Filed: Feb. 03, 2016
Latest Update: Feb. 03, 2016
Summary: DECISION AND ORDER LYNN ADELMAN , District Judge . Pro se tax protesters Scott and Debra Gillespie bring this action against the United States seeking a tax refund. Plaintiffs initially reported their adjusted gross income for 2009 as $82,499 and their employer-withheld federal income taxes as approximately $5,145. In April 2013, plaintiffs filed an amended return for 2009, a copy of which is attached to the complaint, reporting their adjusted gross income, taxable income, and tax liabilit
Summary: DECISION AND ORDER LYNN ADELMAN , District Judge . Pro se tax protesters Scott and Debra Gillespie bring this action against the United States seeking a tax refund. Plaintiffs initially reported their adjusted gross income for 2009 as $82,499 and their employer-withheld federal income taxes as approximately $5,145. In April 2013, plaintiffs filed an amended return for 2009, a copy of which is attached to the complaint, reporting their adjusted gross income, taxable income, and tax liability..
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DECISION AND ORDER
LYNN ADELMAN, District Judge.
Pro se tax protesters Scott and Debra Gillespie bring this action against the United States seeking a tax refund. Plaintiffs initially reported their adjusted gross income for 2009 as $82,499 and their employer-withheld federal income taxes as approximately $5,145. In April 2013, plaintiffs filed an amended return for 2009, a copy of which is attached to the complaint, reporting their adjusted gross income, taxable income, and tax liability as "$0" and a tax overpayment of $13,653. Plaintiffs also filled out and filed a Form 4852, a substitute for a W-2. Plaintiffs' present suit seeks the alleged $13,653 overpayment plus interest and additional funds that the IRS subsequently withheld as a penalty. The defendant moves to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim.
Defendant argues that this court lacks jurisdiction because Congress waived sovereign immunity for taxpayer suits only when the taxpayer has first filed a valid claim for a refund, which plaintiffs did not. Sovereign immunity, however, is not jurisdictional, see Gray v. U.S., 723 F.3d 795, 798 (7th Cir. 2013) (concluding that "because sovereign immunity can be waived, the defense is not jurisdictional); U.S. v. Cook Cty., 167 F.3d 381, 389 (7th Cir. 1999) ("[W]hat sovereign immunity means is that relief against the United States depends on a statute; the question is not the competence of the court to render a binding judgment, but the propriety of interpreting a given statute to allow particular relief."), and is more properly considered an affirmative defense.2 See Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706, 737 (1999) (referring to sovereign immunity as an affirmative defense). Thus, I will treat defendant's motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction as a motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Because plaintiffs are not required to anticipate affirmative defenses in their complaint, Bausch v. Stryker Corp., 630 F.3d 546, 561 (7th Cir. 2010); U.S. Gypsum Co. v. Ind. Gas Co., Inc., 350 F.3d 623, 626 (7th Cir. 2003), I may grant defendant's motion only if plaintiffs plead themselves out of court.
The United States has waived immunity with respect to taxpayer suits for refunds but only when the taxpayer has first filed a claim with the IRS for a refund consistent with federal law and regulations. 26 U.S.C. § 7422; Bartley v. U.S., 123 F.3d 466, 467-68 (7th Cir. 1997). To be considered a valid claim, the information supplied must "evince an honest and genuine endeavor to satisfy the law." In re Payne, 431 F.3d 1055, 1057 (7th Cir. 2005) (citation and quotations omitted); see also U.S. v. Moore, 627 F.2d 830, 835 (7th Cir. 1980) ("[I]t is not enough for a form to contain some income information; there must also be an honest and reasonable intent to supply the information required by the tax code.").
In the present case, plaintiffs have pled themselves out of court because their claim for a refund, which took the form of an amended return,3 clearly was not an honest and genuine endeavor to satisfy the law. First, the discrepancy between plaintiffs' original 2009 return, which listed $82,499 in income, and their amended return, which listed "$0" income, suggests an intent not to comply with the law. This intent is further evidenced by plaintiffs' explanation of the discrepancy, which references a well-known tax protester theory that numerous courts have deemed frivolous.4 U.S. v. Latham, 754 F.2d 747, 750 (7th Cir. 1985) (concluding that plaintiffs' legal theory "is a preposterous reading of the statute"); see also Sullivan v. U.S., 788 F.2d 813 (1st Cir. 1986); Waters v. C.I.R., 764 F.2d 1389 (11th Cir. 1985); Herriman v. U.S., 104 A.F.T.R.2d 2009-7581 (M.D. Fl. 2009); U.S. v. Hendrickson, 100 A.F.T.R.2d 2007-5395 (E.D. Mich. 2007); O'Connor v. U.S., 669 F.Supp. 317 (D. Nev. 1987). Thus, plaintiffs have shown that they failed to make an honest and genuine attempt to comply with federal law. Moore, 627 F.2d at 835 ("In the tax protester cases, it is obvious that there is no `honest and genuine' attempt to meet the requirements of the code."). Because plaintiffs' amended return did not evince an honest attempt to satisfy the law, it did not constitute a valid claim and plaintiffs have not satisfied the statutory prerequisites for filing suit. Thus, plaintiffs' complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that defendant's motion to dismiss (ECF No. 3) is GRANTED. The Clerk shall enter judgment accordingly.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that plaintiffs' motion to amend/correct complaint (ECF No. 12) is DENIED as moot.