J. RICHARD CREATURA, Magistrate Judge.
This Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 636(c), Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 73 and Local Magistrate Judge Rule MJR 13. See also Joint Status Report, Dkt. 49 and Minute Order, Dkt. 50.
Prison Legal News seeks an injunction that would prohibit Lewis County Jail from restricting incoming and outgoing prisoner mail to postcards only. Dkt. 10. At various times, Lewis County Jail has chosen to enforce a policy imposing such a restriction and at other times has chosen not to enforce this restriction. Despite representing to the Court that it has changed its policy and is now allowing news sources to distribute both publications and other forms of correspondence to prisoners, there is substantial evidence to believe that this policy has not yet been adopted.
First Amendment rights are too important to be subject to such arbitrariness. When it comes to access to news and information, prisoners and those who correspond with them should be afforded the opportunity to send and receive mail, and if mail is refused by the Jail, prisoners and persons attempting to communicate with prisoners should receive notice and a fair and timely process for appealing the Jail's refusal to deliver the mail.
Therefore, this Court GRANTS plaintiff's motion for a preliminary injunction, as will be further delineated below.
Plaintiff Prison Legal News ("PLN") is published by the Human Rights Defense Center ("HRDC"), a Washington Non-Profit Corporation. Dkt. 1 at ¶ 3.1 HRDC's mission is public education, prisoner education, advocacy, and outreach in support of the rights of prisoners and in furtherance of basic human rights. Id. PLN publishes and distributes a monthly journal of corrections news and analysis, as well as books about the criminal justice system and legal issues affecting prisoners, to prisoners, lawyers, courts, libraries, and the public throughout the country. Id.
From September 2013 through October 2013, PLN mailed to prisoners of Lewis County Jail personally addressed envelopes containing informational brochures about subscribing to PLN, copies of a catalog of books that PLN offers for sale, detailed book offers, and court opinions. Dkt. 12 at ¶¶10-13, Exhibits A through SS (censored mail), Exhibits TT and UU (exemplars). The Jail rejected and returned the mail, totaling forty-five pieces of mail. Dkt. 12 at ¶¶12-13, Exhibits A through SS. On forty of the returned items, the Jail staff stamped "RETURN TO SENDER This facility accepts postcards only." Dkt. 12 at ¶¶ 12-13, Exhibits E through RR. On three items Jail staff stamped "Returned to Sender REASON CHECKED BELOW" with "Unauthorized Mail" checked or circled. Dkt. 12 at ¶¶ 12-13, Exhibits B through D. On two of the items, Jail staff stamped both "RETURN TO SENDER This facility accepts postcards only" and "Returned to Sender REASON CHECKED BELOW" with "Unauthorized Mail" circled; and, on one of these double stamped items, Jail staff additionally stamped "RETURN TO SENDER. UNDELIVERABLE AS ADDRESSED." Dkt. 12 at ¶¶ 12-13, Exhibits A and SS. The Jail also has rejected materials printed from PLN's website that were sent to a prisoner by a family member, such as one rejected in May, 2014. Dkt. 33 at ¶ 5, Exhibit B. The Jail rejects mail sent from family members and friends if not in postcard form. Dkt. 34, Exhibits 1-3.
Defendants indicate that the Jail adopted its official mail policy on February 3, 2010, and has officially adopted revisions as late as September 4, 2012. Dkt. 24, Exhibit 2. This policy restricts all ingoing and outgoing prisoner personal mail to postcards only. Id. at page 2. The policy also contains a "Publications" section that allows for the delivery of incoming soft covered magazines. Id. at page 3. The Jail has also presented a draft policy that it claims to have put into practice on June 2, 2014. Dkt. 71 at ¶ 2. This draft policy contains a separate section regarding publishers and publications providing that correspondence between publishers and prisoners will not be censored under the postcard-only policy. Dkt. 44, Exhibit 2 at page 2. Despite this assertion, defendants admit that this draft policy has not been widely disseminated nor officially adopted by the Jail. Dkt. 71 at ¶ 2; Dkt. 61, Exhibit 15 at page 18. The official policy of the Jail remains the policy discussed above that was adopted February 3, 2010 and revised as late as September 4, 2012. Dkt. 61, Exhibit 15 at page 18. Although this official policy contains a subsection under the section titled "Incoming Mail" that allows for the delivery of incoming soft covered magazines, it does not specifically address general correspondence between publishers and prisoners in any other form. Dkt. 24, Exhibit 2 at page 3. On its face, the correspondence PLN claims was wrongfully censored by defendants does not qualify under the publications subsection of the Jail's official policy and is therefore subject to the postcard-only restriction applied to all personal mail. Id. at page 2-3.
Plaintiff filed a Complaint on April 11, 2014, alleging that Lewis County Jail's post-card only rule violated PLN's and prisoner-addressees' protected free speech rights, as well as the free speech rights of others who correspond with, or attempt to correspond with, prisoners. Dkt. 1 at ¶¶4.13, 4.14, 4.36-4.39, 5.2. Plaintiff also alleges that when defendants rejected mail based on this post-card-only policy, Lewis County Jail failed to provide due process notice and opportunity for appeal to PLN and other senders and receivers of the rejected prison mail. Dkt. 1 at ¶¶4.18-4.21, 4.40-4.41, 5.6.
Plaintiff filed a motion for preliminary injunction on April 21, 2014, requesting that this Court enjoin the postcard-only rule and require notice and opportunity to be heard when mail is rejected. Dkt. 10. That matter is currently before the Court.
To satisfy standing requirements, a plaintiff must show: (1) that it has suffered an "injury in fact" that is "(a) concrete and particularized and (b) `actual or imminent, not `conjectural' or `hypothetical;''" (2) that the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and (3) that it is "`likely', as opposed to merely `speculative', that the injury will be `redressed by a favorable decision.'" See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-561 (1992) (footnote and all citations omitted).
PLN has met each of these requirements. First, PLN has shown that the jail actually rejected mail sent by plaintiff to prisoners, and has set forth concrete and particularized examples of those rejections. Second, the action is fairly traceable to the Jail's postcard-only policy as the policy was in place at the time PLN's mail was rejected and was used as the basis for rejecting this mail. And, third, as will be discussed below, plaintiff has demonstrated that further injury will be redressed by a favorable decision on the merits. Although defendants assert that its postcard-only policy is no longer enforced, the policy remains in place and could be used again to reject mail if it chose to enforce the policy. Therefore, this Court concludes that plaintiff has standing to bring this motion for preliminary injunction on its own behalf. See id.
Further, plaintiff has standing to assert the rights of third parties who are not before the Court. Under the overbreadth doctrine, a plaintiff "may challenge an overly broad statute or regulation by showing that it may inhibit the First Amendment rights of individuals who are not before the court." 4805 Convoy, Inc. v. City of San Diego, 183 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted). The requirements to satisfy overbreadth standing are injury-in-fact and the ability to frame the issues in the case satisfactorily. Id. (citing Secretary of Maryland v. Joseph H. Munson Co., 467 U.S. 947, 958 (1984)).
First, the current official policy threatens the ability of those other than PLN to send information packs and other non postcard materials to prisoners while also failing to provide notice of the opportunity to appeal; and, such restriction has occurred, for instance, to a partner of a prisoner who shares a child with the prisoner (see Dkt. 34 at Exhibits 1 and 3) as well as to a mother of a prisoner (see Dkt. 34 at Exhibits 2 and 3). Thus, those other than PLN have been injured-in-fact.
Second, PLN is certainly able to frame the issues on behalf of prisoners and other correspondents. PLN has vigorously advocated on behalf of prisoners in previous litigation in this Circuit. See, e.g., Prison Legal News v. Lehman, 397 F.3d 692 (9th Cir. 2005); Prison Legal News v. Cook, 238 F.3d 1145 (9th Cir. 2001); Prison Legal News v. Columbia County, Dock. No. 3:12-CV-00071-SI, 2012 WL 1936108, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 74030 (D. Or. May 29, 2012) (unpublished opinion); see also Dkt. 34. Furthermore, PLN has offered multiple declarations from prisoners and their correspondents demonstrating that PLN has invested significant time in determining how the Jail's policy has affected prisoners and their correspondents. See Dkt. 30; see also Dkt. 34. Finally, PLN has framed its argument to address the allegedly overbroad nature of the mail policy's postcard-only restriction and lack of procedural due process safeguards while presenting specific alleged effects of the policy on prisoners and their correspondents in addition to the effect on PLN alone. PLN has demonstrated advocacy on behalf of prisoners and their other correspondents; and has demonstrated that it is able to represent adequately prisoners and their correspondents' interests in this litigation. Therefore, PLN has standing to assert the rights of the prisoners and other potential senders and recipients of prison mail.
While case law indicates that a free speech claim like plaintiff's is an appropriate setting for the application of the overbreadth doctrine, the doctrine does not appear to have been used by other courts to cover claims such as plaintiff's due process claims. The Supreme Court has "recognized the validity of facial attacks alleging overbreadth (though not necessarily using that term) in relatively few settings, and, generally, on the strength of specific reasons weighty enough to overcome our well-founded reticence." Sabri v. United States, 541 U.S. 600, 609-10 (2004) (citations omitted). Such settings include free speech, the right to travel, abortion, and legislation under § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. Id (citing Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601 (1973); Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 378 U.S. 500 (1964); Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914, 938-46 (2000); City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507, 532-35 (1997)) (other citations omitted). The overbreadth doctrine should not be extended beyond these settings without good reason. Sabri, supra, 541 U.S. at 610. Nonetheless, the Court finds that the same evidence supports PLN's ability to properly frame both First and Fourteenth Amendment interests of prisoners and other correspondents. Additionally, PLN has indicated injury-in-fact arising from the violation of both its First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Therefore, the Court concludes that the equal existence of these factors in regards to both constitutional rights, coupled with the already appropriate application of the overbreadth doctrine to plaintiff's free speech claim, constitutes good reason for extending the doctrine to plaintiff's Fourteenth Amendment due process claims as well. Plaintiff may assert these claims on behalf of prisoners and other correspondents whose mail is restricted by the Jail's postcard-only policy.
A defendant claiming that its voluntary compliance moots a case bears the formidable burden of showing that it is "absolutely clear the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur." Friends of the Earth, supra, 528 U.S. at 189 (citing United States v. Concentrated Phosphate Export Assn., Inc., 393 U.S. 199, 203 (1968)). Accordingly, a mere change in policy ante litem is not sufficient to moot a case unless it clearly shows that the alleged wrong will not reasonably recur.
Defendants have not met this heavy burden. For instance, defendants acknowledge that at the time of the incident, the Jail's policy had a postcard-only policy, but argue that it chose not to enforce it against PLN. Since PLN's mail was rejected on several instances, it is clear that the Jail's policy of not following its policy does not negate a potential impact on PLN in the future.
Defendants also argue that the draft policy will cure the problem. But, for unknown reasons, it has not yet been adopted. This fact, as well, leads the Court to conclude that it is not "absolutely clear the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur." See Friends of the Earth, supra, 528 U.S. at 189 (citing Concentrated Phosphate Export Assn., Inc., supra, 393 U.S. at 203).
Furthermore, even the draft policy presented by the Jail is problematic. It includes a "Publications/Other mail" section in addition to the categories of "Personal" and "Privileged" mail. Dkt. 44, Exhibit 2. This newly drafted section suggests that "verifiable business, banks, publishers, etc. shall not be subject to postcard rules," but remains unclear about what organizations actually qualify under this exception. Dkt. 45 at ¶ 5, Exhibit 2 at page 2. This is particularly apparent where the next sentence of the same section offers a slightly expanded list of correspondents who might qualify under the exception including publishers, "verifiable business[es], government office[s], bank[s], book store[s],
Regarding PLN's due process claims, the draft policy includes a statement that rejected mail "will be returned to sender with a copy of the Notice of Withheld Material. The withheld material notice shall include contact information and direction for due process," and "[t]he inmate. . . . will receive a copy of the Notice of Withheld Material." Dkt. 45, Exhibit 2 at page 3. PLN claims that these measures are still inadequate safeguards of its own due process rights, the rights of prisoners, and the rights of other correspondents. The proposed policy does not facially require notice of the reason for rejecting the mail by Jail staff. See id. And, it vaguely addresses notice of an appeals process for those sending mail to prisoners, and neglects to indicate if prisoners will be able to appeal the censorship of their mail by Jail staff. See id. Furthermore, there is nothing in the policy that mentions notification or the right to appeal the rejection of outgoing mail by Jail staff. See id.
Accordingly, several areas of dispute remain unresolved. Defendants have not satisfied "the formidable burden of showing that it is absolutely clear the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur." See Friends of the Earth, supra, 528 U.S. at 189 (citing Concentrated Phosphate Export Assn., Inc., 393 U.S. at 203). Therefore, this motion for preliminary injunction is not moot.
Because plaintiff has standing to assert its rights and the rights of third parties, and because this matter is not moot, the Court will now address the standards for granting a preliminary injunction, as set forth in Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). Because plaintiff is seeking a preliminary injunction regarding both the Jail's post-card only policy and the Jail's notice and appeals procedure for rejected mail, and those policies potentially impact separate constitutionally protected rights, the Court will deal with each policy separately.
Under the first factor of the test in Winter, plaintiff has the burden of demonstrating that it is likely to succeed on the merits. See Winter, supra, 555 U.S. at 20. Prisoners and their correspondents have a First Amendment interest in sending each other mail. The Ninth Circuit has "repeatedly recognized that publishers and inmates have a First Amendment interest in communicating with each other." Hrdlicka v. Reniff, 631 F.3d 1044, 1049 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Prison Legal News v. Lehman, 397 F.3d 692, 699 (9th Cir. 2005); Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 408 (1989)). Also, prison and jail walls do not "bar free citizens from exercising their own constitutional rights by reaching out to those on the `inside.'" Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 407 (1989) (citing Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 94-99 (1987); Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520 (1979); Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Labor Union, Inc., 433 U.S. 119 (1977); Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817 (1974)) (internal citation omitted).
This First Amendment interest extends to receiving mail as well as sending it. "It is now well established that the Constitution protects the right to receive information and ideas. `This freedom [of speech and press]. . . . necessarily protects the right to receive. . . .'" Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557, 564 (1969) (citing Martin v. City of Struthers, 319 U.S. 141, 143 (1943); Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 482 (1965); Lamont v. Postmaster General, 381 U.S. 301, 307-08 (1965) (Brennan, J., concurring); cf. Pierce v. Society of the Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 (1925)). Accordingly, plaintiff has a First Amendment interest in both sending correspondence to prisoners and receiving correspondence in return. Additionally, prisoners and their other correspondents share the same constitutional interest.
Notwithstanding the implication of a First Amendment interest, "restrictions that are asserted to inhibit First Amendment interests must be analyzed in terms of the legitimate policies and goals of the corrections system. . . ." Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817, 822 (1974). In Turner v. Safley, the Supreme Court determined that when prison regulations impinge on constitutional interests, the regulations are valid if "reasonably related to legitimate penological interests." 482 U.S. 78, 89 (1987), superceded by statute, 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1(a)(1)-(2), with respect to burdens on religious exercise, as stated in Warsoldier v. Woodford, 418 F.3d 989, 994 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation and footnote omitted). The Court provided a four-factor test to evaluate "the reasonableness of a prison or jail regulation impinging on a constitutional right." Hrdlicka, supra, 631 F.3d at 1049. This test considers:
Prison Legal News v. Lehman, 272 F.Supp.2d 1151, 1155 (W.D. Wash. 2003) (quoting Prison Legal News v. Cook, 238 F.3d 1145, 1149 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Turner, supra, 482 U.S. at 89-90)). Not only do these factors apply in evaluating regulations that govern prisoners' right to receive mail, but they also apply to regulations affecting correspondents' "rights to send materials to prisoners." Prison Legal News v. Cook, 238 F.3d 1145, 1149 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Thornburgh, supra, 490 U.S. at 413).
The first Turner factor requires this Court to determine if the postcard-only policy is rationally related to a legitimate and neutral governmental objective. See Turner, supra, 482 U.S. at 89-90 (citations omitted). Defendants assert that the postcard-only policy is aimed at improving jail security by reducing the importation of contraband, the amount of resources spent screening mail, and prisoner misuse of the mailing system. Dkt. 25 at ¶¶ 3, 4. Prison security is undeniably a legitimate penological objective. See Thornburg, supra, 490 U.S. at 415. The policy also is neutral because it draws a distinction between postcards and other forms of mail "solely on the basis of their potential implications for prison security. . . ." Id. (footnote omitted).
The burden of showing a rational relationship lies with defendants, and is initially satisfied by presenting an "intuitive, common-sense connection" between the objective and the regulation. Frost v. Symington, 197 F.3d 348, 354, 356-57 (9th Cir. 1999). If PLN is able to show sufficient evidence refuting the connection, defendants must additionally present enough evidence "to show that the connection is not so `remote as to render the policy arbitrary or irrational.'" Id. (quoting Mauro v. Arpaio, 188 F 3.d 1054, 1060 (9th Cir. 1999) (quoting Turner, supra, 428 U.S. at 89-90 and Amatel v. Reno, 156 F.3d 192, 200-01 (D.C. Cir. 1998))).
Here, defendants indicate that "[i]t is simply more effective to visually scan a postcard for contraband and other issues than it is to scan a closed envelope, remove its contents, and review the same for all of the issues of which our staff has to be aware. . . ." Dkt. 25 at ¶ 10. Such issues include concerns about materials like anthrax, weapons, secreted drugs, coded messages, or even bodily fluids being sent through the mail. Id. at ¶¶ 2, 3. Additionally, defendants indicate that the postcard-only policy reduces the time that staff spends screening mail by half. Id. at ¶ 4. This showing sufficiently establishes a common-sense connection between the postcard-only policy and the asserted objective. This factor weighs in favor of defendants.
The second Turner factor considers whether or not "`other avenues' remain available for the exercise of the asserted right." Turner, supra, 482 U.S. at 90 (citations omitted). In evaluating this factor, alternative means need not be ideal, but they must be reasonably available. See Overton v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126, 135 (2003). Nonetheless, "`the right' in question must be viewed sensibly and expansively." Thornburgh, supra, 490 U.S. at 417 (citing Turner, supra, 482 U.S. 78; O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342 (1987)). Defendants contend that alternate avenues exist to exercise free speech rights because other channels remain open for contacting prisoners, like sending emails, making phone calls, or utilizing regular visitation. See Dkt. 45 at ¶¶ 9, 11.
On this point, the facts indicate otherwise. The postcard-only policy, on its face, prevents PLN from sending materials that are not easily transferable to a postcard, such as court opinions and informational packets. PLN has shown that the information included in these mailings cannot be formatted to fit onto a postcard. Dkt. 12 at ¶ 17, Exhibits TT, UU. For this reason and due to PLN's necessary reliance on such materials to secure new subscribers and its continued vitality, the barriers implicated by the policy are not an insubstantial hardship. See id.
The policy also prevents family members from sending items like photographs, copies of bills, and medical information. See, e.g., Dkt. 34. None of these things can be easily replaced by telephone calls or regular visitation. It has been recognized that such communication with family and friends "advances rather than retards the goal of rehabilitation. . . ." Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 412-13 (1974) (quoting Policy Statement 7300.1A of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (the policy "recognized that any need for restrictions arises primarily from considerations of order and security rather than rehabilitation: `Constructive, wholesome contact with the community is a valuable therapeutic tool in the overall corrections process'"); Policy Guideline of the Association of State Correctional Administrators of August 23, 1972 (the policy guideline "echoes the view that personal correspondence by prison inmates is a generally wholesome activity: `Correspondence with members of an inmate's family, close friends, associates and organizations is beneficial to the morale of all confined persons and may form the basis for good adjustment in the institution and the community'")) (footnote omitted), overruled on other grounds, Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 407, 413-16, 419 (1989) (noting the "undoubtedly" legitimate claim to prison access by "families and friends of prisoners who seek to sustain relationships with them") (citations omitted).
The postcard-only policy drastically reduces prisoners' and other correspondents' ability to communicate. It is more than a mere inconvenience and becomes a substantial barrier to First Amendment rights. Incarceration does not "form a barrier separating prison inmates [or free citizens] from the protections of the Constitution. . . ." Thornburgh, supra, 490 U.S. at 407 (citing Turner, supra, 482 U.S. at 84, 94-99; Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520 (1979); Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Labor Union, Inc., 433 U.S. 119 (1977); Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817 (1974)). Accordingly, the second Turner factor favors PLN as "`the right' in question must be viewed sensibly and expansively." Id. at 417 (citing Turner, supra, 482 U.S. 78; O'Lone, supra, 482 U.S. 342).
The third Turner factor considers the impact that "accommodation of the asserted constitutional right will have on guards and other inmates, and on the allocation of prison resources generally." Turner, supra, 482 U.S. at 90. Because of the high likelihood that even the smallest changes will have some "ramification of the liberty of others or on the use of the prison's limited resources[,]" this third factor weighs most heavily when "accommodation of an asserted right will have a significant `ripple effect' on fellow inmates or on prison staff." Id. Also, "the policies followed at other well-run institutions [are] relevant to a determination of the need for a particular type of restriction." Martinez, supra, 416 U.S. at 414 n.14, overruled on other grounds, Thornburgh, supra, 490 U.S. 401; see also Morrison v. Hall, 261 F.3d 896, 905 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Martinez, supra, 416 U.S. at 414 n.14, overruled on other grounds, Thornburgh, supra, 490 U.S. 401).
Defendants state that the postcard-only policy reduces by half the time that staff members spend screening mail, but PLN aptly raises important questions concerning the actual amount of time that is saved. Compare Dkt. 25 at ¶ 4 with Dkt. 34 at ¶¶ 11-12. PLN questions the methods by which this figure was obtained. Dkt. 34 at ¶¶ 11-12. Also, PLN contends that the time necessary to review the mailing, mark the reason for its rejection, and attach a notice regarding an option to appeal the decision arguably would be no greater than the time necessary to open and inspect the contents of the envelope for contraband and send it on to the intended recipient. Defendants' assertion regarding the impact on its budget is simply not well documented nor supported by substantial quantitative and qualitative evidence. Instead, it seems to be based entirely on conjecture, rather than analysis and evidence. Therefore, without more, this Court cannot ascribe substantial weight to this assertion. Accordingly, the third Turner factor supports PLN's argument because defendants have failed to demonstrate that accommodating these First Amendment rights will have a significant impact on other guards and prisoners or on the allocation of prison resources.
In addition, PLN also has identified numerous prison and jail systems that do not enforce a postcard-only policy, but instead perform mail inspections, as Lewis County Jail has done in the past. Such systems include the Washington Department of Corrections ("WDOC"), the Bureau of Prisons, King County Jail, Pierce County Jail, and Spokane County Jail. Dkt. 10 at page 18. In contrast, defendants indirectly refer to two jail systems that likewise employ postcard-only policies. See Dkt. 22 at pages 3, 10-11. However, the prevalence of the alternative policies allowing for enveloped mail among "well-run institutions" suggests that postcard-only policies do not increase efficiency enough to result in their widespread adoption.
The final Turner factor addresses if "the existence of easy and obvious alternatives indicates that the regulation is an exaggerated response by prison officials." Cook, supra, 238 F.3d at 1149 (citing Turner, supra, 482 U.S. at 89-90). This factor should not be mistaken for a least restrictive alternative analysis; prisons need not always adopt the least restrictive alternative. See Turner, supra, 482 U.S. at 90-91 (citations omitted). However, courts may consider "an alternative that fully accommodates the [asserted] rights at de minimis cost to valid penological interests" as evidence that the policy unreasonably infringes upon First Amendment rights. Id. at 91.
As discussed above, PLN has indicated that simply opening and inspecting enveloped mail is a ready alternative to Lewis County Jail's postcard-only policy. This was the policy employed previously by Lewis County Jail and the Jail has reported no incidents of misconduct where the resulting danger would have increased had the jail allowed envelopes and letters. Also, defendants have failed to show that inspecting enveloped letters instead of outright rejecting them will be difficult or will result in an undue burden on administrative costs. The fact that systems like the Bureau of Prisons, the WDOC, and large county jails in the immediate region all accommodate enveloped mail without compromised security evidences that the postcard-only policy is an exaggerated response to the potential dangers that accompany the postal service. Dkt. 10 at 18; see Morrison, supra, 261 F.3d at 905 (finding that alternative "policies followed at other well-run institutions" evidenced that easy and obvious alternatives existed to the challenged regulation) (citations omitted). In light of these other institutions', and Lewis County Jail's own successful past use of a letter inspecting policy, the fourth factor suggests that the postcard-only policy is an exaggerated response by prison officials, thus weighing in favor of PLN's position.
In summary, although defendants succeed in stating a "rational" relationship between the postcard-only policy and legitimate penological interests, the remaining Turner factors weigh heavily in favor of PLN. This "rational" relationship is insufficient to justify such a substantial barrier on First Amendment rights. Therefore, plaintiff has demonstrated that it likely will succeed on the merits of its First Amendment claims, satisfying the first prong of the Winter test. See Winter, supra, 555 U.S. at 20.
Under the second prong in Winter, plaintiff has the burden of proving that it is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief. Winter, supra, 555 U.S. at 20. To meet this burden, it is well recognized that "[t]he loss of First Amendment freedoms, for even minimal periods of time, unquestionably constitutes irreparable injury." Elrods v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347, 373 (1976) (citing New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971) (footnote omitted)); see also Klein v. City of San Clemente, 584 F.3d 1196, 1207-08 (9th Cir. 2009). However, the fact of past injury, while presumably affording a plaintiff standing to claim damages, "does nothing to establish a real and immediate threat that he would again" suffer similar injury in the future. City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 105 (1983).
As discussed above, see supra, Mootness section, the proposed change in the Jail's policy does too little to alleviate the Court's concerns regarding the possibility that the Jail will reject mail from PLN or other correspondents in the future. Due to the vagueness of the policy in regards to who qualifies as a "publisher/other," the policy on its face could be applied differently to nearly identical organizations resulting in the arbitrary denial of plaintiff's right to free speech. Additionally, other personal mail remains restricted to postcards only, preventing communications between prisoners and family or other correspondents. Therefore, this Court concludes that the Jail's postcard-only policy is likely to cause further irreparable injury in the future.
The third Winter test, that the balance of equities tips in plaintiff's favor, is very similar in application to the weighing of interests that the Court already has conducted under Turner. Compare Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., supra, 555 U.S. 20 with Turner v. Safley, supra, 482 U.S. at 89-91. Therefore, the Court simply notes here that analysis of the postcardonly policy under the Turner factors establishes that the balance of equities tips in favor of plaintiff. Considering that the Jail previously has allowed enveloped mail, and due to a lack of evidence showing that a return to this policy would cause inordinate harm or difficulty, the Court concludes that the Jail's postcard-only policy cannot justify the dramatic impact on plaintiff's, prisoners', and other correspondents' First Amendment rights.
The final test under Winter is whether or not the injunction is in the public interest. Winter, supra, 555 U.S. at 20. "The public interest primarily addresses [the] impact on nonparties rather than parties." Sammartano v. First Judicial Dist. Court, in & for County of Carson City, 303 F.3d 959, 974 (9th Cir. 2002), overruled on other grounds, Winter, supra, 555 U.S. at 22. Here, an injunction would not only benefit PLN, but it also would directly benefit other publishers similarly situated as well as other members of the public who wish to communicate with prisoners through written correspondence. Additionally, because communication with family and friends "advances rather than retards the goal of rehabilitation," such an injunction would benefit the public generally. Martinez, supra, 416 U.S. at 412-13 (footnote and quotations omitted), overruled on other grounds, Thornburgh, supra, 490 U.S. at 407 (noting the "undoubtedly" legitimate claim to prison access by "families and friends of prisoners who seek to sustain relationships with them") (citations omitted).
In summary, plaintiff has satisfied each of the prongs set forth in Winter, and is therefore entitled to an injunction regarding the postcard-only policy. The Court still needs to address the form of such an injunction. Plaintiff proposes that this Court order a mandatory injunction. "`A mandatory injunction orders a responsible party to take action,' while `[a] prohibitory injunction prohibits a party from taking action and preserves the status quo pending a determination of the action on the merits.'" Arizona Dream Act Coal. v. Brewer, 757 F.3d 1053, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 12746 at *13-*14 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Marlyn Nutraceuticals, Inc. v. Mucos Pharma GmbH & Co., 571 F.3d 873, 878-79 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted), overruled on other grounds, Winter, supra, 555 U.S. at 22; see also Flexible Lifeline Sys., Inc. v. Precision Lift, Inc., 654 F.3d 989, 997-98 (9th Cir. 2011)). In the context of an injunction, "the `status quo' refers to the legally relevant relationship between the parties before the controversy arose." Id. at *13 (citing McCormack v. Hiedeman, 694 F.3d 1004, 1020 (9th Cir. 2012)). Policy changes in response to litigation are an affirmative change of the status quo. See id. ("By revising their policy in response to DACA, Defendants affirmatively changed this status quo. The district court erred in defining the status quo ante litem. . . .").
The Court has been provided several options by the parties. Rather than delineating all aspects of a mail policy, the most straight forward approach is simply to prohibit that which is unconstitutional. Therefore, the Court preliminarily enjoins defendants from restricting incoming and outgoing prisoner mail to postcards only, and orders defendants not to refuse to deliver or process prisoner personal mail on the ground that it is in a form other than a postcard. Any policy or practice that does not conform with this restriction is enjoined during the pendency of this action or until further order of this Court.
Plaintiff further alleges that by rejecting mail without providing information regarding a right to appeal, defendants violated plaintiff's, prisoners', and other correspondents' Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process. Dkt. 1 at ¶5.6. Plaintiff seeks to obtain an injunction delineating the due process procedure to be followed by defendants during the pendency of these proceedings. Dkt. 10 at pages 20-24.
In order to protect the Fourteenth Amendment rights of prisoners and their correspondents, "the decision to censor or withhold delivery of a particular letter must be accompanied by minimum procedural safeguards." Martinez, supra, 416 U.S. at 417, overruled on other grounds, Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401 (1989). Inmates have "a Fourteenth Amendment due process liberty interest in receiving notice that [their] incoming mail is being withheld by prison authorities." Frost v. Symington, 197 F.3d 348, 353 (9th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted).
A preliminary injunction regarding the Jail's notice and appeals procedures will be granted if plaintiff in the due process context satisfies the four part test set forth in Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). Therefore, the following discussion sets forth this Court's analysis of those factors as they relate to plaintiff's Fourteenth Amendment due process claim.
Under the first prong of Winter, plaintiff has the burden of demonstrating that plaintiff is likely to succeed on the merits. See Winter, supra, 555 U.S. at 20. It is axiomatic that due process is adversely impacted by vague policies or disparate enforcement of those policies. See, e.g., Giaccio v. Pennsylvania, 382 U.S. 399, 402 (1966) ("the 1860 Act is invalid under the Due Process Clause because of vagueness and the absence of any standards sufficient to enable defendants to protect themselves against arbitrary and discriminatory impositions of costs. . . . Certainly one of the basic purposes of the Due Process Clause has always been to protect a person against having the Government impose burdens upon him except in accordance with the valid laws of the land. Implicit in this constitutional safeguard is the premise that the law must be one that carries an understandable meaning with legal standards that courts must enforce"). And, it is problematic that the Jail's notice and appeal procedure is unclear.
A policy is set forth in POL 05.07.050, which states in part:
Dkt. 12, Exhibit 2, Wright Declaration, Exhibit VV to Wright Declaration at page 3.
Plaintiff argues that defendants failed to comply with this policy, that the policy fails to define "threat to the legitimate penological interest," and that the policy is confusing and provides no information regarding how to obtain the stated review. Dkt. 10 at pages 21-22.
Another mail policy indicates that prisoners and their correspondents must be notified of the rejection by Jail staff of incoming mail, but that policy remains silent regarding outgoing mail rejected by Jail staff. Dkt. 45, Exhibit 2 at page 3. It states that if incoming mail is rejected for cause, it will be returned to the sender with a copy of the Notice of Withheld Material and shall include contact information and directions for due process. See id. Copies of this notice will be sent to the intended prisoner recipient. See id. The same procedure does not apply to outgoing mail rejected by Jail staff and no appeals procedure for prisoners is set forth in the policy. See id.
Defendants claim that the grievance policy contained in the Inmate Manual satisfies all of plaintiff's due process concerns. Dkt. 22 at page 11 (citing Dkt. 25, Exhibit 2). That Manual is for prisoners only, and not for other non-prisoner correspondents. The Manual does not refer specifically to the procedure that should be followed if mail is rejected, nor what notice is required, although it indicates that prisoners will be provided a written explanation when incoming mail (only) is rejected and instructs prisoners that they can appeal "to the Administration Lieutenant through the kiosk (GT) system." See Dkt. 25, Exhibit 2 at pp. 9-11. Defendants have not clarified how this manual is applied to rejected mail and has not clarified whether or not prisoners are given any notice of the Jail refusing to send their mail. See id.
Plaintiff argues that because of the disparate policies and procedures "the Jail's mail staff will be left to use unfettered discretion to apply the confusing and inconsistent policy according to their own interpretations." Dkt. 10 at p. 22. And, that appears to be exactly what occurred here. The Jail applied different stamps, advising the senders of different objections to the same types of mail. See Dkt. 12 at ¶¶ 12-13, Exhibits A through SS. None of the notices provided information to plaintiff of the procedure for appealing the rejections. Id. And, plaintiff has submitted evidence that prisoners were not given any notice that their mail had been rejected or that mail from the outside was not getting in. See Dkt. 32, Exhibit 3 at page 4. This is simply insufficient.
In Martinez, the Supreme Court affirmed an order by a district court that "required that an inmate be notified of the rejection of a letter written by or addressed to him, that the author of that letter be given a reasonable opportunity to protest that decision, and that complaints be referred to a prison official other than the person who originally disapproved the correspondence." Martinez, supra, 416 U.S. at 418-19, overruled on other grounds, Thornburgh, supra, 490 U.S. 401. Non-prisoner correspondents also have a constitutional interest in communicating with prisoners. See id.; Thornburgh, supra, 490 U.S. at 407 (prison and jail walls do not "bar free citizens from exercising their own constitutional rights by reaching out to those on the `inside'") (citations omitted). Therefore, plaintiff has satisfied this Court that the Jail's policies and practices of notifying senders and recipients of prison mail are unclear and irregularly applied. As such, the Court finds that plaintiff is likely to prevail on this issue and that the Jail's policy as applied is unconstitutional.
As set forth previously, under the second prong in Winter, "an alleged constitutional infringement will often alone constitute irreparable harm." Monterey Mech. Co. v. Wilson, 125 F.3d 702, 715 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting Associated General Contractors v. Coalition for Economic Equity, 950 F.2d 1401, 1412 (9th Cir. 1991), overruled on other grounds, United Food & Commercial Workers Union Local 751 v. Brown Group, Inc., 517 U.S. 544, 551 (1996) (quoting Goldie's Bookstore v. Superior Ct., 739 F.2d 466, 472 (9th Cir. 1984) (citing Wright & Miller, 11 Federal Practice and Procedure § 2948 at 440 (1973))). Due process, as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment, cannot be protected by vague and irregularly applied policies and procedures. The threat of this continuing harm sufficiently satisfies this element of the Winter test. See Winter, supra, 555 U.S. at 20; see also Elrods, supra, 427 U.S. at 373 (citing New York Times Co., supra, 403 U.S. 713 (footnote omitted)); Klein, supra, 584 F.3d at 1207-08.
Regarding the third prong in the Winter test, the Court concludes that the balance of equities tips in plaintiff's favor as to prisoners and those sending correspondences to prisoners. Defendant has made no attempt to argue that it would be burdensome to provide sufficient notice to prisoners. In fact, it argues that it is already doing so, despite plaintiff's evidence to the contrary. Nor have defendants argued that providing sufficient notice to persons whose mail is rejected would be an unreasonable burden; instead arguing that they, too, receive this notice, despite the evidence to the contrary.
However, defendants have articulated good reasons for not being required to notify persons who do not receive rejected mail from prisoners. As to those persons, the Jail argues persuasively that if a prisoner attempts to send a message that would violate a restraining order or potentially lead to harmful actions taken by others, a requirement that the Jail notify the intended recipient of the attempted contact would defeat the entire purpose of screening the dangerous mail in the first place. See Dkt. 44 at ¶ 4.41. As to those persons, the Court agrees that the balance of hardships does not tip in favor of plaintiff. Because it is difficult to determine which potential non-prisoner recipients may benefit from notice, and because prisoners' due process rights can be adequately protected by providing them notice, the Court will not require that the Jail inform the intended recipients that prisoners' mail to them has been rejected.
Except as to those intended recipients of prisoners' mail, under the forth Winter test, the public interest is well served by requiring the Jail to provide notice and a clear appeals process to prisoners of both rejected incoming and outgoing mail, as well as to non-prisoner correspondents whose mail is rejected.
Rather than attempting to write jail policy, this Court will delineate the parameters of a constitutionally acceptable policy. First, the Jail must notify a prisoner when it rejects correspondence written by or addressed to the prisoner. This notification, at a minimum, will set forth the reason the mail was rejected, and the procedure to follow if the prisoner wishes to appeal the rejection. Second, the Jail must notify a non-prisoner correspondent if the nonprisoner correspondent's mail is rejected. Such notification, at a minimum, will set forth the reason mail was rejected, and the procedure to follow if the non-prisoner correspondent wishes to appeal the rejection. Third, any appeal of rejected mail will be referred to a jail official other than the person who originally rejected the correspondence.
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