CLAY D. LAND, District Judge.
Defendant BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP ("BAC") admits that it made a mistake which it eventually corrected. For its confession and atonement, it seeks absolution. Plaintiffs Todd and Samantha Blackburn ("Blackburns"), having allegedly "gone through hell" for what they argue was more than just a simple mistake, are in no mood for mercy. They seek compensation and retribution.
BAC failed to recognize that the Blackburns paid their mortgage through automatic deduction and allotment from Todd Blackburn's military paycheck, and consequently, did not give the Blackburns credit for their August and September 2009 mortgage payments. Eventually acknowledging its mistake, BAC credited the payments by April 2011 before the Blackburns filed this action. By May 2012, the Blackburns' account was completely corrected with all unauthorized fees and charges having been credited to the account. Nevertheless, the Blackburns assert claims for violations of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act ("RESPA"), 12 U.S.C. § 2605(e), trespass, conversion, and breach of contract. BAC seeks summary judgment as to these claims. For the following reasons, the Court denies BAC's Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 61) as to the Blackburns' RESPA claim, trespass claim, and conversion claim. Because emotional distress and punitive damages are not recoverable for a breach of contract, the Court grants BAC's Motion for Summary Judgment as to those claims.
Summary judgment may be granted only "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). In determining whether a genuine dispute of material fact exists to defeat a motion for summary judgment, the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary judgment, drawing all justifiable inferences in the opposing party's favor. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A fact is material if it is relevant or necessary to the outcome of the suit. Id. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. A factual dispute is genuine if the evidence would allow a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Id.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the Blackburns, the evidence is as follows. Unless otherwise noted, the facts are undisputed for purposes of summary judgment.
In March 2006, the Blackburns obtained a loan to purchase a home by executing a promissory note in the amount of $162,418.00 in favor of Taylor, Bean and Whitaker Mortgage Corporation ("TB & W") and conveying a security interest in their home to TB & W.T. Blackburn Dep. Ex. A-1, Mortgage, ECF No. 58-2; T. Blackburn Dep. Ex. A-2, Note, ECF No. 58-3. Mr. Blackburn, an active duty member of the United States Army, paid the mortgage to TB & W through military allotment payments. T. Blackburn Dep. 21:5-6, ECF No. 58. The Blackburns had no payment issues while TB & W held the mortgage.
In August 2009, because of TB & W's default and bankruptcy, BAC was ultimately assigned the Blackburns' loan as part of a servicing contract covering approximately 180,000 loans. Wagner Aff. ¶¶ 6-7, ECF No. 61-2.
Because of actions taken by TB & W before BAC assumed its loans, certain customer payments were frozen by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Wagner Aff. ¶ 9. Therefore, the Blackburns' payments for August and September 2009, which had been sent to TB & W before the change in the allotment was made to BAC, were not credited to their loan account. As a result, "when [BAC] began servicing [the Blackburns'] loan, its records indicated that [the Blackburns] were delinquent on their payments." Id. ¶ 10. Operating under the belief that the Blackburns were delinquent on their August and September 2009 payments, BAC engaged in the following actions. Id. ¶¶ 8, 10.
On September 9, 2009, BAC began sending notices to Mr. Blackburn that he was delinquent on his loan. Pls.' Resp. in Opp'n to Def.'s Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. A, S. Blackburn Aff. ¶ 3, ECF No. 64-1; Pls.' Resp. in Opp'n to Def.'s Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. B, T. Blackburn Aff. ¶ 4, ECF No. 64-2; see, e.g., T. Blackburn Dep. Ex. A-6, Letter from BAC to T. Blackburn (Sept. 9, 2009) 1, ECF No. 58-7 (stating total
In addition to the typical stress associated with having a home loan erroneously declared delinquent, Mr. Blackburn contends that the stress was heightened for him because it could threaten his military career. As an Army Ranger, he was required to avoid any financial difficulties that could jeopardize his security clearance. S. Blackburn Dep. 51:3-11. The Blackburns therefore vigorously attempted to convince BAC that they were not delinquent on their loan and had in fact paid the August and September 2009 mortgage payments-albeit to Colonial Bank, the acting servicer when TB & W held the loan. The Blackburns repeatedly called BAC's 1-800 numbers hoping for a resolution. Mrs. Blackburn obtained a statement from Army Finance showing the trace numbers for the August and September 2009 military allotments, the allotments, and the recipient of the allotments. S. Blackburn Dep. 34:1-25, 54:23-57:23. In September 2009, Mrs. Blackburn took the information to the local BAC branch office in Columbus, Georgia. S. Blackburn Dep. 29:24-30:10, 31:2-5. At the office, BAC employee Autry Gray instructed the Blackburns to disregard the notices and stated that a payment request would be submitted to TB & W and could take sixty to ninety days. Id. at 34:7-13, 40:17-41:2. It appeared that the BAC employee at the Columbus office fully understood the problem and proceeded to fix it.
Unfortunately, something got lost in the translation between Columbus and BAC's processing center. In response to the documents that Mrs. Blackburn took to the BAC office, BAC sent a letter stating, "We have received the proof of your missing payment which was remitted to [TB & W]. However, the documents you have provided us with is [sic] not sufficient." T. Blackburn Dep. Ex. A-9, Letter from BAC to T. Blackburn (Nov. 19, 2009), ECF No. 58-9. Failing to comprehend that the Blackburns made their payments by military allotment, the BAC letter requested Mr. Blackburn to send "a copy of the cancelled check (front and back) or a bank source receipt (you can obtain from your bank) if payment was made via Home banking along with a copy of your Bank Statements" as "required back-up" proof of payment. Id. BAC subsequently sent another letter requesting the same information. T. Blackburn Dep. Ex. A-10, Letter from BAC to T. Blackburn (Dec. 28, 2009), ECF No. 58-10. BAC made these requests despite being informed that the Blackburns paid their mortgage by military allotment and thus such documents did not exist. S. Blackburn Aff. ¶¶ 11-13; T. Blackburn Aff. ¶¶ 11-14.
Inexplicably, the problem with the Blackburns' account remained unresolved for the next year and a half. During that time, BAC continued sending letters to the Blackburns threatening foreclosure and stating they were in default. S. Blackburn Aff. ¶ 3; T. Blackburn Aff. ¶ 4. Mrs. Blackburn returned to the local BAC office several times to meet with employee Fabien Smith ("Smith") to try to resolve the situation. S. Blackburn Dep. 49:22-50:10.
In February 2011, in response to the Blackburns' persistent inquiries, BAC sent another letter stating that they could not "research the payment made to [TB & W] as [they] do not have sufficient information." T. Blackburn Dep. Ex. A-12, Letter from BAC to T. Blackburn (Feb. 10, 2011), ECF No. 58-12. The letter again requested a cancelled check, a bank source receipt, or a signed letter of receipt. Id.
On March 9, 2011, Mrs. Blackburn emailed Smith, restating her concerns about Mr. Blackburn's credit report and expressing her frustration with BAC's requests for cancelled checks and information supporting the payments to TB & W that simply did not exist because the payments were made by military allotment. T. Blackburn Dep. Ex. A-14, Email from S. Blackburn to F. Smith (Mar. 9, 2011), ECF No. 58-14. Smith replied to Mrs. Blackburn stating that the Blackburns' account would be credited and the missing payments would not get reported or affect Mr. Blackburn's credit. S. Blackburn Dep. 68:17-69:25 & Ex. I, Email from F. Smith to S. Blackburn (Mar. 14, 2011), ECF No. 59-10.
Throughout this ordeal, the Blackburns made sure that BAC was aware of the seriousness of any negative entries on Mr. Blackburn's credit report because of his government security clearance. T. Blackburn Dep. 106:15-24, 109:12-111:1 & Ex. A14, Email from S. Blackburn to F. Smith (Mar. 9, 2011), ECF No. 58-14. BAC repeatedly assured the Blackburns that nothing negative regarding their mortgage would appear on Mr. Blackburn's credit report. T. Blackburn Dep. 66:6-15, 97:7-98:11; see also Email from F. Smith to S. Blackburn (Mar. 14, 2011) ("I explained to [the BAC researchers] about Mr. B's clearance and how this could affect it, he assured me that this will not be reported and affect his credit."). Nonetheless, when Mr. Blackburn ordered his credit reports on March 31, 2011, he learned that BAC had reported that he had been two months delinquent on his mortgage since April 2010. T. Blackburn Dep. 152:23-153:11 & Ex. A-22, Equifax Credit Report (Mar. 31, 2011), ECF No. 58-19 at 2-3 (stating the past due balance on BAC mortgage as $2,124, the date reported as February 2011, and the "Date of First Delinquency" as April 2010).
Once it took over the TB & W loans, BAC engaged in a process to determine which TB & W borrowers were actually in default. Wagner Aff. ¶¶ 12-13.
On March 15, 2011, although BAC never received the funds for the Blackburns' missing August and September 2009 payments, it was finally able to confirm that the payments had been made to TB & W. Id. ¶¶ 15-16. BAC advanced its own funds and credited the payments to the Blackburns' account on April 4, 2011. Id. That same day, BAC also refunded all late fees paid by the Blackburns in the amount of $342.00, issued retractions of the negative credit reporting, and stopped further property inspections. Id. ¶ 17. On April 15, 2011, the Blackburns filed their first Complaint. Compl., ECF No. 1.
As of November 11, 2011, the report of default no longer appeared on Mr. Blackburn's credit report. T. Blackburn Dep. 112:22-24, 160:13-161:15 (agreeing that at the time of his deposition on May 14, 2012 his credit and payments have been fixed). "Due to a ministerial oversight, however, $75.00 in inspection fees remained on Plaintiffs['] account (this amount later appeared as $82.38 in inspections fees due to an internal accounting error)." Wagner Aff. ¶ 17.
To address certain remaining "fees due," on November 29, 2011, Mr. Blackburn sent a letter to BAC at the address designated by BAC for receipt of "qualified written requests." T. Blackburn Aff. Ex. A, Letter from T. Blackburn to BAC (Nov. 29, 2011), ECF No. 64-2 at 10. The letter included his name and identifying account information and stated the following:
Id. BAC acknowledged receipt of this letter by a letter dated December 8, 2011 and promised a complete response within twenty business days. T. Blackburn Aff. Ex. B, Letter from BAC to T. Blackburn (Dec. 8, 2011), ECF No. 64-2 at 11. BAC then sent a letter stating that it had finished researching the issue of fees due on the account and that it was "unable to waive the fees in the amount of $15.66." T. Blackburn Aff. Ex. C, Letter from BAC to T. Blackburn (Dec. 14, 2011), ECF No. 64-2 at 12. By this letter, BAC did not fully respond to the November 29, 2011 letter's requests, sent no further letters on the matter, and took no responsive action. T. Blackburn Aff. ¶¶ 28-29.
At the time it collected fees, BAC alleges that it relied on TB & W's data showing missing payments. But, BAC "know[s] now that Mr. Blackburn wasn't late on his account." Wagner Dep. 101:2-10. BAC admits that "it was an oversight, that those fees should have been credited . . . waived and credited or credited back for any amounts that had been previously paid for out of Mr. and Mrs. Blackburn's [monthly payments]." Id. at 131:1-5.
BAC corrected all fees, including the inspection fees, on May 23, 2012. Mosesson Aff. ¶¶ 26-27, ECF No. 61-7.
At this time, the Blackburns do not appear to have any out of pocket monetary damages. Their account has finally been corrected, and they have been credited with all fees and charges that were erroneously made. The thrust of their present complaint is that as a result of BAC's RESPA violations, trespass, conversion, and breach of contract, they have suffered severe emotional distress. BAC seeks summary judgment as to each of these claims.
If a borrower sends her mortgage servicer a "qualified written request" seeking account corrections or account information, the servicer must acknowledge receipt of the request and respond to the request by correcting the account or conducting an investigation and providing the borrower with a written explanation of why the servicer believes the account is correct. 12 U.S.C. § 2605(e)(1)-(2). The Blackburns allege that BAC violated this provision of RESPA when it failed to adequately respond to their letter dated November 29, 2011. Letter from T. Blackburn to BAC (Nov. 29, 2011), ECF No. 64-2 at 10.
BAC does not deny that this letter was a qualified written request under RESPA or argue that its response to it satisfied its RESPA obligations as a matter of law. Instead, BAC argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on this claim because the Blackburns have failed to point to any evidence of damages suffered as a result of the alleged RESPA violation that are recoverable under RESPA.
If a servicer fails to comply with RESPA, the borrower may recover "any actual damages to the borrower as a result of the failure." 12 U.S.C. § 2605(f)(1)(A). Although RESPA does not define "actual damages," the Eleventh Circuit has explained that as "in other consumer-protection statutes that are remedial in nature, plaintiffs arguably may recover for nonpecuniary damages, such as emotional distress and pain and suffering, under RESPA." McLean v. GMAC Mortg. Corp., 398 Fed.Appx. 467, 471 (11th Cir.2010) (per curiam); accord James v. Litton Loan Servicing, L.P., No. 4:09-CV-147 (CDL), 2011 WL 59737, at *8, *10 (M.D.Ga. Jan. 4, 2011). The Blackburns present unrebutted evidence that BAC's actions caused them fear, embarrassment, unease, great frustration, and "a lot of stress on [the Blackburn] family" and their marriage. T. Blackburn Dep. 108:10-25, 151:23-152:17, 158:17-159:1, 160:21-161:21, 171:5-173:10; S. Blackburn Dep. 41:6-42:8, 64:18-65:16, 91:18-92:6. Mr. Blackburn suffered "frustration and anger and sleepless nights." T. Blackburn Dep. 176:6-16. Mrs. Blackburn experienced "[h]eadaches, sleepless nights, . . . weight gain from the depression[,] weight loss from not having much of an appetite[, and t]he stress of fighting with [her] husband." S. Blackburn Dep. 104:1-10. Some of this stress, according to the Blackburns, was attributable to BAC's continued failure to adequately address their problem, including BAC's inadequate response to their letter which is the basis for the RESPA violation. From this evidence, the Court concludes that a genuine fact dispute exists as to whether the Blackburns suffered actual damages as a result of BAC's alleged RESPA violation.
It appears that in their response to BAC's motion for summary judgment, the Blackburns seek to add a new claim under RESPA, 12 U.S.C. § 2605(d). Pls.' Resp. in Opp'n to Def.'s Mot. for Summ. J. 28. BAC seeks summary judgment on this claim. Def.'s Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. 14, ECF No. 70. The Blackburns failed to properly amend their Third Amended Complaint, ECF No. 30, to add this claim. Accordingly, this claim is not properly before the Court and will not be considered in this action.
BAC seeks summary judgment on the Blackburns' trespass claim, contending the parties' mortgage agreement bars the claim. BAC further argues that even if the mortgage does not bar the trespass claim, the claim is one for breach of contract rather than the tort of trespass, and
Consent by contract may be a complete defense to a trespass. Tacon v. Equity One, Inc., 280 Ga.App. 183, 188, 633 S.E.2d 599, 604 (2006). However, the Blackburns never consented to any trespass on their property. They did agree to reasonable inspection of their property, but nothing in their agreement suggests that BAC would be allowed carte blanche authority to surreptitiously enter onto their property when their loan payments were current. T. Blackburn Dep. Ex. A-1, Mortgage ¶ 7, ECF No. 58-2.
The Blackburns point to evidence that BAC's agents entered onto their property repeatedly, excessively, intrusively, by deception, and without justification. See, e.g., T. Blackburn Dep. 135:8-136:18, 138:3-25 (discussing the inspectors' entries on the property and one inspector's use of a false identity); S. Blackburn Dep. 78:1-81:15 (stating the inspectors repeatedly returned to the property, peered in the windows, and stuck pieces of paper in the front door). Accordingly, the Blackburns have pointed to sufficient evidence to create a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether BAC's entries on the property were "reasonable" and thus consented to under the mortgage.
Moreover, the existence of a contract between the parties does not foreclose the Blackburns' trespass claim. Where a defendant breaches an independent "duty imposed by law and not merely. . . a duty imposed by the [parties'] contract itself," "the breach of that duty gives rise to a cause of action in tort." Waldrip v. Voyles, 201 Ga.App. 592-94, 411 S.E.2d 765, 767-68 (1991). Here, the duty not to trespass did not arise from the contract itself, notwithstanding the fact that the contract could be used to establish a defense of consent to the tortious intrusion. Tacon, 280 Ga.App. at 188, 633 S.E.2d at 604. The duty here arises from case law which is also codified by statute—O.C.G.A. § 51-9-1. Cf. J.M.I.C. Life Ins. Co. v. Toole, 280 Ga.App. 372, 375, 634 S.E.2d 123, 127 (2006). For these reasons, the Court denies BAC's summary judgment motion as to the trespass claim. See Sheppard v. Yara Eng'g Corp., 248 Ga. 147, 148-150, 281 S.E.2d 586, 587-88 (1981) (denying summary judgment where the parties' contract did not authorize the trespass or conversion alleged and the defendant had duties independent of the parties' contract not to commit those torts).
The Blackburns claim that BAC converted their money by taking unexplained fees from their mortgage payments and not applying their entire payments to their loan principal and interest. BAC seeks summary judgment on this claim, arguing that the Blackburns have no basis for a conversion claim because BAC corrected the account as "if no fees had ever been charged." Def.'s Mem. 34-35.
To state a conversion claim under Georgia law, the party alleging conversion must show that the defendant refused to return the property or actually converted the property by "[a]ny distinct act of dominion and control wrongfully asserted over another's personal property, in denial of . . . or inconsistent with" its right of ownership. Williams v. Nat'l Auto Sales, Inc., 287 Ga.App. 283, 285-86, 651 S.E.2d 194, 196-97 (2007) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Blackburns maintain that when BAC failed to properly credit their payments, BAC wrongfully took control and dominion over their money in a manner that was inconsistent with their ownership of those funds. Genuine issues of material fact exist to be tried as to whether such conduct by BAC constitutes the intentional tort of conversion.
BAC argues that even if the Blackburns can establish the essential elements for a conversion claim, the undisputed evidence shows that their payments were eventually credited properly, and therefore, they cannot show that they have suffered any damages proximately caused by the alleged conversion. Since the Blackburns' payments were eventually credited properly and they were reimbursed for any erroneous charges, the Blackburns do not have a claim for these damages. Instead, they seek damages for the emotional distress they suffered because of the conversion. BAC argues that emotional distress damages are not recoverable under Georgia law for the intentional tort of conversion. To recover such damages, BAC maintains that the Blackburns' only remedy is to pursue a claim for the intentional infliction of emotional distress ("IIED"), a claim that the Blackburns do not assert and could not prove given the stringent requirements for succeeding on such a claim.
The Court has located no decision by the Georgia appellate courts squarely addressing whether emotional distress damages proximately caused by an intentional conversion of property are recoverable. The Georgia Reports are replete with decisions allowing for the recovery of emotional distress damages proximately caused by other types of intentional torts. The Blackburns rely on these cases, arguing that no rational basis exists for distinguishing between the intentional tort of conversion and other intentional torts on the issue of the recoverability of emotional distress damages. See, e.g., Hamilton v. Powell, Goldstein, Frazer & Murphy, 252 Ga. 149, 149, 311 S.E.2d 818, 819 (1984) (explaining in dicta that mental distress damages may be recovered in a legal malpractice case without proof of physical injury if conduct rises to the level of intentional tort); Stewart v. Williams, 243 Ga. 580, 582, 255 S.E.2d 699, 701 (1979) (concluding that mental pain and suffering are recoverable for the intentional tort of false imprisonment even absent physical injury); Montega Corp. v. Hazelrigs, 229 Ga. 126, 126-27, 189 S.E.2d 421, 422-23 (1972) (affirming an award of damages for mental illness and mental pain and suffering caused by an intentional trespass); Zieve v. Hairston, 266 Ga.App. 753, 759-60, 598 S.E.2d 25, 32 (2004) (concluding that emotional damages, including embarrassment and ridicule flowing from alleged fraudulent representations, constitute actual damages sufficient to support a fraud claim); Wright v. Wilcox, 262 Ga.App. 659, 662, 586 S.E.2d 364, 366-67 (2003) (same as Montega Corp.); St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Clark, 255 Ga.App. 14, 21-22, 566 S.E.2d 2, 9-10 (2002) (same as Zieve); Chamberlin Co. of Am. v. Mays, 92 Ga.App. 173, 174-75, 88 S.E.2d 176, 177-78 (1955) (finding that damages for injury to health, humiliation, and distress are recoverable for the intentional tortious conduct of unlawfully levying on plaintiff's personal property and removing it from her home and noting that such recovery may be made for a willful and intentional tort even if the tort is directed to plaintiff's property rights).
BAC does not effectively distinguish the authority cited by the Blackburns. Instead, BAC cites to conversion and other intentional tort cases in which some Georgia courts, without much discussion as to why, have analyzed emotional distress claims arising from intentional torts under the heightened standard for the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress ("IIED"). See, e.g., Williams, 287 Ga.App. at 285-88, 651 S.E.2d at 196-98 (analyzing plaintiff's separate claims for conversion and IIED); Hardin v. City Wide Wrecker Serv., Inc., 232 Ga.App. 617, 619, 502 S.E.2d 548, 550-51 (1998) (same); Evans v. Willis, 212 Ga.App. 335, 336-37, 441 S.E.2d 770, 772-73 (1994) (reviewing trial court's decision on plaintiff's IIED claim in a case that also involved a conversion claim); see also DeGolyer v. Green Tree Servicing, L.L.C., 291 Ga.App. 444, 449, 662 S.E.2d 141, 147-48 (2008) (analyzing emotional distress damages claim for tort of wrongful foreclosure as claim for IIED); McCarter v. Bankers Trust Co., 247 Ga.App. 129, 133, 543 S.E.2d 755, 758 (2000) (same).
Since no Georgia appellate decision has been located that is directly on point, the Court must try to predict based on existing precedent how the Supreme Court of Georgia would answer the following question: can a plaintiff recover emotional distress damages from a defendant if the plaintiff proves that the defendant intentionally converted plaintiff's property and that the conversion proximately caused plaintiff emotional distress, or must a plaintiff prove the elements for the tort of IIED to recover such emotional distress damages? Although the answer to this question should be readily apparent, the case law surrounding the tort of IIED creates confusion. An examination of the origin of the IIED claim in Georgia and its evolution provides some clarity.
The recovery of emotional distress damages caused by intentional tortious conduct has long been recognized in Georgia. Over a century ago, the Court of Appeals of Georgia, in what may be the first detailed discussion of the issue by the Georgia appellate courts, laid down the general principle that has been cited in many subsequent decisions:
Dunn v. W. Union Tel. Co., 2 Ga.App. 845, 59 S.E. 189, 189 (1907). In Dunn, a customer of a telegraph company was ordered out of the office while being insulted and humiliated with abusive language. Id. Since the customer suffered no injury to "his purse or person," the question arose as to whether he could recover compensatory damages for his humiliation and wounded feelings. Id., 59 S.E. at 190. The Court of Appeals of Georgia found that he could. Id., 59 S.E. at 191-92. The Court noted that it is undisputed that damages for mental suffering are compensatory in character, explaining that "`[w]ounding a man's feelings is as much actual damage as breaking his limbs.'" Id., 59 S.E. at 191 (quoting Head v. Ga. Pac. Ry. Co., 79 Ga. 358, 360, 7 S.E. 217, 218 (1887)). The court viewed proximate cause as the limiting condition on the recovery of such damages:
Id.
The court rejected the cases which precluded recovery of damages for mental suffering when no other injury is shown, finding that any such rule is "arbitrary." Id. The court, however, did recognize the general rule, albeit "arbitrary," that recovery for mental suffering alone was not permitted if the mental injury is the result of mere neglect. Id. Notwithstanding this general principle, the court emphasized that even the courts which had followed it did not extend it "to those intentional injuries of which insult, humiliation, and mental suffering are the natural consequences." Id. Thus, the court made it clear that damages for emotional distress are recoverable if proximately caused by an "intentional tort," even though they may not be recoverable if caused by mere negligence. Id.
Subsequent to Dunn, many cases were decided based on the general principle that emotional distress damages proximately caused by an intentional tort were recoverable under Georgia law. See, e.g., Pls.' Georgia Intentional Tort Cases. During this time, the Georgia courts began addressing more specifically the circumstances where a person could recover emotional distress damages caused by intentionally wrongful conduct that may not have previously been labeled as a well-recognized intentional tort. In Georgia Power Co. v. Johnson, the Court of Appeals gave this tort a name. 155 Ga.App. 862, 274 S.E.2d 17 (1980). The court explained, "[w]hile we are not familiar with the tort of `outrage,' Georgia does recognize a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress." Id. at 863, 274 S.E.2d at 18 (citing Dunn, 2 Ga.App. 845, 59 S.E. 189). Rejecting the plaintiff's claim, the court observed that the precedent that had recognized such claims involved actions that were "so terrifying or insulting as naturally to humiliate, embarrass or frighten the plaintiff." Id. It was still not clear from this decision whether the Court of Appeals of Georgia intended for all claims asserting mental distress damages to be treated as claims for the separate IIED tort, or whether an IIED claim existed to fill in the gap where the conduct was clearly wrongful but was not covered by any other well-established tort. Simply put, the question remained: does the tort for IIED supplement existing tort
Following Georgia Power Co. v. Johnson, the Court of Appeals of Georgia decided to put more meat on the bones of the tort of IIED. In Bridges v. Winn-Dixie Atlanta, Inc., the court, relying on cases from other jurisdictions and the Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965), specifically articulated the four elements for IIED, which are well recognized by Georgia courts today: (1) the conduct must be intentional or reckless; (2) the conduct must be extreme and outrageous; (3) there must be a causal connection between the wrongful conduct and the emotional distress; and (4) the emotional distress must be severe. 176 Ga.App. 227, 230, 335 S.E.2d 445, 447 (1965) (citing Womack v. Eldridge, 215 Va. 338, 341-42, 210 S.E.2d 145, 147-48 (1974)). This refinement of the tort of IIED, however, still did not address the issue of whether these elements must be present any time a plaintiff seeks emotional distress damages without proof of a physical injury even if the plaintiff can establish the elements of another well-established intentional tort.
The existing case law does not clearly answer this question. As previously described, some decisions find that if an intentional tort has been committed, then the victim of that tort can recover emotional distress type damages proximately caused by the intentionally wrongful conduct. Other courts, however, seem to brush over the existence of a well-established intentional tort and suggest that the tort for IIED supplants all other intentional torts when emotional distress damages are sought. The Court concludes that the better-reasoned cases are those that treat the tort of IIED as a separate cause of action, and thus allow emotional distress damages for well-recognized intentional torts when the plaintiff proves the essential elements of the well-established tort and that the intentionally tortious conduct proximately caused the emotional distress damages.
The Court finds the Supreme Court of Georgia's decision in Hamilton v. Powell, Goldstein, Frazer & Murphy, 252 Ga. 149, 311 S.E.2d 818 (1984) instructive. In Hamilton, the Supreme Court of Georgia confirmed, albeit in dicta, that damages for mental distress may be recovered for intentional misconduct without proof of physical injury. Id. at 149, 311 S.E.2d at 819. Moreover, the Court clearly indicated that damages for mental pain and anguish caused by an intentional tort were recoverable under Georgia law. Id. Therefore, it appears clear from this persuasive dicta from the Georgia Supreme Court that a plaintiff may recover emotional distress damages proximately caused by an intentional tort and is not required to carry the extra burden of establishing the elements for the separate tort for IIED.
The Court does find it appropriate to address two cases cited by BAC's counsel at the hearing on the pending motion. Those cases involved wrongful foreclosure claims seeking emotional distress damages which the Georgia Court of Appeals treated as IIED claims. See DeGolyer, 291 Ga.App. 444, 662 S.E.2d 141; McCarter, 247 Ga.App. 129, 543 S.E.2d 755. It is not clear whether the court treated those claims as IIED claims (1) because it did not view wrongful foreclosure as a well-established intentional tort, and therefore, to provide a remedy for such intentional wrongful conduct, the court resorted to the tort of IIED, or (2) because it was of the view that for all intentional torts seeking emotional distress damages, the plaintiff must also satisfy the elements for the tort of IIED. Interestingly, McCarter, which is
These conflicting opinions in cases decided by the Court of Appeals certainly muddy the water as to where the Court of Appeals stands on the issue. But, the limited precedent from the Supreme Court of Georgia, which this Court must follow, seems to be clear. As noted previously, the Supreme Court of Georgia has stated that a plaintiff may recover emotional distress damages by proving that the damages were proximately caused by an intentional tort. Hamilton, 252 Ga. at 149, 311 S.E.2d at 819; see also Stewart, 243 Ga. at 582, 255 S.E.2d at 701 (concluding, without mentioning any requirement of proving elements of IIED, that emotional distress damages are recoverable on claim for intentional tort of false imprisonment even if plaintiff alleged no physical injury). This Court understands that in those cases where there is no other established intentional tort alleged to cover the wrongful conduct, the available remedy for the wrongful conduct may be the tort of IIED. But, in those cases where a plaintiff alleges a well-established intentional tort, such as conversion, no persuasive reason exists to require that a plaintiff's claim be supplanted by one which that plaintiff did not choose to pursue. Accordingly, the Court concludes that under Georgia law the Blackburns may recover emotional distress damages proximately caused by BAC's intentional conversion of their money, and BAC's motion for summary judgment as to this claim is denied.
BAC argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on the Blackburns' claims for emotional distress and punitive damages related to its alleged breach of contract. It is clear that a plaintiff cannot recover punitive damages or emotional distress damages for a breach of contract under Georgia law. Hardwick v. Williams, 265 Ga.App. 752, 752 & nn. 1-2, 595 S.E.2d 596, 597 & nn. 1-2 (2004). To the extent that the Blackburns seek such damages for breach of contract, BAC's motion for summary judgment is granted as to those claims.
Having found that genuine factual disputes exist as to whether BAC may be liable for compensatory damages proximately caused by its alleged intentionally tortious conduct, the Court finds that genuine factual disputes also exist as to whether such conduct would subject BAC
For the reasons set forth above, the Court denies BAC's Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 61) as to the Blackburns' RESPA claim, trespass claim, conversion claim, and punitive damages claim connected to the trespass and conversion claims. BAC's motion is granted as to the Blackburns' emotional distress and punitive damages claims arising from breach of contract.
