HONORABLE J. RANDAL HALL, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.
Presently before the Court is Defendant's motion for summary judgment. (Doc. 34.) Plaintiff alleges that Defendant retaliated against her in violation of Title VII. Defendant argues that it had legitimate,
Plaintiff began work for Defendant in August 2009 as a Podiatrist and Assistant Professor of Orthopedics. On March 8, 2010, Dr. Douglas Miller, Dean of the School of Medicine, offered to renew Plaintiff's contract for the 2010-2011 academic year. Dr. Miller made his offer on the recommendation of Plaintiff's immediate supervisor, Dr. Norman Chutkan, Chairman of the Department of Orthopedics.
In April 2010, Plaintiff complained to Solomon Walker, the Director of Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity Employment, about race and sex discrimination. Plaintiff complained about the clinic in general, but she specifically named Mark Lewis, the Department Administrator, as a particular cause for concern. According to Plaintiff, Mr. Walker told her he would speak with Dr. Chutkan about the complaint. On May 5, 2010, Dr. Chutkan, Mark Lewis, and Susan Norton, Vice President of Human Resources, met with Plaintiff to discuss several performance issues. Dr. Chutkan outlined the performance issues in a written memo. They included:
The next day, Plaintiff met once more with Mr. Walker to discuss filing a complaint about race and sex discrimination. On May 7, 2010, Ms. Norton met with Mr. Walker to discuss HR issues. Ms. Norton's agenda for the meeting included a discussion of Plaintiff. In her deposition, Ms. Norton claimed that she probably only wanted to discuss what she perceived as Plaintiff's rude behavior during their meeting on May 5, but she could not recall whether they discussed the discrimination complaints made by Plaintiff to Mr. Walker.
On May 14, 2010, Ms. Norton emailed Mr. Lewis to discuss not renewing Plaintiff's contract for the 2011-2012 fiscal year. In the same email, she also discussed the possibilities of rescinding Plaintiff's offer for the 2010-2011 term, but determined that such a move would be too administratively difficult. In response, Mr. Lewis asked Ms. Norton how they should communicate their decision not to renew Plaintiff's contract. By May 26, Mr. Lewis sent a draft non-renewal letter to Dr. Chutkan. Dr. Chutkan testified that he made the decision to fire Plaintiff on either May 26 or June 30. (Dr. Chutkan bases his testimony on written memoranda and some confusion exists as to when Dr. Chutkan actually relayed his decision to Dean Miller.) In August 2010, Defendant informed Plaintiff it would not renew her contract for the 2011-2012 fiscal year.
On October 27, 2010, Plaintiff, still in Defendant's employ, filed a charge of discrimination
Plaintiff remained unemployed for a year after her contract with Defendant ended. In July 2012, Plaintiff finally gained employment as a podiatrist with the federal government working for Indian Health Services in Zuni, New Mexico — population 6,302 persons as of the 2010 census. Indian Health Services had been trying to hire a podiatrist for two years, and Plaintiff accepted its offer of $109,000 per year. Her compensation, not including other benefits, had been $135,000 under Defendant's employ.
Since her initial EEOC charge in October 2010, Plaintiff has made three amended charges. On January 28, 2011, Plaintiff formally amended her charge to include retaliation claims related to Defendant's decision not to renew her contract. On June 6, 2012, Plaintiff amended her EEOC charges to include retaliation claims related to negative references she believed Dr. Chutkan was giving to potential employers. Plaintiff filed her last amended charge on June 28, 2012.
In December 2012, Plaintiff filed for Chapter 13 Bankruptcy. Plaintiff's debt consisted of $180,000 of student debt, a mortgage of an unspecified amount on her house, and $32,572.05 of other miscellaneous debt. Plaintiff's mortgage debt was discharged when she lost her home in Augusta to foreclosure in February 2014. Plaintiff's student loan debt cannot be discharged under existing bankruptcy laws. As of April 2016, Plaintiff had paid $25,000.00 of the remaining $32,572.05 of debt under her bankruptcy plan, and she continues to make monthly payments of over $800.
During her bankruptcy proceedings, Plaintiff made several filings listing all of her assets and potential assets and their corresponding values. One of the potential assets Plaintiff disclosed was her claim against Defendant in this Court. On the advice of counsel, Plaintiff initially listed the value of her claim as $1.00 on December 12, 2012. Plaintiff continued to list her claim as $1.00 on multiple subsequent filings to the bankruptcy court, despite alleging over $400,000 worth of damages in her initial complaint to this Court. On June 1, 2016, Defendant filed this motion for summary judgment asking the Court to assert judicial estoppel on the basis that Plaintiff's disclosures to the bankruptcy court were inconsistent with her complaint in this Court. On June 17, 2016, Plaintiff amended her filings in the bankruptcy court to reflect a more accurate estimate of damages in her pending litigation.
Summary judgment is appropriate only if "there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Facts are "material" if they could affect the outcome of the suit under the governing substantive law, and a dispute is genuine "if the evidence is such that a
The moving party has the initial burden of showing the Court, by reference to materials on file, the basis for the motion.
If — and only if — the movant carries its initial burden, the non-movant must "demonstrate that there is indeed a material issue of fact that precludes summary judgment."
In this action, the Clerk of the Court gave Plaintiff notice of the motion for summary judgment and informed her of the summary judgment rules, the right to file affidavits or other materials in opposition, and the consequences of default. (Doc. 35.) Therefore, the notice requirements of
Defendant makes two arguments in its motion for summary judgment. First, Defendant
Judicial estoppel is an equitable doctrine that prevents litigants from taking one position in one legal proceeding and asserting a contrary position in a subsequent or different legal proceeding.
Nevertheless, the Supreme Court has enumerated several factors that inform a court's application of the doctrine. "First, a party's later position must be `clearly inconsistent' with its earlier position."
The Eleventh Circuit has further reduced the non-reducible doctrine to two factors it deems consistent with the factors advanced by the Supreme Court. "First, it must be shown that the allegedly inconsistent positions were made under oath in a prior proceeding. Second, such inconsistencies must be shown to have been calculated to make a mockery of the judicial system."
The Court will analyze Defendant's claim under the Eleventh Circuit framework. Because Plaintiff made two inconsistent statements under oath, the first factor is satisfied. The question for the Court, then, is whether the inconsistencies made "a mockery of the judicial system." The Court concludes they did not.
Defendant has produced no evidence showing that Plaintiff's actions were detrimental to the integrity of the judicial system. From the very beginning of her bankruptcy proceedings, Plaintiff disclosed the suit as a potential asset and made no effort to hide her pending litigation. Defendant has produced no evidence that Plaintiff had anything to gain by making inconsistent statements in her filings to the bankruptcy and district courts, or that any creditor, or itself, was disadvantaged by Plaintiff's inconsistent statement. This is most likely because Plaintiff had nothing to gain and no creditors to disadvantage. Of the debt that caused her to enter into
A claim for retaliation under Title VII that relies on circumstantial evidence, such as this one, follows the same
Plaintiff asserts two instances of retaliation: (1) Defendant's decision to not renew her contract because she made an internal discrimination complaint and (2) Defendant's interference with her ability to obtain future employment after it issued her non-renewal letter. Defendant challenges only Plaintiff's allegation of retaliation stemming from the non-renewal letter. And Defendant argues only that it had legitimate, non-retaliatory grounds for not renewing Plaintiff's contract, which Plaintiff cannot prove were mere pretext. Defendant does not challenge Plaintiff's prima facie case. Thus, the first question before the Court is whether Defendant successfully rebutted the presumption of retaliation for its decision not to renew Plaintiff's contract, and, if so, whether Plaintiff can demonstrate the legitimate reasons proffered by Defendant were mere pretext. The second question is whether Defendant's failure to raise any argument specifically addressing Plaintiff's allegations of interference with her job search constitutes a waiver of that claim for purposes of summary judgment.
The burden borne by a defendant seeking to rebut the presumption of retaliation established by a prima facie case is "exceedingly light."
Defendant has met this burden by producing several pieces of evidence "which would allow the trier of fact rationally to conclude,"
Once a defendant carries its burden, "the presumption of discrimination created by the
Plaintiff makes two arguments to rebut Defendant's legitimate reasons. First, she argues that the reasons outlined in the May 5 performance memo are false. Second, she argues that the timing of Defendant's actions is sufficient to deprive the proffered legitimate reasons of credibility. The Court analyzes both arguments in turn.
Plaintiff's first argument fails to rebut Defendant's proffered reasons because
Plaintiff's second argument succeeds, however, because it demonstrates temporal proximity so close as to cast doubt on Defendant's explanation. "The general rule is that close temporal proximity between the employee's protected conduct and the adverse employment action is sufficient circumstantial evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact of a causal connection."
A brief recitation of the facts will highlight the close proximity between Plaintiff's complaint and Defendant's decision to not renew her contract. Plaintiff was hired in August 2009. In March 2010, Defendant offered to renew her contract for the 2010-2011 fiscal year. In April, Plaintiff met with Mr. Walker, the Director of Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity Employment, to complain about race- and gender-discrimination, and Mr. Walker told her he would discuss the discrimination complaints with Dr. Chutkan. Then, on May 5, Dr. Chutkan and Ms. Norton held a meeting with Plaintiff outlining multiple work performance issues that had not previously been formally addressed. The next day, Plaintiff met again with Mr. Walker and told him she wanted to file a race- and gender-discrimination complaint. The day after that, Mr. Walker met with Ms. Norton and their agenda for the meeting specifically mentioned Plaintiff. By May 14, Ms. Norton and Mr. Lewis were discussing about how best to terminate Plaintiff's employment. They determined that they would have to wait until June 2011 because it would be too complicated to rescind Plaintiff's contract for the 2010-2011 fiscal year. Twelve days later, Mr. Lewis circulated a draft letter of non-renewal to Dr. Chutkan. Dr. Chutkan testified that he decided on not to renew Plaintiff's contract on either May 26 or June 30, and Defendant notified Plaintiff of her non-renewal in August of 2010. Thus, the temporal proximity between Plaintiff's discrimination complaint and Defendant's decision to not renew her contract is, at a minimum, very suspect.
The Court acknowledges, however, that "temporal proximity alone is insufficient to create a genuine issue of fact as to causal connection where there is unrebutted evidence that the decision maker did not have knowledge that the employee engaged in protected conduct."
Defendant argues, however, that Plaintiff's testimony about Mr. Walker's statements is inadmissible hearsay. Defendant is correct that "`[t]he general rule is that inadmissible hearsay cannot be considered on a motion for summary judgment.'"
Federal Rule of Evidence 803(3) creates an exception to the hearsay rule for "a statement of the declarant's then existing state of mind (such as motive, intent, or plan)...." Mr. Walker's declaration was a statement of his intent or plan to discuss the discrimination complaints with Dr. Chutkan. While the declaration cannot be used as evidence that he did indeed tell Dr. Chutkan about Plaintiff's complaint, it can be used to show that he intended to tell Dr. Chutkan about the complaint and when he formed that intention.
In addition to the temporal evidence offered by Plaintiff, the Court also notes that Defendant offers no evidence, other than deposition testimony, that it was unsatisfied with Plaintiff's performance prior to the May 5 meeting. Despite the fact that Plaintiff had worked for Defendant since August 2009, Defendant offers no documentation of complaints made about Plaintiff or meetings held with Plaintiff prior to the meeting with her on May 5, 2010. Although Dr. Chutkan testified that he had concerns about Plaintiff when he renewed her contract in March, he made no formal attempts to address her deficiencies until after she complained to Mr. Walker about discrimination. This circumstantial evidence lends further credence to Plaintiff's ability to convince a trier of fact that Defendant's proffered legitimate reasons were mere pretext.
Plaintiff, however, has one more hurdle to jump. Even if a plaintiff successfully rebuts a defendant's proffered legitimate reasons, she might still lose at summary judgment. To survive summary judgment, a plaintiff must provide sufficient evidence such that "a rational fact finder could conclude the [employer's] action was [retaliatory]."
Plaintiff argues that she is entitled to a jury trial on her claim that Dr. Chutkan interfered with her job search in retaliation for her discrimination claims against him because Defendant failed to address this claim on summary judgment. The Court agrees.
A party may not obtain summary judgment on any portion of a claim unless they specifically request summary judgment for that portion. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 states that "[a] party may move for summary judgment, identifying each claim or defense — or the part of each claim or defense — on which summary judgment is sought." The language of Rule 56 makes clear that Defendant should have raised the issue of its alleged interference with Plaintiff's job search if it desired to have this Court make a summary-judgment ruling on that issue. Because Defendant failed to do so, it waived its right to challenge that issue at the summary judgment stage.
Defendant has provided sufficient evidence to rebut the presumption that its decision not to renew Plaintiff's contract was retaliation, but Plaintiff has provided her own evidence sufficient for a reasonable jury to conclude that Defendant's proffered reasons were mere pretext for retaliation. Plaintiff has also provided sufficient evidence such that a rational trier of fact could conclude Defendant retaliated against her. Thus, Plaintiff is entitled to a jury trial on this claim, and the Court