of contract judgment." Pl.'s Mem. at 7 n. 1. This argument is unavailing, however. The Court fails to comprehend how the defendant's purported pre-existing legal obligation to pay BI a two-percent fee under the Agreement would be affected by the mention of this fee arrangement in subsequent loan documents. Additionally, to the extent BI argues that a declaratory judgment "would enable and compel the... payment of [the investment banking] fees as part of the loan closing," id., it is unclear how this claim harmonizes with the Complaint's assertion that payment of the fees becomes due "upon the earlier of the first draw-down of funds and/or first infusion of equity capital.'" Compl. ¶ 18. In any event, the Court expresses no opinion on whether BI will ultimately need to seek a breach of contract judgment or whether BI might successfully seek a declaratory judgment at a more appropriate time in the future.

At this time, however, the Court would exercise its discretion to abstain from deciding BI's declaratory judgment claim.

IV. CONCLUSION

As explained above, the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to decide BI's declaratory judgment claim because the facts of this case do not present an actual controversy within the meaning of the Declaratory Judgment Act and Article III of the U.S. Constitution. Even if the Court did not lack subject matter jurisdiction, the Court would still exercise its discretion to abstain from deciding BI's declaratory judgment claim at this time. Accordingly, the Complaint will be dismissed without prejudice to BI's ability to file a new complaint, if necessary, at an appropriate time in the future.