10-1417-cv
Theilig v. United Tech Corporation, Pratt & Whitney Division

                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                       SUMMARY ORDER

Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed on or after
January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and this
court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a document filed with this court, a party
must cite either the Federal Appendix or an electronic database (with the notation “summary order”).
A party citing a summary order must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.

    At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, at 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York,
on the 24th day of March, two thousand eleven.

Present: ROBERT A. KATZMANN,
         REENA RAGGI,
         RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
                           Circuit Judges.
____________________________________________________________

LEONARD THEILIG,

                            Plaintiff-Appellant,

                            - v. -                                         No. 10-1417-cv

UNITED TECH CORPORATION, PRATT & WHITNEY DIVISION,

                            Defendant-Appellee.

____________________________________________________________

For Plaintiff-Appellant:                    BARBARA E. GARDNER, Manchester, CT

For Defendant-Appellee:                     ALBERT ZAKARIAN (Albert L. Barrueco, on the brief),
                                            Day Pitney LLP, Hartford, CT

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Burns, J.).

        ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,

AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
       Plaintiff-Appellant Leonard Theilig appeals from a final judgment, entered December 11,

2009, in the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Burns, J.), granting the

motion for summary judgment of defendant-appellee United Tech Corporation, Pratt & Whitney

Division (hereinafter “Pratt”) and dismissing Theilig’s complaint in its entirety. Theilig, a

former employee of Pratt, was denied a requested accommodation that would have permitted him

to work from home without supervision, and he resigned on July 7, 2005. He subsequently

brought this action, asserting claims of disability discrimination and failure to accommodate

under the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., and the

Connecticut Fair Employment Practices Act (“CFEPA”), Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-51 et seq. He

also alleged, under both statutes, that Pratt had constructively discharged him. On appeal,

Theilig argues that (1) the district court improperly granted summary judgment because there

were disputed issues of material fact concerning the reasonableness of his proposed

accommodation; and (2) the district court erred in ruling that Pratt’s purported failure to accept

his proposed accommodation was insufficient to prove his constructive discharge claim. We

assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and procedural history of the case.

       Under the ADA, “[n]o covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified individual on

the basis of disability in regard to job application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or

discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and

privileges of employment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). The term “discriminate” under the ADA

includes “not making reasonable accommodations to the known physical or mental limitations of

an otherwise qualified individual with a disability who is an applicant or employee.” 

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       In a case where a plaintiff argues that he can perform his job with a reasonable

accommodation,

       the prima facie burden requires a showing that (1) plaintiff is a person with a disability
       under the meaning of the ADA; (2) an employer covered by the statute had notice of his
       disability; (3) with reasonable accommodation, plaintiff could perform the essential
       functions of the job at issue; and (4) the employer has refused to make such
       accommodations.

Rodal v. Anesthesia Grp. of Onondaga, P.C., 

, 118 (2d Cir. 2004). “In general . . . it

is the responsibility of the individual with a disability to inform the employer that an

accommodation is needed.” 29 C.F.R. pt. 1630 app. § 1630.9. The plaintiff bears the burden to

show the existence of an accommodation. Jackan v. N.Y. State Dep’t of Labor, 

, 566

(2d Cir. 2000). If, in addition to establishing the other elements set forth above, the plaintiff can

establish that an accommodation exists that permits the plaintiff to perform the job’s essential

functions, then the burden of persuasion that the accommodation is unreasonable and would cause

undue hardship shifts to the defendant employer. 

requested accommodation is

“reasonable” is determined on a “case-by-case basis.” Wernick v. Fed. Reserve Bank of N.Y., 

, 385 (2d Cir. 1996).

       Theilig was on short-term disability leave for rehabilitation from heart surgery when he

began receiving treatment for severe depression. At the conclusion of his short-term disability

leave and rehabilitation, his psychiatrist did not authorize him to return to work, and Theilig

sought long-term disability benefits from CIGNA, Pratt’s insurer. CIGNA denied Theilig’s

request, and Pratt notified Theilig that he was deemed to be on unpaid medical leave. While still

pursuing long-term disability benefits, Theilig sought an accommodation that would permit him to

work from home for a period of two months with “no direct person to person contact and definitely


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none with his previous co-workers.” J.A. 219. The district court held that this request for an

accommodation of no contact with any co-workers, and in particular, his two supervisors, based on

the psychiatrist’s evaluation that Theilig’s return to Pratt posed a risk of workplace violence or

suicide, was unreasonable as a matter of law.

       This Court agrees. While there is no per se rule against a change in supervisor, “[t]here is

a presumption . . . that a request to change supervisors is unreasonable, and the burden of

overcoming that presumption (i.e., of demonstrating that, within the particular context of the

plaintiff’s workplace, the request was reasonable) therefore lies with the plaintiff.” Kennedy v.

Dresser Rand Co., 

, 122-23 (2d Cir. 1999). Here, where Theilig requested to have no

contact whatsoever with any co-worker or supervisor, we conclude that he has not carried his

burden of “identifying an accommodation ‘the costs of which, facially, do not clearly exceed its

benefits.’” 

(quoting Borkowski v. Valley Cent. Sch. Dist., 

, 139 (2d Cir.

1995)) (finding request for no contact with supervisor to be unreasonable as a matter of law); see

also Gaul v. Lucent Techs., Inc., 

, 581 (3d Cir. 1998) (finding an accommodation that

would transfer employee away from workers who caused “prolonged and inordinate stress” a

“wholly impractical obligation . . . on any employer.”). Accordingly, because Theilig has not

stated a prima facie accommodation claim, Pratt was not obliged to “engage in ‘an “interactive

process” with [Theilig] and in that way work together to assess whether [his] disability can be

reasonably accommodated.’” Brady v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 

, 135 (2d Cir. 2008)

(quoting 

) (internal brackets omitted). See also McBride v. BIC Consumer

Prods. Mfg. Co., 

, 99-101 (2d Cir. 2009); Graves v. Finch Pruyn & Co., 353 F. App’x

558, 561 (2d Cir. 2009).


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       We turn next to Theilig’s constructive discharge claim.

       Constructive discharge of an employee occurs when an employer, rather than directly
       discharging an individual, intentionally creates an intolerable work atmosphere that forces
       an employee to quit involuntarily. Working conditions are intolerable if they are so
       difficult or unpleasant that a reasonable person in the employee’s shoes would have felt
       compelled to resign.

Chertkova v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 

, 89 (2d Cir. 1996) (internal citation and

quotation marks omitted); see also Terry v. Ashcroft, 

, 151-52 (2d Cir. 2003).

       Theilig argues on appeal, as he did below, that there was no evidence of “intolerable

working conditions,” because he was no longer at work. Theilig therefore argues in essence that

the purported failure to accommodate is tantamount to constructive discharge. Theilig’s

concession that there were no intolerable working conditions, however, is fatal to his claim under

the law of this Circuit. See 

.

       We have considered Theilig’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.


                                                 FOR THE COURT:
                                                 CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK




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