LEWIS, J.
This case is before the Court for review of the decision of the First District Court of Appeal in Diaz de la Portilla v. State, 142 So.3d 928 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014). In its decision the district court ruled upon the following question, which the court certified to be of great public importance:
Id. at 935. Both Diaz de la Portilla and the State take the position that the failure to appear pursuant to an order should be
This criminal contempt matter arises from the failure of Respondent Alex Diaz de la Portilla to appear pursuant to a court order at a hearing on a motion to hold him in contempt during a dissolution of marriage proceeding. During the dissolution proceeding, Diaz de la Portilla was ordered to deliver one of two dogs owned by the couple into the wife's custody, which he failed to do. Diaz de la Portilla, 142 So.3d at 929. As a result, the wife filed a motion for contempt. Id. A hearing on the motion was scheduled, and the trial court issued an order to show cause that directed Diaz de la Portilla to appear. Id.
During the hearing on the motion for contempt, at which Diaz de la Portilla did not appear, the trial court held him in civil contempt for failure to comply with the order to transfer the dog to his wife. Id. The court ordered Diaz de la Portilla to comply with the order or be committed to jail for thirty days. Id. However, Diaz de la Portilla still did not transfer the dog, and another motion for contempt was filed. Id. The motion was served on counsel for Diaz de la Portilla, and at a subsequent hearing on the motion, only counsel for Diaz de la Portilla was present, not Diaz de la Portilla himself. Id. No explanation was provided for his absence. Id. at 929-30.
The trial court verbally held Diaz de la Portilla in civil contempt for failure to comply with the order to appear, as well as the order to transfer the dog. Id. at 930. The trial court also held Diaz de la Portilla in criminal contempt, explaining:
Id. (some alterations in original). Additionally, the trial court issued a written Order of Direct Criminal Contempt and Warrant for Commitment that stated, in relevant part:
During the appeal of the criminal contempt order, the State was joined as an indispensable party and it recommended that the failure to appear in court be treated as indirect, rather than direct, criminal contempt. Diaz de la Portilla, 142 So.3d at 931, 933. Based on prior precedent, the First District held that the failure to appear pursuant to an order constituted direct criminal contempt. Id. at 933 (citing Speer, 742 So.2d at 373). However, the district court concluded that the evidence was insufficient to establish criminal contempt because there was no evidence regarding whether Diaz de la Portilla knowingly failed to attend the hearing without an excuse—an element of the offense. Id. Accordingly, the district court reversed the conviction, but certified the above-quoted question to be one of great public importance.
This Court has previously explained the difference between direct and indirect criminal contempt:
Pugliese v. Pugliese, 347 So.2d 422, 425 (Fla.1977). Direct criminal contempt, also referred to as summary contempt, see Scott v. Anderson, 405 So.2d 228, 237 (Fla. 1st DCA 1981), is governed by Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.830, which provides for limited procedural protections:
In contrast, rule 3.840, governing indirect criminal contempt, requires additional procedural protections be provided to the person being held in contempt. See Pugliese, 347 So.2d at 425.
The United States Supreme Court explained the purpose and parameters of summary contempt in Cooke v. United States, 267 U.S. 517, 45 S.Ct. 390, 69 L.Ed. 767 (1925). In Cooke, an attorney wrote a derogatory letter to a trial judge questioning his impartiality and requesting that he recuse himself. Id. at 532, 45 S.Ct. 390. After the trial court confirmed that the attorney wrote the letter, it found him to be in contempt without allowing him to present a defense or mitigation. Id. at 537-38, 45 S.Ct. 390. However, the Supreme Court determined that the circumstances did not warrant the use of summary procedures because the defiance did not occur in open court. Id. at 534, 45 S.Ct. 390. The Supreme Court explained:
Id. The Supreme Court reasoned that routine due process requirements were not necessary in cases involving conduct in open court viewed by the judge, and the need for immediate vindication of the dignity of the court justified bypassing normal procedural due process requirements. Id. at 536, 45 S.Ct. 390. However, the Supreme Court concluded that there would be no justification for a departure from normal procedures when the contempt did not occur in open court. Id. at 537, 45 S.Ct. 390. The Supreme Court later commented that where the facts on which the contempt is based are established through testimony, summary contempt, without an opportunity for defense, is not justified. In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257, 275, 68 S.Ct. 499, 92 L.Ed. 682 (1948).
This Court has also discussed the distinctions between direct and indirect criminal contempt. In Pugliese, which involved a dissolution of marriage, the judgment of dissolution required the husband to vacate a portion of the marital residence by a certain date. 347 So.2d at 423. After the judgment was entered in the dissolution proceedings, counsel advised the husband that he was not yet required to vacate the premises because counsel had filed a motion for new trial, stay of execution, and notice of hearing. Id. The wife filed a motion for contempt and notice of hearing, which were served on counsel for the husband only, not the husband. Id. During the contempt hearing, the husband admitted he did not vacate the property and was held in contempt. Id. at 423, 426. The
On review, this Court concluded that because the conduct did not occur in the presence of the trial court, it was, at most, indirect criminal contempt. Id. at 426. The Court rejected the assertion of the wife that the admission by the husband in open court to the contemptuous conduct (remaining in the residence) supplied a basis for direct criminal contempt. Id. The Court explained that the position advocated by the wife eliminated the distinction between direct and indirect criminal contempt because any time a trial court hears testimony in connection with indirect criminal contempt for conduct that occurred outside its presence, the testimony will nonetheless occur within the presence of the trial court. Id. Additionally, the Court provided the following recommendation with respect to the conversion of civil contempt proceedings into criminal contempt proceedings:
Id. at 426-27.
This Court's prior opinions have caused some confusion with regard to whether the failure to appear should be treated as direct or indirect criminal contempt. In Lee v. Bauer, 72 So.2d 792, 792-93 (Fla.1954), this Court addressed the failure of an attorney to appear for a pretrial conference, for which the trial court imposed a monetary sanction. The attorney contested the fine on the basis that the trial court imposed it without providing him an opportunity to defend himself through an order to show cause. Id. This Court held that the situation did not warrant summary discipline and punishment in the absence of an opportunity for the attorney to explain his failure to appear prior to being held in contempt. Id. at 793.
This Court later addressed a similar, albeit distinguishable, issue in Aron v. Huttoe (Aron II), 265 So.2d 699 (Fla.1972). Aron II was before this Court on the basis of the following certified question:
Id. at 700. The underlying facts that gave rise to the order of contempt were explained in Aron v. Huttoe (Aron I), 258 So.2d 272 (Fla. 3d DCA 1972). A doctor had been subpoenaed by both parties to appear during trial with certain records, but he failed to do so. Id. at 272. The trial court issued a bench warrant for the doctor's arrest and a contempt order that directed he be brought before the court to show cause why he should not be held in contempt. Id. at 272-73. The doctor appeared before the trial court and explained that he had "got[ten] `mixed up'" about the case. Id. at 274. The court ruled this to be an inadequate excuse and entered the order of contempt. Id. at 273.
The doctor appealed the contempt order and alleged that the summary order of
The district and trial courts have employed both direct and indirect criminal contempt to failures to appear. Compare Speer, 742 So.2d at 373 (treating the failure to appear as direct criminal contempt, but holding there was insufficient evidence to support the contempt order), with Villate v. State, 663 So.2d 672, 673 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995) (affirming finding of indirect criminal contempt for failing to appear as a witness). Additionally, both the Second and Fourth District Courts of Appeal have questioned the wisdom of Aron I and Aron II. See Kelley v. Rice, 800 So.2d 247, 253 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001); Woods v. State, 600 So.2d 27, 29 (Fla. 4th DCA 1992).
In Kelley, an eighteen-year-old girl witnessed a violent crime and provided a statement to the police. Id. at 249. The State attempted to personally serve Kelley with a subpoena to testify during the subsequent trial, but could not locate her. Id. Three subpoenas were directed to the same address, where she formerly lived and where her sister continued to live. Id. The first and third subpoenas were returned with a notation that she had moved and not left a forwarding address, and the second was left at the address with her sister. Id. After Kelley did not appear to testify during trial, the State sought, and the trial court issued, a writ of bodily attachment against her. Id. Kelley was arrested and, during a hearing, she informed the court that she did not receive the subpoenas because she did not live at the address where they were sent. Id. The court determined that Kelley had been properly served and found her to be in contempt, but did not specify whether it employed direct or indirect criminal contempt. Id.
The Second District concluded that the limited due process afforded to Kelley demonstrated that the trial court proceeded against her on a charge of direct criminal contempt. Id. at 251. The district court reversed the order of contempt and explained that direct contempt is a limited category of contempt that applies where there is misconduct in the presence of the judge in open court, and which disturbs the business of the court. Id. at 252, 255. The district court also recognized that direct criminal contempt presents a narrow exception to normal due process requirements. Id. at 252. The district court concluded that the trial court lacked personal knowledge with respect to whether Kelley knew she was required to appear in court—an element of the contempt—and Kelley's conduct could not constitutionally be summarily punished under the limited
The Second District in Kelley distinguished the case from Aron I on the basis that Aron I involved "rule contempt" under rule 1.410(e), which applies only to civil proceedings and provides that a person who fails to obey a subpoena may be held in contempt. Id. at 253. Moreover, the district court concluded that the language in Aron I that categorized the doctor's failure to appear as direct criminal contempt based on statements made by counsel that the doctor was served with the subpoenas constituted dicta that was rejected by this Court in Pugliese when it explained that to consider in-court statements regarding out-of-court conduct as a basis for direct criminal contempt would obliterate the distinction between these two types of contempt. Id.
The Fourth District Court of Appeal has also questioned whether direct criminal contempt should apply to a failure to appear. In Hayes v. State, 592 So.2d 327, 327 (Fla. 4th DCA 1992), the defendant in a criminal trial left the courthouse during a recess to locate his sister, who he wished to present as a witness. The trial court ordered the defendant to appear three weeks later to show cause why he should not be held in contempt. Id. The defendant appeared without an attorney, and the trial court asked him why he had left the courthouse. Id. The defendant explained that he left to retrieve his sister and was late in returning because the car experienced mechanical difficulties. Id. The trial court found the defendant to be in contempt. Id. On appeal, both parties asserted that the action involved direct contempt under rule 3.830. Id. at 329. Without citation to Aron I or Aron II, the district court in Hayes questioned how an individual's absence from the court could be considered to occur in the presence of the court. Id. Additionally, the Fourth District in Woods applied Aron II to hold that a defendant's failure to appear for sentencing should be treated as direct criminal contempt, but noted that federal courts generally do not treat a failure to appear as a summary contempt. 600 So.2d at 29.
The question certified by the First District provides:
Diaz de la Portilla, 142 So.3d at 935. Both Diaz de la Portilla and the State take the position that the failure to appear pursuant to an order should be treated as indirect criminal contempt under rule 3.840. We agree.
The procedures delineated by rule 3.830 governing direct criminal contempt simply are not suited for application to a failure to appear pursuant to a court order. The order of contempt adjudicates the defendant guilty, and the provisions of rule 3.830 define the essence of due process in direct criminal contempt proceedings. See Hutcheson v. State, 903 So.2d 1060, 1062 (Fla. 5th DCA 2005) (citing Keeton v. Bryant, 877 So.2d 922, 926 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004); M.L. v. State, 819 So.2d 240, 242 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002)). Before a person may be convicted for direct criminal contempt, rule 3.830 requires the trial court to inform the defendant of the basis for the
Additionally, treating a failure to appear as direct criminal contempt does not fulfill the purpose of this narrow form of contempt, which applies when a contemptuous act occurs in the presence of the court, is an affront to the court, disrupts and frustrates an ongoing proceeding, and requires immediate action to vindicate the authority of the court. See United States v. Wilson, 421 U.S. 309, 315-16, 95 S.Ct. 1802, 44 L.Ed.2d 186 (1975). Direct criminal contempt should not be employed where time is not of the essence. Id. at 319, 95 S.Ct. 1802; see also Kelley, 800 So.2d at 254. Where a contempt is based on an individual's failure to appear, the trial court would still be required to conduct a hearing at a later date, when the alleged contemnor is present, to conform to the due process requirements of rule 3.830. Immediate action to preserve the court's order and authority is simply not possible where the disruptive misconduct is a failure to appear.
Moreover, the trial court may not have personal knowledge with respect to whether an individual knew that his or her presence was required, or whether the individual was somehow unable to appear, and therefore could not know whether the nonappearance was willful. See United States v. Nunez, 801 F.2d 1260, 1264 (11th Cir.1986). Intent is an essential element of contempt, see Woods v. State, 987 So.2d 669, 676 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007) (citing Fla. Ventilated Awning Co. v. Dickson, 67 So.2d 218, 219 (Fla.1953)), and to support a conviction for direct criminal contempt, the trial court must have knowledge of each element of the contempt. See In re Terry, 128 U.S. 289, 312, 9 S.Ct. 77, 32 L.Ed. 405 (1888) ("The judicial eye witnessed the act and the judicial mind comprehended all the circumstances of aggravation, provocation, or mitigation; and the fact being thus judicially established, it only remained for the judicial arm to inflict proper punishment."). Each act or event associated with a failure to appear that provides the basis for a charge of criminal contempt does not occur in the actual presence of the trial court, and, therefore, cannot constitute direct criminal contempt. Instead, should a failure to appear result in a charge of criminal contempt, a court must follow the procedures delineated by rule 3.840 governing indirect criminal contempt.
We recede from our prior decision in Aron II and answer the certified question by holding that when a failure to appear results in criminal contempt proceedings, a charge of indirect criminal contempt is applicable, and the procedures of rule 3.840 must be followed. The First District below held that direct criminal contempt applied, but reversed the conviction based on insufficient evidence. Diaz de la Portilla, 142 So.3d at 935. Therefore, although we
It is so ordered.
LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, QUINCE, POLSTON, and PERRY, JJ., concur.
CANADY, J., dissents with an opinion.
CANADY, J., dissenting.
In the decision on review, the First District reversed the trial court's order finding the respondent to be in direct criminal contempt. In the proceedings before this Court, the State has not sought to overturn the district court's reversal of the trial court's order. Instead, the State has sought an advisory opinion on the certified question. This Court should not be in the business of issuing advisory opinions except as specifically authorized by the Florida Constitution. "It is the rule that before a person may bring an appeal he must be a party or privy to the record and must show that he is, or will be, injuriously affected by the order sought to be reviewed." King v. Brown, 55 So.2d 187, 188 (Fla.1951). Accordingly, this case should be dismissed. I dissent.
