Filed: Dec. 24, 2014
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: 14-47-cr United States v. Rodriguez In the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit AUGUST TERM 2014 No. 14-47-cr UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. SAMUEL RODRIGUEZ, Defendant-Appellant. On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York ARGUED: DECEMBER 10, 2014 DECIDED: DECEMBER 24, 2014 Before: CABRANES, WESLEY, and HALL, Circuit Judges. This appeal presents the question of whether 18 U.S.C. § 3583(h), which covers the calculation of the
Summary: 14-47-cr United States v. Rodriguez In the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit AUGUST TERM 2014 No. 14-47-cr UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. SAMUEL RODRIGUEZ, Defendant-Appellant. On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York ARGUED: DECEMBER 10, 2014 DECIDED: DECEMBER 24, 2014 Before: CABRANES, WESLEY, and HALL, Circuit Judges. This appeal presents the question of whether 18 U.S.C. § 3583(h), which covers the calculation of the m..
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14-47-cr
United States v. Rodriguez
In the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit
AUGUST TERM 2014
No. 14‐47‐cr
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
SAMUEL RODRIGUEZ,
Defendant‐Appellant.
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of New York
ARGUED: DECEMBER 10, 2014
DECIDED: DECEMBER 24, 2014
Before: CABRANES, WESLEY, and HALL, Circuit Judges.
This appeal presents the question of whether 18 U.S.C.
§ 3583(h), which covers the calculation of the maximum term of
supervised release following revocation of a previous term of
supervised release, requires that the term be reduced by all prior
post‐revocation terms of imprisonment imposed on the same
underlying offense, or by only the most‐recent term of
imprisonment.
We hold that, when imposing the maximum term of
supervised release following revocation of a previous term of
supervised release, 18 U.S.C. § 3583(h) requires that the term be
reduced by all post‐revocation terms of imprisonment imposed with
respect to the same underlying offense, not only by the most‐recent
term of imprisonment.
Accordingly, we REMAND the cause to the District Court
(Paul G. Gardephe, Judge) for the limited purpose of entering a
judgment that reduces defendant’s term of supervised release by 128
days.
MATTHEW KELLER (Joseph A. Grob, on the
brief), Joseph A. Grob, P.C., New York, NY,
for Defendant‐Appellant.
MICHAEL D. MAIMIN (Brian A. Jacobs, on the
brief), Assistant United States Attorneys, for
Preet Bharara, United States Attorney for
2
the Southern District of New York, New
York, NY, for Appellee.
JOSÉ A. CABRANES, Circuit Judge:
This appeal presents the question of whether 18 U.S.C.
§ 3583(h), 1 which covers the calculation of the maximum term of
supervised release following revocation of a previous term of
supervised release, requires that the term be reduced by all prior
post‐revocation terms of imprisonment imposed on the same
underlying offense, or by only the most‐recent term of
imprisonment.
We hold that, when imposing the maximum term of
supervised release following revocation of a previous term of
supervised release, 18 U.S.C. § 3583(h) requires that the term be
reduced by all post‐revocation terms of imprisonment imposed with
1 The statute at issue reads as follows:
When a term of supervised release is revoked and the
defendant is required to serve a term of imprisonment,
the court may include a requirement that the defendant
be placed on a term of supervised release after
imprisonment. The length of such a term of supervised
release shall not exceed the term of supervised release
authorized by statute for the offense that resulted in the
original term of supervised release, less any term of
imprisonment that was imposed upon revocation of
supervised release.
18 U.S.C § 3583(h).
3
respect to the same underlying offense, not only by the most‐recent
term of imprisonment.
Accordingly, we REMAND the cause to the District Court for
the limited purpose of entering a judgment that reduces defendant’s
term of supervised release by 128 days.
BACKGROUND
Defendant Samuel Rodriguez appeals the December 23, 2013,
judgment of the District Court revoking his term of 20 months’
supervised release and sentencing him to a two‐year term of
imprisonment, to be followed by a one‐year term of supervised
release.
To understand the basis of defendant’s appeal, a brief account
of his recent criminal history is required. In 2009, Rodriguez pleaded
guilty to one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), 2 and one count of making false
statements in a matter within the jurisdiction of the United States, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001.3 Thereafter, Judge Gardephe sentenced
2 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) provides, in relevant part:
It shall be unlawful for any person . . . who has been
convicted in any court of, a crime punishable by
imprisonment for a term exceeding one year . . . to . . .
possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm or
ammunition; or to receive any firearm or ammunition
which has been shipped or transported in interstate or
foreign commerce.
3 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a) provides, in relevant part:
4
Rodriguez principally to a 28‐month term of imprisonment on each
count, to run concurrently, followed by the maximum statutory
three‐year term of supervised release (the “2009 sentence”).
On October 6, 2010, Rodriguez completed his term of
imprisonment and commenced his period of supervision by the
United States Probation Office (“Probation Office”). On March 1,
2012, the Probation Office submitted to the District Court a petition
alleging that Rodriguez had violated several conditions of his
supervised release and requesting the issuance of a bench warrant
for his arrest and revocation of his supervised release. On June 12,
2012, Rodriguez was arrested and subsequently detained. On July
19, 2012, Rodriguez admitted to violating the conditions of his
supervision and on October 17, 2012, Judge Gardephe revoked his
supervised release and sentenced him to time served following this
latest arrest—i.e., 128 days’ imprisonment. Judge Gardephe also
imposed a new term of 20 months’ supervised release, with the
special condition that Rodriguez complete 18 of the 20 months at a
[W]hoever, in any matter within the jurisdiction of the
executive, legislative, or judicial branch of the
Government of the United States, knowingly and
willfully—(1) falsifies, conceals, or covers up by any
trick, scheme, or device a material fact; (2) makes any
materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or
representation; or (3) makes or uses any false writing or
document knowing the same to contain any materially
false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry; shall be
fined under this title [or] imprisoned not more than 5
years . . . .
5
residential substance abuse and mental health treatment facility (the
“2012 sentence”).
On March 19, 2013, the Probation Office filed a petition
alleging that Rodriguez had violated several conditions of his
second term of supervised release. Judge Gardephe issued a
summons ordering Rodriguez to appear in Court and, after he failed
to appear, Rodriguez was once again arrested and thereafter
detained on May 1, 2013. On June 24, 2013, Rodriguez appeared
before Judge Gardephe and admitted to violating the terms of his
release. On December 23, 2013, Judge Gardephe revoked
Rodriguez’s supervised release and sentenced him to a term of two‐
years’ imprisonment4 to be followed by a new term of one‐year of
supervised release, with the special condition that Rodriguez
4 Rodriguez was sentenced to the two‐year term of imprisonment pursuant to 18
U.S.C. § 3583(e). The statute authorizes a sentencing court to revoke a defendant’s
supervised release and require the defendant to “serve in prison all or part of the term of
supervised release authorized by statute for the offense that resulted in such term of
supervised release without credit for time previously served on postrelease supervision,
if the court, pursuant to the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure applicable to revocation
of probation or supervised release, finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the
defendant violated a condition of supervised release, except that a defendant whose term
is revoked under this paragraph may not be required to serve on any such revocation . . .
more than 2 years in prison if such offense is a class C or D felony . . . . “
6
complete that one‐year term at a residential drug treatment center
(the “2013 sentence”). Rodriguez now challenges the 2013 sentence.5
On appeal, defendant argues (1) that the District Court
violated 18 U.S.C. § 3583(h) when it failed to reduce the one‐year
term of supervised release in the 2013 sentence by the aggregate
prison terms imposed for all post‐conviction violations (i.e., 128 days
from his 2012 sentence and two years from his 2013 sentence), and
(2) that the District Court exceeded its sentencing discretion in its
2013 sentence by ordering Rodriguez’s new one‐year term of
supervised release to be served in a mandatory residential substance
abuse treatment center.
DISCUSSION
I. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(h)
Rodriguez concedes that he did not object to his 2013 sentence
when it was imposed, and thus we review for plain error. Under
5 The following table illustrates Rodriguez’s various sentences:
Term of Imprisonment Term of Supervised Release
2009 28 months (for each count 3 years
Sentence to run concurrently)
2012 128 days (for time served) 20 months (18 of which were to be served in a
Sentence residential substance abuse and mental health
treatment facility)
2013 2 years 1 year (to be served at a residential drug
Sentence treatment center)
7
plain error review, “an appellate court may, in its discretion, correct
an error not raised at trial only where the appellant demonstrates
that (1) there is an ‘error’; (2) the error is ‘clear or obvious, rather
than subject to reasonable dispute’; (3) the error ‘affected the
appellant’s substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means’ it
‘affected the outcome of the district court proceedings’; and (4) ‘the
error seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of
judicial proceedings.’” United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 262
(2010) (quoting Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 135 (2009)). The
imposition of a sentence that exceeds the statutory maximum
qualifies as plain error. See United States v. Cadet, 664 F.3d 27, 33 (2d
Cir. 2011).
Rodriguez argues, and the Government agrees, that the
District Court erred in sentencing him in 2013 to an additional one‐
year term of supervised release because such a term does not
properly account for the aggregated prison terms Rodriguez has
served after repeatedly violating his supervised release
requirements. 6 Under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(h), when a district court
imposes a new term of supervised release after a violation of
supervised release, “[t]he length of such a term of supervised release
shall not exceed the term of supervised release authorized by statute
for the offense that resulted in the original term of supervised
6 In its brief, the Government conceded that “Rodriguez is correct that the one‐year term
of supervised release Judge Gardephe imposed in connection with his second violation should be
reduced by 128 days.” Appellee’s Br. at 14.
8
release, less any term of imprisonment that was imposed upon revocation
of supervised release.” (emphasis supplied).
Although the statute does not explicitly require aggregation of
all post‐revocation terms of imprisonment imposed as a result of the
same underlying offense, every circuit that has considered this issue
has concluded that such aggregation is required. See, e.g., United
States v. Zoran, 682 F.3d 1060, 1063 (8th Cir. 2012) (requiring
aggregation of all post‐revocation terms of imprisonment imposed
on the same underlying offense); United States v. Vera, 542 F.3d 457,
462 (5th Cir. 2008) (holding that under § 3853(h) the maximum
allowable supervised release imposed following multiple
revocations must be reduced by the aggregate length of any terms of
imprisonment that have been imposed upon revocation); United
States v. Maxwell, 285 F.3d 336, 342 (4th Cir. 2002) (concluding that
“any term of imprisonment” must include “all postrevocation terms
of imprisonment imposed with respect to the same underlying
offense.”).
We agree with our sister circuits. This conclusion turns on the
meaning of the word “any” in the statute. If we interpret “any” to
include multiple terms of imprisonment then we would aggregate
the various post‐revocation prison sentences before subtracting that
amount of time from a defendant’s newly‐imposed supervised
release term. On the other hand, if we interpret “any” in a more
limited manner, then a defendant would only have the prison term
imposed after the most recent revocation subtracted from his
supervised release term.
9
The Fourth Circuit, in United States v. Maxwell, persuasively
adopted the former interpretation, explaining:
When the word “any” is properly read in
its § 3583(h) statutory context, Websterʹs
Third New International Dictionary provides
that the word “any” means “all.” See id. at
97 (2d ed. 1981). Specifically, Webster’s Third
New International Dictionary provides that
when the word “any” is “used as a function
word to indicate the maximum or whole of
a number or quantity,” for example, “give
me [any] letters you find” and “he needs
[any] help he can get,” the word “any”
means “all.” Id. Here, the word “any” in
the phrase “less any term of imprisonment
that was imposed upon revocation of
supervised release,” § 3583(h) (emphasis
added), is obviously used as a function
word to indicate the maximum or whole of
a number or quantity just as the word
“any” is used in the dictionary examples
quoted above.
285 F.3d at 341. Thus, a plain reading of the reference to “any term of
imprisonment” in the statute must include the prison term in the
current revocation sentence together with all prison time served
under any prior revocation sentences imposed with respect to the
same underlying offense.
Applying this reading of the statute to the case at hand, the
maximum term of supervised release for Rodriguez’s underlying
10
offenses as part of the original 2009 sentence is three years. 7
Pursuant to our interpretation of 18 U.S.C. § 3583(h), his term of
supervised release must be reduced by “any term of imprisonment”
thereafter imposed upon revocation of his supervised release, which
adds up to two years and 128 days (two years from the 2012
sentence plus 128 days from the 2013 sentence). Thus, the maximum
term of supervised release that the District Court could impose on
Rodriguez in connection with his most recent violation is 237 days,
or three years minus two years and 128 days. By imposing a term of
supervised release of one year, the District Court’s sentence
exceeded by 128 days the 237‐day supervised release term still
available under the statutory maximum for Rodriguez’s offenses.
This constitutes plain error.
Byzantine as this may seem, this analysis is required under
our current sentencing regime. Accordingly, we remand the case to
the District Court for the limited purpose of reducing the
defendant’s term of supervised release by 128 days.
7 The two underlying offenses in the original 2009 sentence each have a
maximum term of supervised release of three years. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(b)(2) (“Except as
otherwise provided, the authorized terms of supervised release are . . . for a Class C or
Class D felony, not more than three years . . . .”). The 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) felon‐in‐
possession offense is a Class C felony, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(a)(2) and 3559(a)(3), while the
18 U.S.C. § 1001(a) false statement offense is a Class D felony. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 1001(a)
and3559(a)(4).
11
II. Special Condition of Residential Drug Treatment
Rodriguez also contends that the District Court exceeded its
discretion by ordering that his one‐year term of supervised release
(now reduced by 128 days to 237 days) be served in a residential
drug treatment center. But Rodriguez is barred from challenging this
condition on appeal as he affirmatively and repeatedly requested
that the District Court impose residential drug treatment as a special
condition of supervised release, and he did not object when the
District Court granted his request. Rodriguez may not “evade the
consequences of an unsuccessful tactical decision” by appealing the
results of that decision. United States v. Coonan, 938 F.2d 1553, 1561
(2d Cir. 1991); see also United States v. Yu–Leung, 51 F.3d 1116, 1122
(2d Cir. 1995) (“If . . . [a] party consciously refrains from objecting as
a tactical matter, then that action constitutes a true ‘waiver,’ which
will negate even plain error review.”); United States v. Quinones, 511
F.3d 289, 321 (2d Cir. 2007) (holding that a defendant’s tactical
decision to concede to one type of sentence waives a claim of plain
error to that particular sentence); cf. New Hampshire v. Maine, 532
U.S. 742, 749 (2001) (holding that “[w]here a party assumes a certain
position in a legal proceeding, and succeeds in maintaining that
position, he may not thereafter, simply because his interests have
changed, assume a contrary position”).
Accordingly, the District Court did not err when it ordered
that Rodriguez’s term of supervised release be served in a
residential drug treatment center.
12
CONCLUSION
To summarize: We hold that, when imposing the maximum
term of supervised release following revocation of a previous term
of supervised release, 18 U.S.C. § 3583(h) requires that the term be
reduced by all post‐revocation terms of imprisonment imposed with
respect to the same underlying offense, not only by the most‐recent
term of imprisonment.
Accordingly, for the reasons set forth above, we REMAND
the cause to the District Court for the limited purpose of entering a
judgment that reduces Rodriguez’s term of supervised release by
128 days.
13