Justice FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
¶ 1 Respondent Vincent K., a juvenile currently confined in the Juvenile Department of Corrections, was adjudicated delinquent
¶ 3 On February 22, 2007, when respondent was a 13-year-old eighth-grader
¶ 4 A. The Adjudication Proceeding
¶ 5 In the EJJ proceeding, testimony established that February 22, 2007, was respondent's second day as an eighth-grade student at Heritage Middle School (Heritage), to which respondent had transferred from a special education school in Du Page County. Because respondent was new to Heritage, a teacher introduced him to another eighth-grade student, Yazmin Renteria. Renteria helped respondent with his locker and then went to her classes.
¶ 6 Renteria testified that at lunch, she saw respondent and the victim swearing at one another and having an "angry" discussion. Renteria stated that respondent and the victim yelled at one another for two to three minutes before going their separate ways.
¶ 7 Renteria further testified that, before eighth period, she went to her locker and saw respondent and the victim swearing at one another again. Renteria and two other students intervened to prevent the argument from becoming physical. Respondent and the victim agreed to meet after school for a fight. The victim went to class and respondent went to his locker, where Renteria overheard him saying that the victim "has something coming for him." Later that day, the victim told Renteria that he was going to walk home with his girlfriend, Gesele, and that he was not going to fight respondent unless respondent approached him first.
¶ 8 After school, Renteria walked outside with respondent and another student, Francisco Temblador. As they were walking, another student, Josh Lopez, approached respondent and told him that, if he wanted to fight, he should approach the victim. Renteria testified that respondent
¶ 9 Renteria saw the victim standing near an alley behind a church. Respondent challenged the victim to fight. The victim walked over, threw the first punch, and hit respondent three times in the face. Meanwhile, 15 to 20 people were milling about, watching the fight.
¶ 10 Renteria testified that respondent punched the victim. The victim stepped back, slipped on a patch of ice, and fell to his hands and knees. Respondent then "went under him and started stabbing him." The victim got back to his feet, started to walk toward the alley, and collapsed. Respondent swung his knife in the air and said he was "going to kill everybody." A woman in a pickup truck drove by and told respondent to get in the truck. Respondent complied.
¶ 11 Gesele Quintero testified that she was the victim's girlfriend. On February 22, 2007, when she and the victim met after school, the victim told her that "some kid wanted to fight with him." Quintero told him not to fight, and they started to walk home together. As they were walking, some people called to the victim and told him that respondent was waiting to fight him. The victim initially told them he was not going to fight, but changed his mind and told Quintero the fight would be over quickly and then they could go home.
¶ 12 Quintero testified that 10 to 20 students from Heritage Middle School began walking toward the victim, and then, "out of nowhere," respondent got "in [the victim's] face, saying something to him." The victim hit respondent, and they began fighting. The other students stood around watching the fight.
¶ 13 Quintero further testified that she had a difficult time seeing the fight because all of the students were surrounding the victim and respondent. Eventually, the victim fell down. Quintero saw respondent punch the victim, then heard other students scream, "he is bleeding." Quintero saw the victim holding his chest while respondent, standing in the middle of the street, screamed, "this is what you get when you mess with kings." One of the victim's friends walked toward respondent and asked him, "how can you stab somebody? This is supposed to be a one-on-one fight." At that point, Quintero saw a knife in respondent's hand. Respondent then got into a pickup truck and drove off.
¶ 14 Chicago police detective Joseph Green testified that, at 3:30 p.m. on February 22, 2007, he was called to the crime scene. When he arrived, the victim collapsed into Detective Green's arms. Detective Green was informed that the victim had been stabbed. He performed CPR on the victim, who was eventually transported to the hospital.
¶ 15 Chicago police officer Joseph Fitzgerald testified he recovered a knife from the crime scene. The parties stipulated that, if called to testify, forensic scientist Christopher Webb would testify that he found blood on the knife recovered by Officer Fitzgerald, as well as on clothes recovered from respondent. The parties also stipulated that, if called to testify, forensic scientist and expert in the area of DNA analysis Heather Ralph would testify that the victim could not be excluded as the person whose blood was on the recovered knife, and only 1 in 33 billion Hispanics could not be excluded as that individual. The parties further stipulated that, if called to testify, forensic pathologist Dr.
¶ 16 After the State rested, respondent called Francisco Temblador.
¶ 17 Temblador further testified that he was in the school lunchroom the following day when he saw the victim approach and speak with respondent. Temblador could not hear what was being said. Afterward, respondent told Temblador the victim had been "talking crap" and had told him he "better watch his back."
¶ 18 Temblador testified that after school, he and respondent met at their locker and stalled for five minutes so the rest of the students could "clear out" from the front of the school. Then, they walked up 31st Street to Oak Park Avenue. As they walked, Aaron Avila approached them and told them the victim was waiting in the alley to fight. Respondent told Aaron he did not want to fight. Aaron insisted respondent should fight the victim and "get it over with." Temblador and respondent then crossed Oak Park Avenue and walked toward a church on the corner of Euclid Avenue. Respondent told Aaron he was not going to fight the victim because there were 20 kids standing around and he was afraid they would all "jump" him. Aaron walked away toward the alley. Soon after, the victim walked up and hit respondent three times on the side of his head. The crowd of kids formed a circle around them and told the victim to "whip his ass, kick his ass." Temblador's mother then drove up and told Temblador and respondent to get in her truck. As they got into the truck, one of the crowd members walked over to respondent and called him "King Killer" and "flakke." Temblador testified that he then noticed respondent's hands were bleeding and that he had a blue-handled knife.
¶ 19 Sabina Hernandez testified that she is Temblador's mother and respondent's older sister. Hernandez testified respondent was a former special education student who, when he was 11 years old, suffered a head injury that caused bleeding on his brain. Respondent then transferred to Heritage so "he could have a normal graduation with kids of his own age."
¶ 20 Hernandez testified that on February 22, 2007, she drove her pickup truck around looking for Temblador and respondent so they could help her clean out her garage. As she turned right onto 31st Street heading toward Heritage, she saw a crowd of 25 kids on her left. The kids were in a circle and Hernandez thought there must be a fight. Then, she saw respondent emerge from the circle. Hernandez told him to get in the pickup truck. At the same time, one of the kids, Chris Rousary, slapped respondent, called him a "King Killer," and threatened to kill him. Another student grabbed at respondent,
¶ 21 Hernandez testified that she drove away with both respondent and Temblador. Soon after, the police pulled her over. Hernandez did not see respondent with a knife and did not know the victim had been stabbed until they got to the police station.
¶ 22 Respondent also testified in his own defense. He testified that, on February 21, 2007, he was a 5-foot-5-inch-tall middle schooler who weighed approximately 110 pounds. It was his first day as a student at Heritage and many students gave him "threatening looks." After school, Temblador telephoned respondent and told him about the MySpace message from the victim. He also told respondent that other kids were talking about "jumping" him. Respondent testified he felt scared because he thought he might get killed or "beat up real bad." As a result of this fear, he brought a pocket knife to school the following day.
¶ 23 The next day at school, respondent heard "two big kids" say "king killer" as they passed him in the hallway. Later, while respondent was sitting at a table in the lunchroom, the victim said to him, "King Killer, watch your back." Respondent knew this was the same person who had threatened him on MySpace.
¶ 24 Respondent testified that he was hesitant to leave the building after school was over because he thought the victim and other students wanted to fight him. Eventually, he and Temblador left the school together. As they walked, Aaron approached him and asked if he was going to fight. Respondent said no. As they approached a church, Aaron asked him to go into the alley and fight. Respondent again said no. After Aaron walked into the back of the alley, the victim ran up to respondent and hit respondent on the head. There were 25 kids standing around screaming, yelling, and coming closer. The victim pulled respondent's coat over his head so he could not see very well. Respondent could hear people yelling, "F* * * him up, King Killer."
¶ 25 Respondent testified that he then pulled his knife out, intending to scare the kids back. Respondent swung the knife and stabbed the victim. He then heard his sister, Hernandez, screaming his name and he started walking toward her pickup truck. He could hear the other kids following him, saying, "King Killer, bitch, come get some, f* * * you up, I'll kill you." Respondent was "freaking out" and he threw the knife. He and Temblador entered the pickup truck.
¶ 26 The State called Christian Rousary in rebuttal. Rousary testified he was saw the fight between respondent and the victim. He testified that respondent "had his back turned towards [the victim] while [the victim] was swinging at him. He turned around and * * * stabbed [the victim]." The victim held his chest, stumbled away, and fell down. Rousary was angry and he and his friend Nick walked toward respondent. As they approached, respondent held his arms up with two fists extended over his shoulders, the knife still in one hand, and said, "I'm a king. I'll stab all of you."
¶ 27 After arguments by the parties, the court issued its ruling, finding respondent guilty of first degree murder. After aggravation and mitigation, as well as reports from both the juvenile and adult probation departments, the court adjudicated respondent a ward of the court and committed him to the Juvenile Department of Corrections for a period of time not to exceed his twenty-first birthday. Pursuant to the EJJ statute, the court also imposed an adult sentence of 30 years in
¶ 28 We note here for the record that, in his reply brief on appeal, respondent acknowledges he "was released from custody on June 20, 2013, one month shy of his 20th birthday. This is six years, three months and 30 days. He is still on electronic monitoring."
¶ 30 Respondent appealed, arguing: (1) the court abused its discretion in designating the prosecution an EJJ; (2) the State failed to prove him guilty of first degree murder where the court improperly rejected his claim of self-defense, or that, in the alternative, he should have been convicted only of second degree murder; and (3) the court abused its discretion in imposing a 30-year adult sentence pursuant to the EJJ statute. In re V.K., No. 1-08-3012, 392 Ill.App.3d 1133, 368 Ill.Dec. 485, 984 N.E.2d 210 (2009) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). This court affirmed respondent's adjudication of delinquency and sentence. In re V.K., No. 1-08-3012, 392 Ill.App.3d 1133, 368 Ill.Dec. 485, 984 N.E.2d 210 (2009) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
¶ 32 In July 2010, respondent filed a motion to have counsel appointed to assist him in filing a request for postconviction relief. The court granted this motion and counsel was appointed. In May 2011, counsel filed a petition for postconviction relief on respondent's behalf. In the petition, respondent argued: (1) he was denied the effective assistance of appellate counsel where his appellate attorney failed to effectively argue that, where it was undisputed the victim first approached and then struck respondent to start the actual physical confrontation after school, the victim was the initial aggressor and, therefore, the appellate court should have considered whether respondent was guilty only of second degree murder based on an unreasonable belief in the need for self-defense; (2) his jury waiver was not knowingly obtained where respondent provided an affidavit to postconviction counsel stating he did not understand that it was his right to have a jury trial because his trial attorney failed to inform respondent of this personal right and the trial court's admonitions as well as the jury waiver colloquy were insufficient under the circumstances; and (3) the EJJ statute as applied in respondent's case is unconstitutional because it imposed a potential 30-year sentence on a 13-year-old juvenile without any regard to his rehabilitative potential or individual circumstances at the time of any future violation that might be used to trigger the adult sentence.
¶ 33 In June 2011, the State filed a motion to strike respondent's postconviction petition, arguing that the Act does not apply to juveniles. After arguments, the court granted the motion to strike, noting its hesitation in doing so:
¶ 34 Respondent appeals.
¶ 36 On appeal, respondent argues that, as a matter of law, the circuit court erred in granting the State's motion to strike his postconviction petition on the basis that the Act does not apply to juvenile proceedings. In support of this argument, respondent specifically contends: (1) the Juvenile Court Act does not prohibit a juvenile from seeking postconviction relief; (2) significant changes to the Juvenile Court Act in 1999 established that there is a "due process necessity" for extending the Act to juvenile proceedings, particularly in cases such as the one at bar, where the minor-respondent has been prosecuted in an extended juvenile jurisdiction prosecution; and (3) that not allowing juveniles the ability to file postconviction petitions leaves minors without a remedy to redress deprivations of their constitutional rights. We disagree.
¶ 38 The Post-Conviction Hearing Act provides a remedy to a criminal defendant whose federal or state constitutional rights were substantially violated in his original trial or sentencing hearing. People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill.2d 444, 455, 275 Ill.Dec. 838, 793 N.E.2d 609 (2002); 725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2010). An action for postconviction relief is a collateral attack upon a prior conviction and sentence, rather than a surrogate for a direct appeal. People v. Tenner, 206 Ill.2d 381, 392, 276 Ill.Dec. 343, 794 N.E.2d 238 (2002). Proceedings are initiated by the filing of a petition verified by affidavit in the circuit court in which the conviction took place (725 ILCS 5/122-1(b) (West 2010)), and ultimately may consist of up to three distinct stages (People v. Pendleton, 223 Ill.2d 458, 471-72, 308 Ill.Dec. 434, 861 N.E.2d 999 (2006)). If a petition is not summarily dismissed by the trial court, it advances to the second stage, where an indigent defendant is provided assistance by counsel. People v. Hobson, 386 Ill.App.3d 221, 230-31, 325 Ill.Dec. 173, 897 N.E.2d 421 (2008). At the second stage, the petition under consideration must make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation or be subject to a motion to dismiss. See People v. Vasquez, 356 Ill.App.3d 420,
¶ 39 Generally, a postconviction petition dismissed at the first stage of postconviction review is considered a summary dismissal, which is appropriate where the circuit court finds that the petition is frivolous and patently without merit (725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2010)), i.e., the petition has no arguable basis in either law or fact. People v. Hodges, 234 Ill.2d 1, 11-12, 332 Ill.Dec. 318, 912 N.E.2d 1204 (2009). To have no arguable basis, the petition must be based on an "indisputably meritless legal theory or a fanciful factual allegation." Hodges, 234 Ill.2d at 16, 332 Ill.Dec. 318, 912 N.E.2d 1204. In order for a defendant to circumvent dismissal at the first stage, he must allege the "gist" of a constitutional claim, which is a low threshold. Hodges, 234 Ill.2d at 9-10, 332 Ill.Dec. 318, 912 N.E.2d 1204. This standard requires only that a defendant plead sufficient facts to assert an arguable constitutional claim. People v. Brown, 236 Ill.2d 175, 184, 337 Ill.Dec. 897, 923 N.E.2d 748 (2010). The summary dismissal of a postconviction petition is a legal question, which we review de novo. Hodges, 234 Ill.2d at 9, 332 Ill.Dec. 318, 912 N.E.2d 1204; People v. Edwards, 197 Ill.2d 239, 247, 258 Ill.Dec. 753, 757 N.E.2d 442 (2001).
¶ 40 This petition, however, comes before us not after a consideration of the merits of the petition, but after a determination by the postconviction court to strike the petition because the petition was not proper where the Act does not apply to proceedings under the Juvenile Court Act. Because this is a question of law, our review is de novo. Camco, Inc. v. Lowery, 362 Ill.App.3d 421, 428, 298 Ill.Dec. 332, 839 N.E.2d 655 (2005).
¶ 41 To seek designation of an adjudication proceeding as an extended juvenile jurisdiction proceeding, the State must allege: (1) the minor was at least 13 years old when he committed an offense that would be a felony if committed by an adult; and (2) there is probable cause to believe the allegations in the petition and motion are true. 705 ILCS 405/5-810(1) (West 2010).
¶ 42 Under the EJJ statute, the circuit court is required to impose both a juvenile sentence and "an adult criminal sentence in accordance with the provisions of Chapter V of the Unified Code of Corrections." 705 ILCS 405/5-810(4)(ii) (West 2010). The adult sentence only kicks in if the respondent violates the provisions of his juvenile sentence. 705 ILCS 405/5-810(4)(ii) (West 2010).
¶ 43 Here, to our knowledge, respondent has not violated the provisions of his juvenile sentence and, accordingly, his adult sentence has not kicked in. Therefore, we question whether respondent has standing to complain about the conditional adult sentence imposed by the circuit court. See, e.g., In re Phillip C., 364 Ill.App.3d 822, 832, 301 Ill.Dec. 791, 847 N.E.2d 801 (2006). Under the EJJ statute, the "adult sentence is automatically stayed and will not be executed unless [respondent] violates the terms of his juvenile sentence." In re Phillip C., 364 Ill.App.3d at 832, 301 Ill.Dec. 791, 847 N.E.2d 801; 705 ILCS
¶ 44 While the purpose of the Juvenile Court Act is the rehabilitation of the minor (705 ILCS 405/5-101(c) (West 2010)), the purpose and policy section of the Juvenile Court Act has been amended to promote a juvenile justice system capable of dealing with the problem of juvenile delinquency, a system that will protect the community, impose accountability for violations of law, and equip juvenile offenders with competencies to live responsibly and productively (705 ILCS 405/5-101 (West 2010)). Enumerated purposes of the Juvenile Court Act now include to "protect citizens from juvenile crime," and to "hold each juvenile offender directly accountable for his or her acts." 705 ILCS 405/5-101(a), (b) (West 2010). Our supreme court has recognized that these amendments "represent a * * * shift from the singular goal of rehabilitation to include the overriding concerns of protecting the public and of holding juveniles accountable for violations of the law." In re J.W., 204 Ill.2d 50, 69, 272 Ill.Dec. 561, 787 N.E.2d 747 (2003).
¶ 45 Both parties agree that this court has previously addressed the issue of whether a minor in a delinquency proceeding has a right to relief under the Act and has found that he does not. See In re R.R., 75 Ill.App.3d 494, 495, 31 Ill.Dec. 159, 394 N.E.2d 75 (1979); In re A.W.H., 95 Ill.App.3d 1106, 51 Ill.Dec. 483, 420 N.E.2d 1041 (1981); see also In re Buchanan, 62 Ill.App.3d 463, 465, 19 Ill.Dec. 607, 379 N.E.2d 122 (1978) (collateral attack via Post-Conviction Hearing Act unavailable to juvenile offenders); In re Thomas, 77 Ill.App.3d 299, 300, 32 Ill.Dec. 918, 396 N.E.2d 31 (1979) (citing In re Buchanan, 62 Ill.App.3d 463, 19 Ill.Dec. 607, 379 N.E.2d 122). In In re R.R. as well as In re A.W.H., this court specifically held that minor-respondents do not fall within the parameters of the Act, which clearly defines who can seek relief under the Act, because proceedings in juvenile court are not criminal trials that result in convictions. See In re R.R., 75 Ill.App.3d at 495, 31 Ill.Dec. 159, 394 N.E.2d 75; In re A.W.H., 95 Ill.App.3d at 1108, 51 Ill.Dec. 483, 420 N.E.2d 1041. We conclude these courts reached the correct result.
¶ 46 In In re R.R., the Second District of this court was asked to determine whether a minor who had been adjudicated delinquent was entitled to postconviction relief. In re R.R., 75 Ill.App.3d at 495, 31 Ill.Dec. 159, 394 N.E.2d 75. The court began its analysis by reviewing the plain language of the Act:
The court discussed certain limitations on the right to file a postconviction petition, noting:
Ultimately, the court determined that the Act does not, in fact, extend to minors in juvenile proceedings, stating:
Because the Act did not apply to juvenile proceedings, this court found that the postconviction court erred in considering the minor's petition on the merits, where the petition was "without authority" in the first place. In re R.R., 75 Ill.App.3d at 497, 31 Ill.Dec. 159, 394 N.E.2d 75.
¶ 47 Two years later, the Fifth District of this court addressed a very similar issue, wherein a minor who had been adjudicated delinquent filed a pro se postconviction petition. In re A.W.H., 95 Ill.App.3d at 1106, 51 Ill.Dec. 483, 420 N.E.2d 1041. The postconviction court dismissed the petition because the Act did not apply to juvenile proceedings. In re A.W.H., 95 Ill.App.3d at 1107, 51 Ill.Dec. 483, 420 N.E.2d 1041. The minor appealed. In re A.W.H., 95 Ill.App.3d at 1107, 51 Ill.Dec. 483, 420 N.E.2d 1041. The A.W.H. court stated that In re R.R. was "correctly decided" and that the justices deciding In re R.R. "[used] sound reasoning and reached the correct result." In re A.W.H., 95 Ill. App.3d at 1108, 51 Ill.Dec. 483, 420 N.E.2d 1041.
¶ 48 These cases, In re R.R. and In re A.W.H., have not been overruled, and they remain precedential. Respondent does not dispute this but, rather, argues that the continued validity of these cases is suspect following changes made in 1999 to the Juvenile Court Act. Specifically, respondent contends that "material changes in 1999 injected a punitive and retributive focus to juvenile proceedings which have altered the very character of the [Juvenile Court Act]." Respondent argues that his situation, that is, his delinquency proceeding in the context of the EJJ proceeding, fits even more clearly into an adult-type criminal context. The current version of the Juvenile Court Act, he argues, "has effectively criminalized the juvenile proceeding and thus eliminated the basis for denying juveniles a right to post-conviction relief."
¶ 49 In In re Jonathon C.B., 2011 IL 107750, 354 Ill.Dec. 484, 958 N.E.2d 227, in the context of considering whether juveniles should be afforded a jury trial, our
The court continued, noting that it "has consistently rejected the argument that the amendments rendered the Act punitive and equivalent to a criminal prosecution." In re Jonathon C.B., 2011 IL 107750, ¶ 91, 354 Ill.Dec. 484, 958 N.E.2d 227. Accordingly, respondent's argument that juvenile proceedings are now akin to adult trials such that the basis for denying juveniles a right to postconviction relief fails.
¶ 50 In addition, respondent's contention that the Act should include juveniles is contradicted by the plain language of the Act itself, which requires a petitioner filing a postconviction petition to have a "conviction" prior to seeking postconviction relief. The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the true intent of the legislature. In re D.D., 196 Ill.2d 405, 418-19, 256 Ill.Dec. 870, 752 N.E.2d 1112 (2001). Where the language is clear and unambiguous, a reviewing court may not depart from its plain meaning by reading into it exceptions that the legislature did not express. Kraft, Inc. v. Edgar, 138 Ill.2d 178, 189, 149 Ill.Dec. 286, 561 N.E.2d 656 (1990). The Act provides:
Juveniles who have been adjudicated delinquent are neither "imprisoned in the penitentiary," nor have they been "subject to proceedings which resulted in his or her conviction." See In re Rodney H., 223 Ill.2d 510, 520, 308 Ill.Dec. 292, 861 N.E.2d 623 (2006)("Indeed, `no suggestion or taint
¶ 52 Respondent next argues that the "denial of the right of EJJ juveniles in the Juvenile Department of Corrections * * * to take advantage of the [Post-Conviction Hearing Act] violates the equal protection rights of juveniles since adults who are similarly situated are able to take advantage of the protections of the [Post-Conviction Hearing Act]" He argues that there is neither a rational basis nor a compelling State interest for "this distinction between similarly situated individuals."
¶ 53 To state a cause of action for a violation of equal protection, a plaintiff must allege that there are other people similarly situated to him, that these people are treated differently than him, and that there is no rational basis for this differentiation. See Safanda v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 203 Ill.App.3d 687, 695, 149 Ill.Dec. 134, 561 N.E.2d 412 (1990); accord Kaczka v. Retirement Board of the Policemen's Annuity and Benefit Fund, 398 Ill.App.3d 702, 707-08, 338 Ill.Dec. 133, 923 N.E.2d 1282 (2010). "The equal protection clause does not forbid the legislature from drawing proper distinctions in legislation among different categories of people, but it does prohibit the government from doing so on the basis of criteria wholly unrelated to the legislation's purpose." In re Jonathon C.B., 2011 IL 107750, ¶ 116, 354 Ill.Dec. 484, 958 N.E.2d 227. Where, as here, a fundamental right is not at issue, the court applies a rational basis scrutiny, considering whether the challenged classification bears a rational relationship to a legitimate government interest. In re Jonathon C.B., 2011 IL 107750, ¶ 116, 354 Ill.Dec. 484, 958 N.E.2d 227.
¶ 54 Here, respondent's argument fails because it is based on a faulty premise, that is, that minors who have been adjudicated delinquent are "similarly situated" to adults who are imprisoned after having been convicted of a crime. Respondent, thus, cannot reach the requisite threshold of "similarly situated" required to state an equal protection claim. Rather, respondent is a minor who has been adjudicated delinquent. Unlike an adult who has been convicted of a felony and can then pursue collateral relief via the postconviction process, respondent does not have a criminal conviction on his record. As discussed above, respondent, who, even if he fails to complete his juvenile adjudication properly may be subject to an adult sentence, does not yet have a criminal conviction. See In re Rodney H., 223 Ill.2d at 520, 308 Ill.Dec. 292, 861 N.E.2d 623 ("Indeed, `no suggestion or taint of criminality attaches to any finding of delinquency by a juvenile court.'") (quoting In re Dow, 75 Ill.App.3d at 1006, 31 Ill.Dec. 39, 393 N.E.2d 1346, citing People ex rel. Hanrahan, 48 Ill.2d at 174-75, 269 N.E.2d 1); accord Brazee, 333 Ill.App.3d 43, 266 Ill.Dec. 812, 775 N.E.2d 652. Accordingly, for purposes of respondent's equal protection argument, we find that respondent is not "similarly situated" to imprisoned adults, and his equal protection argument fails.
¶ 56 Respondent also argues that the Act should apply to juveniles because,
¶ 57 Section 2-1401 of the Code provides a comprehensive statutory procedure by which final orders, judgments, and decrees may be vacated after 30 days from their entry. People v. Vincent, 226 Ill.2d 1,7, 312 Ill.Dec. 617, 871 N.E.2d 17 (2007); see also People v. Haynes, 192 Ill.2d 437, 460, 249 Ill.Dec. 779, 737 N.E.2d 169 (2000). Although a section 2-1401 petition is usually characterized as a civil remedy, its remedial powers extend to criminal cases. Vincent, 226 Ill.2d at 7, 312 Ill.Dec. 617, 871 N.E.2d 17.
¶ 58 In considering a section 2-1401 petition, the court must determine whether facts exist that were unknown to the court at the time of trial and would have prevented judgment against the defendant. People v. Welch, 392 Ill.App.3d 948, 952, 332 Ill.Dec. 269, 912 N.E.2d 756 (2009). To be entitled to relief under section 2-1401, a defendant must set forth specific factual allegations supporting each of the following elements: (1) the existence of a meritorious defense or claim; (2) due diligence in presenting this defense or claim to the circuit court in the original action; and (3) due diligence in filing the section 2-1401 petition for relief. People v. Pinkonsly, 207 Ill.2d 555, 565, 280 Ill.Dec. 311, 802 N.E.2d 236 (2003).
¶ 59 Although we agree with the State that a section 2-1401 petition for relief may be available to juveniles in particular instances, a section 2-1401 petition does not afford the same breadth of relief as does a petition for relief under the Act. For example, in the context of a delinquent juvenile's appeal being dismissed for failure to comply with the written motion requirements of Rule 604(d), our supreme court found that a 2-1401 petition was inadequate to preserve the minor's claims. In re William M., 206 Ill.2d 595, 604-05, 276 Ill.Dec. 916, 795 N.E.2d 269 (2003). The court stated:
¶ 60 Accordingly, we reject the State's position that a section 2-1401 petition affords a juvenile offender the same relief as does a petition under the Act. In so doing, we recognize Justice Kilbride's special concurrence in In re William M., in which he opined, in part, that the question of whether the Act applies to juveniles should be addressed by the supreme court, but noted that, in In re William M., the issue was not fully briefed:
¶ 61 Notwithstanding the lack of availability of the Act to juveniles and the limited use of a section 2-1401 petition, juveniles who have been adjudicated delinquent, like respondent in the case at bar, are not without remedy by merit of the very fact that they are, in fact, juveniles, in a system designed for their protection. The public policy of the State of Illinois is that the relationship between the court and a juvenile is that of parens patrie (In re Minor, 205 Ill.App.3d 480, 492, 150 Ill.Dec. 942, 563 N.E.2d 1069 (1990)), and a court, when it perceives a substantial injustice, will intervene on the juvenile's behalf, even where the juvenile is represented by counsel (In re Carson, 10 Ill.App.3d 387, 388-89, 294 N.E.2d 75 (1973)). In re Jonathon C.B., 2011 IL 107750, ¶ 144, 354 Ill.Dec. 484, 958 N.E.2d 227 (Freeman, J., dissenting) (Where the appellate court has held the Post-Conviction Hearing Act does not apply to juveniles, and delinquency proceedings are protective in nature, "`[i]t is the public policy of this State that a court guards carefully the rights of minors, and, to this end, a court will even intervene of its own motion and take note of legitimate and substantial errors in proceedings [involving] minors even though the minors were represented by counsel.' In re Carson, 10 Ill.App.3d [at] 388-89 [294 N.E.2d 75] (1973)."); accord, In re Minor, 205 Ill.App.3d at 492, 150 Ill.Dec. 942, 563 N.E.2d 1069 (The relationship between a juvenile and the court is that of parens patrie and it is the court's duty to act solely in the best interest of the minor and for his own protection and, to that end, a court will intervene on its own motion where there are substantial errors in proceedings involving minors.).
¶ 63 Like the postconviction court in the case at bar, we recognize that our hands are tied and our options limited by precedent as well as by statute. While it may be true that changes to the Juvenile Court Act as well as court opinions regarding juvenile rights signal a shift in the way the law will treat juvenile offenders in the future, our consideration of this issue requires us to consider the law as it exists today, and today, the Post-Conviction Hearing Act does not apply to juveniles.
¶ 65 For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.
¶ 66 Affirmed.
Presiding Justice HOWSE and Justice LAVIN concurred in the judgment and opinion.
