ORDER

VIRGINIA M. HERNANDEZ COVINGTON, District Judge.

This cause comes before the Court pursuant to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit's Opinion issued December 19, 2013 (Doc. # 74), and Mandate issued January 22, 2014 (Doc. # 75). The parties filed their briefs in this matter on February 14, 2014 (Doc. ## 81, 82), and the Court held a hearing on May 19, 2014 (Doc. # 90). In accordance with the Eleventh Circuit's instruction, the present Order reconsiders the disposition of Counts I and II of Dandar's second amended complaint in light of Sprint Communications, Inc. v. Jacobs, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 584, 187 L.Ed.2d 505 (2013). For the reasons that follow, the Court finds that abstention remains appropriate.

I. Background

A. The Alleged Conspiracy

Beginning in 1997, Plaintiff Kennan Dandar represented the Estate of Lisa McPherson in a wrongful death action against Defendant Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization in the Circuit Court of the Sixth Judicial Circuit in and for Pinellas County, Florida. (Doc. # 45 at ¶ 22). Dandar alleges that Defendant David Miscavige, who Dandar describes as "the worldwide supreme leader over all Scientology entities," (id. at ¶ 19), retained Defendant Johnson Pope Bokor Ruppel & Burns LLP in the McPherson case "due to [the law firm's] political connections in Clearwater and Pinellas County" (id. at ¶ 24).

The presiding judge in the McPherson matter, the Honorable Robert Beach, though not joined as a defendant in this action, is alleged to have conspired with the private Defendants to violate Dandar's "rights under the First, Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution." (Id. at ¶ 79). Dandar claims that "Scientology's counsel, after meeting many times with Judge Beach ex parte to gather sympathy for Scientology in the wrongful death case, defamed Dandar in his business reputation and goodwill, and pursuant to a game plan previously concocted by ... Miscavige and Scientology, convinced Judge Beach to contrive a defective and illegal procedure ... to make the McPherson case go away by simply removing Dandar as counsel for the Estate in the wrongful death case." (Id. at ¶ 28). Judge Beach allegedly "joined in this plan and agreed to remove Dandar as lead counsel for the McPherson estate." (Id.).

Despite having been removed as lead counsel, Dandar appeared at the May 26, 2004, mediation conference scheduled in the McPherson action. (Id. at ¶ 33). According to Dandar, "Scientology, through Pope, refused to mediate the McPherson wrongful death case, and instead insisted on a `global settlement conference' encompassing not only the court ordered mediation for the McPherson case, but also the myriad of cases brought by Scientology and related entities against Dandar, Dell Liebreich, or the estate." (Id.). During the mediation, "Dandar agreed to a global settlement, releasing any claim he had against Scientology at that time ... by executing a Release ... so that the Estate of Lisa McPherson could go forward with a settlement." (Id.). Also at the conference, Dandar ultimately signed (though, Dandar insists, not in his individual capacity, but rather as "counsel") a settlement agreement including a provision the parties refer to as the "disengagement clause," which provides, in relevant part:

(Id. at ¶ 37).

Dandar, his law partner Thomas J. Dandar, and their law firm, Dandar & Dandar, P.A., were included within the settlement agreement's definition of "the McPherson Parties." (Id. at ¶ 34). "The McPherson case was dismissed on June 8, 2004, by the filing of a Joint Voluntary Dismissal With Prejudice." (Id. at ¶ 36).

Nearly five years later, on February 13, 2009, Dandar filed another wrongful death action against Scientology, this time on behalf of the Estate of Kyle Brennan, in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (Id. at ¶ 40). In response to Dandar's perceived breach of the settlement agreement, "Defendants filed a motion [to enforce the settlement agreement] in the closed case of McPherson." (Id. at ¶ 43).

Dandar contends that, "as part of the conspiracy with Defendants," Judge Beach held that the disengagement provision "prohibited Dandar's representation of the Brennan Estate in federal court, and that this prohibition was enforceable." (Id. at ¶ 46). Accordingly, "on June 10, 2009, Judge Beach ordered Dandar to cease his representation of all parties against Scientology other than the plaintiff in the now dismissed McPherson action." (Id.). Dandar appealed this order to Florida's Second District Court of Appeal, and on November 13, 2009, the appellate court per curiam affirmed Judge Beach's order. (Id. at ¶ 47).

On February 19, 2010, upon Dandar's failure to withdraw from the Brennan action, "Judge Beach heard Scientology's motion to enforce his order of June 10, 2009, and Dandar's motion to void the settlement agreement." (Id. at ¶ 49). On April 12, 2010, "at the behest of Scientology, Pope, and in furtherance of the conspiracy," Judge Beach found Dandar in civil contempt of his June 10, 2009, order, directed Dandar to pay damages, and further ordered Dandar to file a motion to withdraw in the Brennan action. (Id.).

"In compliance with Judge Beach's order, Dandar immediately filed in the Brennan... case a motion entitled `Unopposed Involuntary Motion to Withdraw as Counsel for Plaintiff." (Id. at ¶ 50). On April 22, 2010, the district court denied Dandar's motion to withdraw. (Id. at ¶ 51). On May 6, 2010, "Judge Beach, as demanded by Defendants, and in furtherance of the conspiracy," directed Dandar to appear personally and to show cause as to why he and the Dandar Law Firm should not be held in indirect criminal contempt of his prior orders ..., citing Dandar's `involuntary' motion to withdraw in federal court as a willful violation of his prior orders." (Id.).

On August 25, 2010, Dandar filed an emergency motion on behalf of the Brennan estate in the federal action "seeking a permanent injunction against Scientology and, if necessary, Judge Beach, to prohibit their interference with the federal court's orderly progression of the case." (Id. at ¶ 52). The district court denied that motion on August 30, 2012. (Id.). On August 31, 2010, Judge Beach held a hearing which resulted in additional sanctions against Dandar for failing to withdraw from the Brennan matter. (Id. at ¶ 53). On September 2, 2010, Dandar filed a second emergency motion on behalf of the Brennan estate "for a permanent injunction against Judge Beach and the Defendants, including a request for sanctions against Scientology." (Id. at ¶ 54). This time, the district court granted the motion. (Id. at ¶ 57). On October 13, 2010, Judge Beach recused himself from any further proceedings involving Dandar. (Id. at ¶ 60).

Scientology appealed to the Eleventh Circuit the district court's order granting the injunction, and the Eleventh Circuit reversed and vacated that injunction in July of 2011. (Id. at ¶ 61). Dandar, on behalf of the Brennan estate, "brought a petition for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court seeking review of the decision of the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, but it was denied on February 21, 2012." (Id. at ¶ 68).

Meanwhile, Dandar appealed Judge Beach's April 12, 2010, order imposing sanctions against him to Florida's Second District Court of Appeal. (Id. at ¶ 63). On February 11, 2011, that court upheld Judge Beach's April 12, 2010, order in all respects with the exception of a damages award imposed in error. (Id. at ¶ 64). On May 20, 2011, "Dandar filed a petition for writ of prohibition with the Florida Supreme Court seeking an order directing the Second District Court of Appeal to issue an order recognizing that the circuit court was without jurisdiction to enter any order subsequent to the joint voluntary dismissal with prejudice filed on June 8, 2004, and that it exceeded its jurisdiction by imposing a practice restriction and orders of criminal contempt of court." (Id. at ¶ 65). Dandar explains that the "Florida Supreme Court transferred the petition to the Florida Court of Appeal for the Second District which denied it." (Id.). On September 6, 2011, the state appellate court denied Dandar's petitions for rehearing. (Id. at ¶ 66).

On October 3, 2011, the district court granted Dandar's motion to withdraw nunc pro tunc to April 12, 2010. (Id. at ¶ 67). On October 10, 2011, Scientology moved in Pinellas County Circuit Court "for the award of attorney's fees, damages and other relief incident to the contempt against Dandar and the Dandar Law Firm for breaching the settlement agreement" pursuant to Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.730(c). (Id. at ¶ 69).

After Judge Beach's recusal, the Honorable Crockett Farnell assumed jurisdiction over the state court action. (Id. at ¶ 71). In July of 2012, Judge Farnell found that, in accordance with Rule 1.730(c), Scientology was entitled to all reasonable fees and costs incurred since Dandar's filing of the Brennan complaint on February 12, 2009. (Id.).

B. Procedural History in the Present Case

On October 31, 2012, Dandar and his law firm, Dandar & Dandar P.A. (collectively referred to herein as "Dandar"), initiated the present action against the Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, Inc., F. Wallace Pope Jr., Robert Potter Jr., the law firm of Johnson Pope Bokor Ruppel & Burns, LLP, and David Miscavige. Dandar's complaint, entitled "Verified Complaint for Emergency Preliminary and Permanent Injunctive Relief, Declaratory Judgment, Damages, and Demand for Jury Trial" (Doc. # 1), sought to prevent the occurrence of a final hearing in state court on the amount of attorney's fees and costs owed to Scientology as a consequence of Dandar's violation of the McPherson settlement agreement. Dandar characterized his claim for relief as a civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (Id. at 1).

Contemporaneously with this complaint, Dandar filed an emergency motion for preliminary injunction (Doc. # 2), in which Dandar requested the issuance of an injunction "[t]o prohibit Defendants ... from proceeding to any hearing, including the one scheduled on November 26, 2012,... until this Court has addressed the Defendants' violations of [Section] 1983." (Id. at 1). After a hearing, the Court denied Dandar's motion for preliminary injunction on November 20, 2012, 2012 WL 5878033. (Doc. # 23). Specifically, the Court found that Dandar had failed to demonstrate a substantial likelihood of success on the merits of his Section 1983 claim due to the lack of allegations establishing state action on behalf of the private Defendants. (Id. at 10-18).

On November 22, 2012, Dandar filed an amended complaint (Doc. # 24), shortly followed by an amended motion for preliminary injunction (Doc. # 25). This time, the amended complaint repeatedly referred to an alleged conspiracy between the private Defendants and certain state actors. The complaint also purported to allege causes of action "pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1981 ... § 1985, and § 1986." (Doc. # 24 at 2). Dandar's amended motion for preliminary injunction again asked the Court to prohibit Defendants from proceeding to any hearing or obtaining any further order against Dandar until the Court addressed the claims in Dandar's complaint. (Doc. # 25 at 1). The Court held a hearing on the amended motion for preliminary injunction on December 7, 2012. (Doc. # 37).

On December 17, 2012, the Court entered an Order once more denying Dandar's request for a preliminary injunction. (Doc. # 38). Specifically, the Court found that the allegations in Dandar's amended complaint were "conclusory" and "vague," and that they failed to allege a conspiracy between the Defendants and any relevant state actor. (Id. at 5). Given the high burden for alleging a Section 1983 claim against private defendants allegedly involved in a conspiracy with a state actor, the Court found Dandar's amended complaint insufficient to meet the pleading requirements — much less sufficient to demonstrate a substantial likelihood of success on the merits. (Id. at 4-5) (quoting Harvey v. Harvey, 949 F.2d 1127, 1133 (11th Cir.1992) ("[T]he plaintiff must plead in detail, through reference to material facts, the relationship or nature of the conspiracy between the private person and the state actor. It is insufficient to merely string together discrete events, without showing support for a reasoned inference that the private and state actors agreed to violate the plaintiff's rights.")).

On January 7, 2013, Dandar filed his second amended complaint (Doc. # 45), which remains the operative complaint in this case. The second amended complaint contains two counts, (1) "Declaratory Judgment Action" and (2) 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and lists the following "Claims for Relief," among others:

(Id. at 5, 33).

On January 18, 2013, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Dandar's second amended complaint with prejudice. (Doc. # 48). Defendants contended that both the Rooker-Feldman and Younger doctrines mandated dismissal. (Id.). Essentially, Defendants argued that under Rooker-Feldman this Court did "not have jurisdiction to review the state court rulings dealing with the interpretation and enforcement of the disengagement provision because that issue has been finally decided by the state courts" (id. at 5), and that "with respect to the ongoing state court proceedings which deal with the Dandars' alleged violation of Rule 1.730(c), Fla. R. Civ. P., no final judgment has been entered" (id.), thus requiring Younger abstention out of respect for the state proceedings.

Defendants' motion to dismiss additionally argued that "both the [Eleventh] Circuit and this Court have already noted that the Florida courts have decided the core issues in this dispute and that the full faith and credit doctrine requires this Court to honor and be bound by those rulings." (Id. at 7). Defendants ultimately argued that Dandar's claims were "dilatory and frivolous" and should be dismissed with prejudice and with an award of attorney fees. (Id. at 10).

C. The February 15, 2013, Order

On February 15, 2013, this Court entered the Order that is the subject of the Eleventh Circuit's remand. 924 F.Supp.2d 1331 (M.D.Fla.2013). In that Order, the Court noted that, despite Defendants' characterizations to the contrary, this was the Court's first opportunity to scrutinize Dandar's claims through the lens of a motion to dismiss. (Id. at 1336-37). The only other substantive orders entered in this matter (Doc. ## 23, 28) instead applied the four-part analysis for evaluating a motion for preliminary injunction, and the Court found on both occasions that Dandar had not demonstrated "a substantial likelihood of success on the merits." (924 F.Supp.2d at 1337).

Within the February 15, 2013, Order, the Court found that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine did not preclude exercising jurisdiction over this case, reasoning that:

(Id. at 1337) (quoting Great Western Mining & Mineral Co. v. Fox Rothschild LLP, 615 F.3d 159, 171 (3d Cir.2010)).

Nonetheless, the Court found that it could not provide the equitable relief Dandar sought because doing so would unduly interfere with the legitimate activities of the state court, where a final judgment had not yet been entered with respect to Judge Farnell's finding that Scientology was entitled to all reasonable fees and costs incurred since Dandar's filing of the Brennan complaint on February 12, 2009. (Id. at 1337-42). The Court thus abstained pursuant to Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 91 S.Ct. 746, 27 L.Ed.2d 669 (1971), finding that Dandar's request effectively asked this Court to enjoin a state court from proceeding to finalize a state judgment on grounds that the state judiciary has imposed that judgment unconstitutionally — precisely the nature of relief prohibited by Younger and its progeny. (924 F.Supp.2d at 1340). The Court reasoned that this request would violate Congress's "manifest desire to permit state courts to try cases free from interference by federal courts." (Id. at 1337-38) (quoting Younger, 401 U.S. at 43, 91 S.Ct. 746).

In applying Younger abstention, this Court relied on the three-part test derived from the Supreme Court's decision in Middlesex County Ethics Committee v. Garden State Bar Association, 457 U.S. 423, 102 S.Ct. 2515, 73 L.Ed.2d 116 (1982). The Court accordingly analyzed the appropriateness of abstention by consulting the following considerations: (1) Do the proceedings constitute an ongoing state judicial proceeding? (2) Do the proceedings implicate an important state interest? (3) Is there an adequate opportunity in the state proceedings to raise constitutional challenges? (924 F.Supp.2d at 1338); Middlesex County, 457 U.S. at 432-37, 102 S.Ct. 2515. After answering each of these questions in the affirmative, and finding that no exceptions to abstention were applicable, this Court found that Younger abstention applied in this case. (924 F.Supp.2d at 1340-41).

The Court thus dismissed Dandar's claims for declaratory and injunctive relief. (Id. at 1343). However, the Court further found that, to the extent Dandar sought damages against Defendants under Section 1983, Younger was not necessarily a jurisdictional bar. The Court thus stayed Dandar's 1983 claim for damages "pending the completion of the state court proceedings." (Id. at 1343). The Court further declined Dandar's request to file a third amended complaint in order to add a count for violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2), finding that such an amendment would be futile. (Id. at 1344-45).

On March 17, 2013, Dandar filed a notice of appeal of this Court's February 15, 2013, Order. (Doc. # 61). Dandar appealed this Court's partial dismissal of Dandar's claims as well as the Court's denial of leave to amend his complaint for a third time.

D. Sprint Communications, Inc. v. Jacobs

On December 10, 2013, during the pendency of Dandar's appeal, the Supreme Court decided Sprint Communications, Inc. v. Jacobs, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 584, 187 L.Ed.2d 505 (2013). The facts of that case, as stated in the Supreme Court's opinion, are as follows:

Id. at 588.

In affirming the district court, the Eighth Circuit read Supreme Court precedent, namely Middlesex County, to require Younger abstention whenever "an ongoing state judicial proceeding ... implicates important state interests, and ... the state proceedings provide adequate opportunity to raise federal challenges." Id. at 590.

In analyzing whether Younger abstention was appropriate, the Supreme Court explained: "Circumstances fitting within the Younger doctrine, we have stressed, are `exceptional'; they include, as catalogued in [New Orleans Public Service, Inc. v. Council of City of New Orleans, 491 U.S. 350, 109 S.Ct. 2506, 105 L.Ed.2d 298 (1989), ("NOPSI")], `state criminal prosecutions,' `civil enforcement proceedings,' and `civil proceedings involving certain orders that are uniquely in furtherance of the state courts' ability to perform their judicial functions.'" Sprint, 134 S.Ct. at 588. The Court further explained: "We have not applied Younger outside these three `exceptional' categories, and today hold ... that they define Younger's scope." Id. at 591.

To that end, the Supreme Court found that the IUB proceeding at issue in Sprint did "not fall within any of the three exceptional categories described in NOPSI and therefore does not trigger Younger abstention." Id. at 592. In so finding, the Supreme Court explained that the three Middlesex County factors on which the Eighth Circuit had relied "were not dispositive; they were, instead, additional factors appropriately considered by the federal court before invoking Younger." Id. at 592-93. The Supreme Court thus concluded, "to guide other federal courts, we today clarify and affirm that Younger extends to the three `exceptional circumstances' identified in NOPSI, but no further." Id. at 593-94.

E. Eleventh Circuit Opinion

On December 19, 2013, the Eleventh Circuit issued an opinion affirming in part and vacating and remanding in part this Court's February 15, 2013, Order. 551 Fed.Appx. 965 (11th Cir.2013). On the issue of Younger abstention, the Eleventh Circuit noted the Supreme Court's recent clarification in Sprint that the three Middlesex County factors are "`not dispositive; they [are], instead, additional factors appropriately considered by the federal court before invoking Younger,' which itself sets forth only three limited circumstances in which abstention is appropriate." (Id. at 966-67). "Because the district court did not have the benefit of this guidance," the Eleventh Circuit remanded the issue for this Court's consideration in the first instance whether the present case involves one of the three limited circumstances in which abstention is appropriate. (Id. at 966-67).

With respect to Dandar's request for leave to amend his complaint to add a 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2) claim, the Eleventh Circuit affirmed this Court's denial of leave to amend.

F. The Parties' Respective Positions and the State Court's Entry of Final Judgment

Upon issuance of the Eleventh Circuit's Mandate (Doc. # 75), this Court re-opened the instant case on January 23, 2014, and directed each party to submit a memorandum detailing their respective positions on the impact of Sprint's recent clarification on this Court's February 15, 2013, Order. (Doc. # 76).

Both parties briefed this issue on February 14, 2014. (Doc. ## 81, 82). Defendants asserted that the Court's February 15, 2013, Order is correct under the newly-clarified standard in Sprint because this case involves both "civil enforcement proceedings" and "civil proceedings involving orders that are uniquely in furtherance of the state courts' ability to perform their judicial functions," thus fitting squarely within Younger. (Doc. # 82 at 2). Dandar, however, asserted that this case does not fit into any of the three "exceptional circumstances" because "[j]ust as in Sprint, which was a state case initiated by a private party, the subject state court matter was initiated by motion by a private corporation, Church of Scientology." (Doc. # 81 at 2).

Dandar additionally argued: "The state court has now entered a Final Judgment against Dandar in excess of $1 million. Scientology seeks immediate enforcement." (Id.). Dandar expressed his intention to "seek an injunction to stay any execution of the state court judgment, entered without any power to do so under [Donovan v. City of Dallas, 377 U.S. 408, 84 S.Ct. 1579, 12 L.Ed.2d 409 (1964)]." (Id. at 4).

On March 28, 2014, Defendants filed a status report in which they explained: "On March 17, 2014, the Pinellas County Circuit Court entered an order of findings of fact and conclusions of law and an order of final judgment in favor of the Church of Scientology.... On March 28, 2014, the Dandars filed a notice appealing the two orders dated March 17, 2014." (Doc. # 88 at 3).

II. Discussion

A. Younger Abstention

"Jurisdiction existing, [the Supreme Court] has cautioned, a federal court's obligation to hear and decide a case is virtually unflagging." Sprint, 134 S.Ct. at 591 (internal quotations omitted). "Parallel state-court proceedings do not detract from that obligation." Id. However, this obligation coexists with Congress's manifest "desire to permit state courts to try state cases free from interference by federal courts." Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43, 91 S.Ct. 746, 27 L.Ed.2d 669 (1971).

"Younger v. Harris ... and its progeny espouse a strong federal policy against federal-court interference with pending state judicial proceedings absent extraordinary circumstances."1 Middlesex County, 457 U.S. at 431, 102 S.Ct. 2515. The Supreme Court recently clarified in Sprint that the exceptional circumstances warranting abstention under Younger exist in three types of proceedings:

Sprint, 134 S.Ct. at 591 (internal citations omitted).

Thus, for Younger abstention to apply in the present case, which does not involve a criminal prosecution, the Court must determine whether the state proceedings constitute either "civil enforcement proceedings" or pending "civil proceedings involving certain orders ... uniquely in furtherance of the state courts' ability to perform their judicial functions." Scientology contends this case would fit within either of these exceptional circumstances, but Dandar maintains that neither one applies. Because the Court determines that the state action is a civil proceeding involving orders uniquely in furtherance of the state court's ability to perform its judicial functions, the Court declines to reach the question as to whether it may also be categorized as a civil enforcement proceeding.

To briefly address the issue of whether the state court proceedings remain ongoing despite the entry of final judgment on March 17, 2014, the Court finds that the state matter indeed remains pending. Because Dandar has appealed the state court orders entered on March 17, 2014, raising on appeal some of the same issues implicated in his request for injunctive relief before this Court,2 the relevant proceedings remain ongoing for the purpose of determining the application of Younger. Thus, the Court's Younger abstention analysis herein would apply with equal force to Dandar's initial request to enjoin the entry of final judgment in state court as it does to Dandar's current request to enjoin the execution of that judgment during the pendency of his state court appeal.

"Virtually all of the evils at which Younger is directed would inhere in federal intervention prior to completion of state appellate proceedings, just as surely as they would if such intervention occurred at or before trial." Huffman v. Pursue, Ltd., 420 U.S. 592, 608, 95 S.Ct. 1200, 43 L.Ed.2d 482 (1975). "For Younger purposes, the State's trial-and-appeals process is treated as a unitary system, and for a federal court to disrupt its integrity by intervening in mid-process would demonstrate a lack of respect for the State as sovereign." NOPSI, 491 U.S. at 369, 109 S.Ct. 2506.

1. Orders Uniquely in Furtherance of the State Courts' Ability to Perform their Judicial Functions

In enumerating the third "exceptional circumstance" recognized by NOPSI, Sprint cites to two cases: Juidice v. Vail, 430 U.S. 327, 97 S.Ct. 1211, 51 L.Ed.2d 376 (1977), and Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco, Inc., 481 U.S. 1, 13-14, 107 S.Ct. 1519, 95 L.Ed.2d 1 (1987). Sprint, 134 S.Ct. at 591. Accordingly, this Court has carefully consulted these cases for guidance in determining whether the relevant state action involves an order uniquely in furtherance of the state court's ability to perform its judicial functions.

In Juidice, the Supreme Court applied Younger to a Section 1983 action in which an individual was held in contempt of court by the County Court of Dutchess County, New York, for failing to comply with a subpoena requiring his appearance at a deposition. Juidice, 430 U.S. at 328-29, 97 S.Ct. 1211. That individual, Harry Vail, thereafter filed an action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York seeking to enjoin "the use of the statutory contempt procedures authorized by New York law and employed by appellant justices on the ground that the procedures. violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution." Id. at 330, 97 S.Ct. 1211.

Referring to the reasoning of Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed. 714 (1908), that "the Federal court cannot, of course, interfere in a case where the proceedings were already pending in a state court," the Supreme Court determined that this same principle applied in Juidice. Juidice, 430 U.S. at 335, 97 S.Ct. 1211. The Supreme Court explained that "[a] state's interest in the contempt process, through which it vindicates the regular operation of its judicial system, so long as that system itself affords the opportunity to pursue federal claims within it, is surely an important interest." Id. Additionally, the Court noted that federal-court interference with the state's contempt process "not only `unduly interfere(s) with the legitimate activities of the stat(e),' but also `can readily be interpreted as reflecting negatively upon the state courts' ability to enforce constitutional principles.'" Id. at 336, 97 S.Ct. 1211 (quoting Huffman, 420 U.S. at 601, 604, 95 S.Ct. 1200).

Applying the principles outlined in Juidice, the Supreme Court in Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco, Inc., 481 U.S. 1, 13-14, 107 S.Ct. 1519, 95 L.Ed.2d 1 (1987), reasoned that "[t]here is little difference between the State's interest in forcing persons to [act] in response to a court's judgment and in forcing persons to respond to the court's process on pain of contempt." In Pennzoil, Pennzoil obtained a jury verdict in state court against Texaco amounting to nearly $11 billion. Id. at 4, 107 S.Ct. 1519. Before the state court entered judgment, Texaco filed an action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York challenging a Texas law permitting a judgment creditor to secure and execute a lien on a judgment debtor's property unless the debtor filed a bond in at least the amount of the judgment, interest, and costs. Id. at 4-5, 107 S.Ct. 1519. Unable to post the bond (which, in accordance with the Texas law, would have amounted to more than $13 billion), Texaco "asked the District Court to enjoin Pennzoil from taking any action to enforce the judgment." Id. at 6, 107 S.Ct. 1519. The district court granted injunctive relief, and the Second Circuit affirmed, finding that "abstention was unnecessary." Id. at 7-9, 107 S.Ct. 1519.

The Supreme Court, however, found that "[t]he courts below should have abstained under the principles of federalism enunciated in Younger v. Harris." Id. at 10, 107 S.Ct. 1519. The Supreme Court explained that the district court's decision implicated a vital state interest in that "States have important interests in administering certain aspects of their judicial systems," and compared the case to Juidice, reasoning that "both [cases] involve challenges to the processes by which the State compels compliance with the judgments of its courts. Not only would federal injunctions in such cases interfere with the executions of state judgments, but they would do so on grounds that challenge the very process by which those judgments were obtained." Id. at 12-14, 107 S.Ct. 1519.

In the instant case, Dandar has framed the second amended complaint as an action against private individuals based on Section 1983 and the Declaratory Judgment Act. However, the relief Dandar seeks is effectively the same as that prohibited by Younger as interpreted by Juidice and Pennzoil, That is, Dandar asks this Court to enjoin the execution of a state judgment on grounds that the state judiciary has imposed that judgment unconstitutionally. The Court finds that entering such an injunction in this case, as in Juidice, would "not only `unduly interfere[ ] with the legitimate activities of the stat(e),' but also `can readily be interpreted as reflecting negatively upon the state courts' ability to enforce constitutional principles.'" Juidice, 430 U.S. at 336, 97 S.Ct. 1211 (internal citations omitted).

In arguing that Younger abstention is unnecessary here, Dandar characterizes the state court's order imposing sanctions against him as arising out of the McPherson settlement agreement, which is a contract between private parties rather than a direct order of the state court. Dandar thus insists that an order relating to this agreement cannot constitute one uniquely in furtherance of the state court's ability to perform its judicial functions. To characterize the state court's order in this light, however, ignores the very grounds on which the order is premised.

Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.730 specifically empowers the state courts of Florida to enter a final judgment imposing sanctions, costs, and attorney fees as a consequence of a party's failure to perform under an agreement entered in the course of court-ordered mediation. The Court finds that interfering with a state court's ability to impose these sanctions and fees, for instance by enjoining the parties before the state court from seeking execution of final judgment,3 would thus constitute an exceptional circumstance in which the relevant state proceedings involve an order uniquely in furtherance of the state court's ability to perform its judicial functions.

Dandar acknowledges in the second amended complaint that the relevant agreement was reached during the scheduled mediation of the McPherson case. (Doc. # 45 at ¶ 33). However, Dandar further alleges that the agreement reached at this mediation constituted a "global settlement" that "encompass[ed] not only the court ordered mediation for the McPherson case, but also the myriad of cases brought by Scientology and related entities against Dandar, Dell Liebreich, or the estate," and therefore that such a "global settlement conference" was never court-ordered. (Id.).

The Court finds this argument unavailing, as the scope of Rule 1.730 is not so limited in reach. The rule does not confine the applicability of sanctions under part (c) to certain terms of an agreement, nor does the rule require a court to inquire into the terms of the agreement reached at mediation to determine whether the agreement somehow exceeded the intended scope of the mediation. To the contrary, Rule 1.730 considers only whether "a partial or final agreement is reached" and "reduced to writing and signed by the parties and their counsel, if any," upon completion of the mediation. Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.730(b).

Additionally, with regard to Dandar's argument that it is not an essential judicial function of the state court to enforce the terms of the parties' private settlement agreement, the Court finds the following language from Juidice instructive:

Juidice, 430 U.S. at 336 n. 12, 97 S.Ct. 1211. The sanctions Dandar incurred as a result of violating an agreement reached at court-ordered mediation were specifically authorized by Rule 1.730(c). This rule, just as the state's civil contempt process, stands in aid of the authority of the judicial system so that its procedures and orders are not rendered meaningless when confronted by a party inclined to disobey.

The Court additionally notes the Pennzoil Court's reasoning that "States have important interests in administering certain aspects of their judicial systems." Pennzoil, 481 U.S. at 12-13, 107 S.Ct. 1519. As explained by Defendants in their post-remand brief:

(Doc. # 82 at 6-7). For this reason, the Court finds that interfering with the state court's ability to grant relief under Rule 1.730(c) would indeed interfere with an order "uniquely in furtherance of the State courts' ability to perform their judicial functions." (Id. at 7).4

Furthermore, now that final judgment has been entered by the state court, this Court is particularly attentive to Pennzoil's reasoning that "[t]here is little difference between the State's interest in forcing persons to transfer property in response to a court's judgment and in forcing persons to respond to the court's process on pain of contempt." Pennzoil, 481 U.S. at 13, 107 S.Ct. 1519. Pennzoil thus reinforces the fundamental importance to the states of enforcing the judgments of their courts. Pennzoil, 481 U.S. at 13, 107 S.Ct. 1519. This Court accordingly finds Pennzoil instructive in concluding that interfering with a state court's ability to enforce its own judgment would indeed interfere with an order uniquely in furtherance of the state court's ability to perform its judicial functions.

The Court acknowledges the argument Dandar advanced during the May 19, 2014, hearing that the relevant judgment has not been entered as a result of Dandar's contempt; that is, due to the Brennan court's Order granting Dandar's withdrawal from the Brennan action nunc pro tunc, Dandar was purged of his contempt in state court. Thus, Dandar argues, in the absence of contempt,5 the state court's order imposing Rule 1.730(c) sanctions should not constitute an order uniquely in furtherance of the state court's ability to perform its judicial functions.

Although the Court presumes for the purpose of the present Order that the sanctions of which Dandar presently complains arose entirely from the state court's authority under Rule 1.730(c), the circumstances of this case blur the lines between sanctions imposed pursuant to the rule and sanctions imposed through the state court's contempt processes. As previously explained, even before the Brennan court granted nunc pro tunc Dandar's motion to withdraw, the state appellate courts had already concluded that the Pinellas County Circuit Court had the authority to order Dandar's withdrawal from the Brennan matter not only as a remedy available under Rule 1.730, but as a consequence of Dandar's contempt. (See Doc. # 45 at ¶¶ 63-64) (explaining that Florida's Second District Court of Appeal upheld Judge Beach's April 12, 2010, order imposing contempt sanctions with the exception of a damages award calculated in error).

Given the conceptual overlap between (1) sanctions imposed pursuant to the state court's contempt authority and (2) sanctions imposed pursuant to the state court's authority under Rule 1.730(c), the Court finds that the conditions of this case closely resemble the conditions in Juidice warranting abstention. Correspondingly, the Court finds the state's interest in the process of imposing sanctions under Rule 1.730(c) "is surely an important interest," as it is through this process that the state court may "vindicate the regular operation of its judicial system," which includes finality of the agreements reached upon completion of court-ordered mediation. Juidice, 430 U.S. at 335, 97 S.Ct. 1211.

Thus, after carefully considering the circumstances surrounding the state court's order imposing sanctions upon Dandar for his violation of the McPherson settlement agreement, the Court finds that the order undoubtedly implicates the state's important interests in administering certain aspects of its judicial system, and that a federal injunction in this case would not only "interfere with the execution of [a] state judgment[ ], but [it] would do so on grounds that challenge the very process by which th[at] judgment[ ][was] obtained." Pennzoil, 481 U.S. at 14, 107 S.Ct. 1519. More specifically, the Court finds that granting the relief Dandar seeks would impact pending civil proceedings involving certain orders uniquely in furtherance of the state court's ability to perform its judicial functions. Accordingly, the instant case presents one of the exceptional circumstances identified in NOPSI and Sprint, and the Court thus abstains in accordance with Younger.

2. Middlesex County "Additional Factors"

As explained above, the Supreme Court in Middlesex County articulated three conditions to be considered by federal courts before invoking Younger: (1) whether there is an ongoing state proceeding that is judicial in nature, (2) whether the proceeding implicates important state interests, and (3) whether there is an adequate opportunity in the state proceeding to raise constitutional challenges. Middlesex County, 457 U.S. at 432-37, 102 S.Ct. 2515; Sprint, 134 S.Ct. at 593. However, Middlesex County further provides that abstention would be inappropriate upon a "showing of bad faith, harassment, or some other extraordinary circumstance" justifying intervention by a federal court. Middlesex County, 457 U.S. at 435, 102 S.Ct. 2515.

In Sprint, the Supreme Court clarified that these three conditions "[are] not dispositive; they [are], instead, additional factors appropriately considered by the federal court" after determining that a case fits within one of the three "exceptional circumstances" identified in NOPSI. Sprint, 134 S.Ct. at 593-94 (emphasis in original). Because this case indeed presents an exceptional circumstance recognized by Sprint and NOPSI, the Court now turns to the three additional considerations articulated in Middlesex County.

First of all, the Court finds that the state proceedings relating to judicial enforcement of Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.730(c) are judicial in nature, as Dandar seeks to avoid execution of a judgment entered by the Pinellas County Circuit Court arising from Dandar's violation of an agreement reached during court-ordered mediation. Neither party contends that the state proceedings are anything other than "judicial" in nature.

Secondly, the Court determines that the state proceedings implicate an important state interest. "The importance of a state interest may be demonstrated by the fact that ... the proceedings are necessary for the vindication of important state policies or the functioning of the state judicial system." First Ala. Bank of Montgomery, N.A. v. Parsons Steel, Inc., 825 F.2d 1475, 1484 (11th Cir.1987). The Court recognizes that this case involves only private litigants and was not brought with the aim of vindicating important interests of the state. Rather, Dandar brought this action to avoid imposition of "a punitive monetary judgment, certain to destroy his ability to seek his livelihood," (Doc. # 45 at 5), and has not directly challenged a state statute or procedural rule in doing so.

However, the Supreme Court's reasoning in Juidice and Pennzoil underscores the importance to the states of enforcing the orders and judgments of their courts. As explained above, this Court finds that "States have important interests in administering certain aspects of their judicial systems," Pennzoil, 481 U.S. at 12, 107 S.Ct. 1519, and correspondingly that a state court's order imposing sanctions under Rule 1.730(c) constitutes a proceeding "necessary for ... the functioning of the state judicial system." Parsons Steel, 825 F.2d at 1484. The Court thus determines that the relevant state proceedings implicate an important state interest.

Lastly, the Court considers whether there is an adequate opportunity in the state proceedings to raise constitutional challenges. Middlesex County, 457 U.S. at 435, 102 S.Ct. 2515. Dandar has provided no authority indicating that Florida's state courts lack the power to consider his constitutional challenges. Indeed, Dandar appealed to Florida's Second District Court of Appeal Judge Beach's June 10, 2009, order directing Dandar to cease representation in the Brennan matter, and also appealed Judge Beach's April 12, 2010, order finding Dandar in civil contempt and imposing sanctions. (Doc. # 45 at 20, 26). Dandar offers no explanation as to why his constitutional challenges relating to these orders were not raised at the time of those appeals. Rather, Dandar explains that, in appealing the June 10, 2009, order, he argued that the settlement agreement was unenforceable as interpreted by Judge Beach because it "(1) violates the Rules Regulating the Florida Bar; (2) is contrary to a Florida Bar published Ethics Opinion ... [(3)] is void based on Florida public policy; and [(4)] is contrary to both state and Florida federal case law." (Id. at 20). In appealing the April 12, 2010, order, Dandar argued "that the Circuit Court for Pinellas County lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the [settlement agreement] to enforce its provisions; that the agreement cannot be construed as a practice restriction since that would be void as violative of the Rules Regulating the Florida Bar; that only the Supreme Court of Florida can place restrictions on a lawyer's practice of law; and that Dandar cannot be held in contempt of an order to withdraw from the federal case where the federal district court judge denied his motion to do just that." (Id. at 26).

Thus, Dandar apparently opted not to challenge either order on constitutional grounds, yet in the instant action Dandar refers to the June 10, 2009, order as his "unconstitutional removal from the Brennan Action," (id. at 32), and refers to the April 12, 2010, order imposing contempt proceedings and resulting in sanctions to be "unfair, punitive and unconstitutional," (id. at 33).

As for Dandar's currently pending appeal of the state court orders entered on March 17, 2014, Dandar stated during the May 19, 2014, hearing that he has raised at least one federal claim before the state appellate court. That is, Dandar explained that his appeal is partially premised upon the application of the "Donovan mandate" and the Supremacy Clause. Dandar similarly asserts the Supremacy Clause and Donovan as grounds for his requested declaration and injunction in Count I of the second amended complaint. (See Doc. # 45 at ¶¶ 12-14). At no point has Dandar contested his ability to raise federal claims in the state proceedings — Dandar merely contests the conclusions reached by the state courts presiding over his various claims and challenges.

Without any indication to the contrary, the Court finds that there has been at all relevant times an adequate opportunity in the state proceedings for Dandar to raise his constitutional challenges, and thus that Younger abstention applies in this case.

3. Younger Exceptions Inapplicable

The Supreme Court in Younger explained that abstention might be inappropriate in cases of bad faith or harassment, or under other "extraordinary circumstances in which the necessary irreparable injury can be shown." Younger, 401 U.S. at 53, 91 S.Ct. 746.

The Supreme Court determined that the bad faith exception did not apply in Juidice because the exception was neither "alleged in appellees' complaint [n]or proved by their evidence," and, although the complaint "could be construed to make such allegations as to the creditors, there are no comparable allegations with respect to appellant justices who issued the contempt orders." Id. The Supreme Court further explained that "[t]he exception may not be utilized unless it is alleged and proved that they are enforcing the contempt procedures in bad faith or are motivated by a desire to harass." Id.

In determining whether such an exception applies in the instant action, the Court notes that subsequent cases have revealed the Younger exceptions to be extremely limited in scope. The Supreme Court in Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S. 415, 433, 99 S.Ct. 2371, 60 L.Ed.2d 994 (1979), explained that "[t]he most extensive explanation of those `extraordinary circumstances' that might constitute great, immediate, and irreparable harm is that in Kugler v. Helfant, 421 U.S. 117, 95 S.Ct. 1524, 44 L.Ed.2d 15 (1975). Although its discussion is with reference to state criminal proceedings, it is fully applicable in this context as well[:]"

Moore, 442 U.S. at 433, 99 S.Ct. 2371 (quoting Kugler, 421 U.S. at 124-25, 95 S.Ct. 1524).

Dandar did not argue in response to Defendants' motion to dismiss that an exception to Younger abstention should apply in this case. Instead, Dandar erroneously rejected the prospect of Younger abstention by stating that "[b]ecause this instant matter was filed before any final judgment in the state court, neither Rooker-Feldman nor the Younger doctrine require dismissal or abstention." (Doc. # 54 at 3).

However, in his post-remand brief, Dandar argues that Defendants' immediate enforcement of the state court judgment "in excess of $1 million" would cause him "irreparable injury." (Doc. # 81 at 2). Dandar also reminds the Court that he has alleged "bad faith and a violation of rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983." (Id.). However, the circumstances of this case do not rise to the level of warranting federal intervention in the state proceedings. In so finding, the Court adheres to the Supreme Court's explanation in Kluger that "[o]nly if extraordinary circumstances render the state court incapable of fairly and fully adjudicating the federal issues before it, can there be any relaxation of the deference to be accorded to the state ... process." Kugler, 421 U.S. at 124, 95 S.Ct. 1524 (emphasis added).

The Court finds that, even if Dandar's conspiracy allegations were sufficient to bring the conduct of Judge Beach and, by extension, the state court proceedings over which he presided, within the intended meaning of "bad faith" for the purpose of the Younger exception, Dandar has still failed to allege that the state proceedings were entirely adjudicated by courts incapable of fully and fairly considering the federal issues before them. That is, Dandar alleges that the conspiracy involved only the private Defendants and Judge Beach. Dandar has not alleged that the judges of Florida's Second District Court of Appeal or the Florida Supreme Court, in reviewing Judge Beach's relevant determinations, have engaged in similar misconduct. Thus, this Court finds that Dandar has failed to allege such extraordinary circumstances that would warrant federal intervention in the state proceedings. The Court accordingly finds that no exception to the Younger abstention doctrine applies in this case, and that the Court must therefore permit the state court to proceed without federal judicial interference.

B. Additional Considerations Favoring Abstention

In determining that Younger abstention applies in this case, the Court finds persuasive certain cases in other jurisdictions applying Younger where a plaintiff alleged in a Section 1983 action that a state judge, or private individuals conspiring with a state judge, deprived the plaintiff of his constitutional rights. See, for example, Nilsson v. Ruppert, Bronson & Chicarelli Co., L.P.A., 888 F.2d 452, 454 (6th Cir. 1989) ("Although the state case involves only private parties, it is Nilsson's allegation of a conspiracy involving the subversion of Ohio's legal system that is the genesis of the constitutional claims made in the present case, and it is in the resolution of these claims that Ohio has a great interest.... [Thus,] we find that the Younger doctrine applies...."), and Tast v. Dean, 182 Fed.Appx. 748, 749-50 (10th Cir.2006) (finding that the Younger abstention doctrine precluded a district court's adjudication of a Section 1983 claim filed by a plaintiff against the state court judge then-presiding over the plaintiff's state tort action).6

Additionally, this Court is mindful of the Eleventh Circuit's warning regarding enjoining certain state court proceedings related to this very action. In Estate of Brennan v. Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, 645 F.3d 1267 (11th Cir.2011), the Eleventh Circuit vacated an injunction premised on the All Writs Act entered by the district court. Although this Court recognizes that the anti-injunction statute at issue in the Brennan decision would not necessarily operate to bar this Court's issuance of an injunction pursuant to Section 1983, the Court finds the Eleventh Circuit's general warning equally applicable in this case: "a district court['s] conviction that a state proceeding has reached or is reaching an erroneous result does not alone warrant an injunction against those proceedings." Id. at 1277. Thus, irrespective of this Court's convictions regarding the proceedings imposing sanctions against Dandar in state court, an injunction cannot issue where abstention is appropriate.

III. Application to Dandar's Claims

A. Declaratory Judgment Act

Dandar lists the following as "Claims for Relief" under Count I of the Complaint:

(Doc. # 45 at 5) (emphasis added).

As discussed at length above, "the States have important interests in administering certain aspects of their judicial systems." Pennzoil, 481 U.S. at 12-13, 107 S.Ct. 1519. A declaratory judgment issued by this Court "requiring Scientology to terminate the state proceedings" (Doc. # 45 at 5) would effectively enjoin the state court proceedings entirely, thus interfering with the execution of a state court judgment and correspondingly hindering the administration of the state judicial system. The Court finds that impermissible interference would result from granting Dandar's claims for relief under Count I. Accordingly, Younger abstention applies to the declaratory and injunctive relief sought, Old Republic, 124 F.3d at 1261, and the Court grants Defendants' motion to dismiss as to Count I.

B. 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Within Count II of the Complaint, Dandar lists the following "Claims for Relief":

(Doc. # 45 at 33) (emphasis added).

As in the context of Count I, the Court finds that Younger abstention requires dismissal of Dandar's claims for declaratory and injunctive relief under Count II as well. However, to the extent that Dandar seeks damages against the Defendants under Section 1983, Younger is not necessarily a jurisdictional bar. See Deakins v. Monaghan, 484 U.S. 193, 202, 108 S.Ct. 523, 98 L.Ed.2d 529 (1988) (reserving the issue as to whether Younger applies to Section 1983 damages actions); Doby v. Strength, 758 F.2d 1405, 1406 (11th Cir. 1985) (applying Younger and ordering a stay, rather than dismissal, of a Section 1983 damages claim); Stoddard v. Fla. Bd. of Bar Examiners, 509 F.Supp.2d 1117, 1123 (N.D.Fla.2006) ("Claims for injunctive relief properly may be dismissed based on Younger, but under the law of this circuit, damages claims in analogous circumstances should be stayed, not dismissed.").

This Court finds that staying rather than dismissing Dandar's Section 1983 claim for damages at this juncture will allow the "parallel state proceeding to go forward without interference from its federal sibling, while enforcing the duty of federal courts to assume jurisdiction where jurisdiction properly exists." Deakins, 484 U.S. at 202-03, 108 S.Ct. 523. This Court thus declines to resolve the merits of Dandar's Section 1983 claim for damages, and accordingly stays this claim, pending the completion of the state court proceedings.

IV. Conclusion

After reconsideration in light of Sprint, the Court modifies its previous Order on Defendants' motion to dismiss as set forth above. The Court finds that abstention under Younger is still appropriate, as the injunctive and declaratory relief Dandar seeks pursuant to the Declaratory Judgment Act in Count I of the second amended complaint would effectively enjoin the state court proceedings. The Court thus grants Defendants' motion to dismiss as to Count I. Similarly, the Court finds that Younger abstention is appropriate with regard to Dandar's claims for injunctive and declaratory relief under Section 1983. The Court thus grants Defendants' motion to dismiss to the extent that Dandar seeks injunctive and declaratory relief under Count II. However, to the extent that Dandar's second amended complaint states a claim for damages against Defendants under Section 1983, Defendants' motion to dismiss is denied, and Dandar's claim for damages under Section 1983 is stayed pending the outcome of the state court proceedings.

Accordingly, it is

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED: