MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

JOHN Z. LEE, District Judge.

The de facto officer doctrine has existed for over a century in common law, but its development in Illinois has not been without controversy. Recent decisions by the Illinois Appellate Court require us to revisit that history here.

This Court previously entered summary judgment in favor of Plaintiff Robert Bless as to his claim seeking review of an administrative decision by the Cook County Sheriff's Merit Commission ("Merit Board") that terminated his employment as a police officer with the Cook County Sheriff's Office ("CCSO"). The Court vacated and remanded the Merit Board's decision because it concluded, pursuant to Taylor v. Dart, 81 N.E.3d 1 (Ill. App. Ct. 2017), that the Merit Board had been illegally constituted when it issued its decision terminating Bless.

Defendants have moved to reconsider the Court's opinion, arguing that recent developments in Illinois law compel the Court to uphold the Merit Board's decision as having been made with de facto authority. For the reasons that follow, Defendants' motion to reconsider [400] is granted.

Background

The Court assumes the reader's familiarity with its prior opinions in this case, particularly with its decision entering summary judgment in favor of Bless on Count IV, his administrative-review claim. See 7/19/18 Mem. Op. & Order, ECF No. 352. In brief, this case arises from Bless's employment as an officer for the CCSO from 1997 until the Merit Board voted to terminate him in May 2013. The basis for the termination was that Bless had received workers' compensation benefits and salary while simultaneously working unauthorized second jobs from December 2008 through 2010. R. 18-28.1

The Merit Board is an administrative body created by Illinois statute, and its members are appointed by the Cook County Sheriff and approved by the Cook County Board of Commissioners ("County Board"). 55 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/3-7002 (West 2012). At the time of the decision in Bless's case, the Merit Board consisted of seven members appointed for six-year terms "and until their successors are appointed and qualified for a like term." Id.

In May 2011, Cook County Sheriff Thomas Dart requested approval from the County Board to appoint John R. Rosales to the Merit Board on an interim basis to fill the vacancy of Commissioner Daniel Lynch, whose term was set to expire on March 19, 2012. Taylor, 81 N.E.3d at 4. The County Board approved Rosales's appointment on June 1, 2011. Id. After Commissioner Lynch's term expired, Sheriff Dart did not reappoint Rosales to the Merit Board, yet Rosales continued to serve until at least May 2017. Id.

In Bless's case, proceedings began in October 2011, when Sheriff Dart filed formal charges with the Merit Board. R. 18-23. The Merit Board—including Rosales—issued a written decision on May 6, 2013, terminating Bless's employment with the CCSO. R. 24-28. Bless filed suit in this Court soon thereafter seeking, among other things, review of the Merit Board's decision pursuant to Illinois's Administrative Review Law, 735 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/3-110. See Compl., ECF No. 1.

In May 2017, the Illinois Appellate Court concluded in Taylor that Rosales's appointment did not comply with 55 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/3-7002 because the statute required appointment to a six-year term, yet Rosales was appointed only on an interim basis. 81 N.E.3d at 4-6. Accordingly, the Illinois Appellate Court concluded that the decision then under review—the termination of plaintiff Percy Taylor—was void due to Rosales's continued tenure and participation. Id. at 10. The court "vacated and remanded for a hearing before a legally constituted Merit Board." Id.

By that time, Bless's administrative-review claim was ripe for a decision by this Court. In his summary-judgment briefing as to that claim, Bless argued for the first time that, under Taylor, Rosales's appointment rendered the Merit Board's decision void. See Pl.'s Mem. Supp. Admin. Review Claim at 11, ECF No. 291.

At the time of the Court's decision, no other court had passed on the effect of Taylor on subsequent challenges to Rosales's appointment. Accordingly, the Court accepted Taylor as a statement of the law in Illinois and ruled in favor of Bless as to his administrative-review claim. See 7/19/18 Mem. Op. & Order at 8. In accordance with Taylor and other precedent, the Court vacated the Merit Board's decision and remanded for a hearing before a lawfully constituted Merit Board. Id.

Meanwhile, the parties completed briefing on Bless's remaining claims for discrimination and retaliation pursuant to Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. After a discussion with the parties, the Court concluded that Bless's race-discrimination claims were likely to be affected by the remanded Merit Board proceedings and, therefore, stayed briefing on those claims until the conclusion of that process. See 9/20/18 Minute Entry, ECF No. 365. The Court allowed re-briefing, however, as to Bless's claim for retaliation under the First Amendment and § 1983. Id.

Since then—nearly a year later—the parties have informed the Court that proceedings have not resumed before the Merit Board, with each side blaming the other for its failure to move for a "new trial," and the Merit Board seeking "guidance" on whether to "place Plaintiff's case back on its docket." See Joint Status Report, ECF No. 412. Additionally, although the parties have completed briefing as to Bless's retaliation claim, Defendants have also moved to reconsider the Court's administrative-review opinion. Because the validity of the Merit Board proceedings affects nearly every claim in this case, the Court considers Defendants' motion [400].

Legal Standard

District courts have discretion to entertain motions to reconsider prior decisions. See Patrick v. City of Chi., 103 F.Supp.3d 907, 911 (N.D. Ill. 2015); Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b); see also Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 12 (1983) ("[E]very order short of a final decree is subject to reopening at the discretion of the district judge."). But while motions for reconsideration are permitted, "they are disfavored," Patrick, 103 F. Supp. 3d at 911, and serve a very limited purpose: correcting manifest errors of law or fact and presenting newly discovered evidence. Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole v. CBI Indus., Inc., 90 F.3d 1264, 1270 (7th Cir. 1996).

This is a heavy burden for the moving party and makes a motion for reconsideration an inappropriate medium to "rehash" past arguments, Patrick, 103 F. Supp. 3d at 912 (citations omitted), or revisit improvident strategic decisions made earlier, Birdo v. Gomez, No. 13 C 6864, 2016 WL 6070173, at *1 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 17, 2016) (citation omitted). Accordingly, motions for reconsideration will be granted only where "the Court has patently misunderstood a party, or has made a decision outside the adversarial issues presented to the Court by the parties, or has made an error not of reasoning but of apprehension." Bank of Waunakee v. Rochester Cheese Sales, Inc., 906 F.2d 1185, 1191 (7th Cir. 1990). One such instance is when there has been "a change in, or clarification of, law that makes clear that the earlier ruling was erroneous," Santamarina v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 466 F.3d 570, 572 (7th Cir. 2006)). Given these exacting standards, issues appropriate for reconsideration "rarely arise and the motion to reconsider should be equally rare." Bank of Waunakee, 906 F.2d at 1191 (citation omitted).

Analysis

In their motion to reconsider, Defendants contend that Taylor no longer controls the outcome of Bless's Merit Board proceedings. Instead, they point out, the Illinois Appellate Court has since confined Taylor to its facts. In Lopez v. Dart, 118 N.E.3d 580 (Ill. App. Ct. 2018), the Illinois Appellate Court held that the "de facto officer doctrine" prevents the invalidation of any Merit Board decisions involving Rosales, except as to the "first challenger of the improper appointment," namely, Percy Taylor. Id. at 594-95. Bless, however, contends that this Court should not reconsider its earlier decision because Defendants have waived reliance on the de facto officer doctrine, Lopez is not controlling, and the doctrine is inapplicable to the facts of this case.

I. Waiver

As an initial matter, Bless contends that Defendants cannot rely on the de facto officer doctrine because they failed to raise it in response to his administrative-review claim in the first instance. The Court disagrees. First, although the de facto officer doctrine predates the Taylor and Lopez decisions, Lopez was the first case to apply it to the situation at hand. See id. Before that, the court in Taylor had held clearly that the de facto officer doctrine did not apply, at least on the facts of that case. See 81 N.E.3d at 10. Accordingly, Defendants' failure to raise the de facto officer doctrine at a time when Taylor was the only relevant precedent was at least understandable.

Not only that, but even if the Court were to hold that Defendants waived reliance on the de facto officer doctrine, it would be appropriate in this situation to overlook the waiver. Indeed, the Illinois Appellate Court has disregarded waiver or forfeiture in two of its cases on this very issue, explaining that "forfeiture serves as a limit on the parties, not on the court." Cruz v. Dart, 127 N.E.3d 921, 930 (Ill. App. Ct. 2019); see Lopez, 118 N.E.3d at 589 ("[T]he waiver rule may be relaxed in order to maintain a uniform body of precedent or where the interests of justice so require."). In those cases, the appellate court found it appropriate to reach the improper appointments and the de facto officer doctrine, because those issues went to "the validity of the [Merit Board's] decision." Cruz, 127 N.E.3d at 930. The same is true here—in order to avoid vacating a possibly valid Merit Board order, the Court will take this opportunity to address all the relevant legal issues impacting the board's authority to issue that order. See Fleishman v. Cont'l Cas. Co., 698 F.3d 598, 608 (7th Cir. 2012) (explaining that a waiver is enforced "unless the interests of justice require otherwise").

II. De Facto Officer Doctrine

The Court thus turns to the application of Lopez and the de facto officer doctrine on the validity of the Merit Board's decision in this case. As described in Lopez, "[t]he de facto officer doctrine is a common law equitable doctrine that `confers validity upon acts performed by a person acting under the color of official title even though it is later discovered that the legality of that person's appointment or election to office is deficient.'" 118 N.E.3d at 590 (quoting Ryder v. United States, 515 U.S. 177, 180 (1995)). Because the doctrine has evolved significantly from its origins to the present, some discussion of the doctrine's history and treatment by Illinois courts is necessary.

A. Development of the De Facto Officer Doctrine

As the Lopez court explained, the de facto officer doctrine has "feudal origins" and has been widely accepted by a variety of courts for at least a century. 118 N.E.3d at 590-91; see, e.g., Glidden Co. v. Zdanok, 370 U.S. 530, 535 (1962) (citing McDowell v. United States, 159 U.S. 596, 601-02 (1895)); U.S. ex rel. Doss v. Lindsley, 148 F.2d 22, 23 (7th Cir. 1945); People v. O'Neill, 210 N.E.2d 526, 528-29 (Ill. 1965); People ex rel. Chillicothe Twp. v. Bd. of Review of Peoria Cty., 167 N.E.2d 553, 554 (Ill. 1960); Lavin v. Bd. of Comm'rs, 92 N.E. 291, 295 (Ill. 1910). The basic doctrine holds that "[a] person actually performing the duties of an office under color of title is an officer de facto, and his acts as such officer are valid so far as the public or third parties who have an interest in them are concerned." Chillicothe Twp., 167 N.E.2d at 554. This doctrine developed essentially as a matter of practicality:

Ryder, 515 U.S. at 180 (citation omitted).

In its earliest form, the de facto officer doctrine permitted only "direct" attacks—that is, challenges to the qualifications of an officer—which, in Illinois, could be brought only in a separate action for a writ of quo warranto.2 See Lopez, 118 N.E.3d at 591 (citing SW Gen., Inc. v. NLRB, 796 F.3d 67, 81 (D.C. Cir. 2015); Andrade v. Lauer, 729 F.2d 1475, 1496 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). These "direct" attacks were distinct from impermissible "collateral" attacks, which sought to challenge government action on the basis of an official's improper qualifications. Id.; see Chillicothe Twp., 167 N.E.2d at 554 ("[A] writ of quo warranto . . . may be employed to try the validity of the organization and title of the officers of public bodies, but it is not a proper proceeding to test the legality of the official acts of public officers.").

Accordingly, throughout most of the twentieth century, challenges to governmental actions on the basis of an official's improper qualifications were categorically barred. Common examples included challenges to wartime drafts based upon the composition of the draft board, e.g., Wright v. Ingold, 445 F.2d 109, 113 (7th Cir. 1971); the authority of malapportioned legislatures to reapportion themselves, e.g., Maryland v. Comm. for Fair Rep. v. Tawes, 377 U.S. 656, 675 (1964); People ex rel. Engle v. Kerner, 205 N.E.2d 33, 39 (Ill. 1965); and tax assessments made by unlawfully elected county boards, e.g., O'Neill, 210 N.E.2d at 528; Chillicothe, 167 N.E.2d at 554-55.

In recent times, however, the de facto officer doctrine has been relaxed in many jurisdictions. For instance, the United States Supreme Court has eschewed the doctrine in the face of challenges to violations of the Appointments Clause and Article III power, concluding that the de facto officer doctrine does not apply where the error "relates to basic constitutional protections designed in part for the benefit of litigants," Glidden Co., 370 U.S. at 536, or "violations of . . . statutory provision[s] that `embod[y] a strong policy concerning the proper administration of judicial business.'" Nguyen v. United States, 539 U.S. 69, 78 (2003). And courts like the D.C. Circuit, focusing more on timing, have dispensed with the de facto officer doctrine when (1) the plaintiff brought the action "at or around the time that the challenged government action is taken" and (2) "the agency or department involved has had reasonable notice under all the circumstances of the claimed defect in the official's title to office." Andrade, 729 F.2d at 1499.

B. The De Facto Officer Doctrine in the Illinois Supreme Court

The most recent discussion of the de facto officer doctrine by the Illinois Supreme Court arose in a trio of cases decided nearly twenty years ago. These decisions—Daniels v. Industrial Commission, 775 N.E.2d 936 (Ill. 2002), Baggett v. Industrial Commission, 775 N.E.2d 908 (Ill. 2002), and Vuagniaux v. Dep't of Prof' Regulation, 802 N.E.2d 1156 (Ill. 2003)—form the basis of the rule the Illinois Appellate Court articulated in Lopez. Each decision is worth examining in some depth.

1. Daniels

In Daniels, the Illinois Supreme Court was confronted with a situation not unlike that which occurred in Taylor. The claimant, Pervis Daniels, filed for an adjustment of his workers' compensation claim, and his case was reviewed by a panel of the state Industrial Commission. 775 N.E.2d at 938. Two members of the panel vacated their posts before Daniels's case was heard, and the acting chairman of the Commission appointed a succession of arbitrators to temporarily fill the vacated posts—in violation of the Workers' Compensation Act. Id. A majority of the Illinois Supreme Court (four justices) agreed that this procedure violated the Act and, thus, vacated and remanded the decision for a hearing before a properly appointed Commission. Id. at 940, 946-47. The court was split, however, on the reasons for its decision and the application of the de facto officer doctrine. Id.

In an opinion announcing the decision of the court,3 Chief Justice Harrison wrote that "[w]here an administrative agency acts outside its specific statutory authority, as the Commission did . . . it acts without jurisdiction. Its actions are void, a nullity from their inception." Id. at 940. As for the de facto officer doctrine, all Chief Justice Harrison had to say was that "[n]o considerations of public policy militate in favor of preventing workers' compensation claimants from challenging the legal status of the commissioners . . . where, as here, the challenge is raised on direct review . . . and the commissioners were appointed in a manner that threatens the Act's basic objectives." Id.

In a special concurrence joined by Justice Freeman, Justice McMorrow explained her disagreement with Chief Justice Harrison's view of the de facto officer doctrine. See id. at 944 (McMorrow, J., specially concurring). Citing precedent from the United States Supreme Court, Justice McMorrow explained the de facto officer doctrine's role in serving the "public's interest in promoting the orderly functioning" of government. Id. at 945. Still, she went on, that interest may in some cases be counterbalanced by a competing public interest in "uncovering illegal appointment procedures, thereby ensuring that administrative agencies comply with the statutory mandates which govern them." Id. Accordingly, Justice McMorrow advocated a novel approach (which the Court will call the "first-challenger principle"): the "claimant who brought the illegal appointments to light" should receive a new hearing, but the de facto officer doctrine should be applied "to maintain the validity of the decisions rendered by the illegally composed commission" in subsequent cases. Id. at 945-46.

Justice Fitzgerald, dissenting, agreed with Justice McMorrow that the de facto officer doctrine applied, but disagreed with her novel first-challenger principle. Id. at 947-48 (Fitzgerald, J., dissenting). Instead, drawing on Illinois Supreme Court cases like Chillicothe Township, O'Neill, and Engle, Justice Fitzgerald emphasized that Daniels's challenge "amount[ed] to an improper collateral attack" on the office of the unlawfully appointed commissioners. Id. at 948. Thus, "[e]ven assuming that [the commissioners] were not appointed in accordance with the governing statute, they were at least de facto commissioners with authority to act." Id.4

2. Baggett

The next discussion by the Illinois Supreme Court of the de facto officer doctrine arose under more atypical circumstances. The court issued its original opinion in Baggett—another workers' compensation case—shortly before its opinion in Daniels. The initial opinion did not discuss the de facto officer doctrine or, for that matter, any problem with the officers appointed to the Industrial Commission. After Daniels, however, the employer (the Marion school district) petitioned for rehearing based on the same unlawful appointment issue. 775 N.E.2d at 917-18.

The court denied rehearing. Id. at 917. But Justices Fitzgerald, Thomas, and Garman dissented from the denial of rehearing based on concerns about the de facto officer doctrine. Justice Thomas, in an opinion that Justices Fitzgerald and Garman joined, voiced his suspicion that, in denying rehearing, the court implicitly was applying Justice McMorrow's first-challenger approach—an approach with which he vigorously disagreed. Id. at 919-21 (Thomas, J., dissenting). In Justice Thomas's view,

Id. at 921. Justice Fitzgerald wrote a separate dissent expounding similar concerns and reiterating his belief that all collateral challenges to administrative authority are barred by the de facto officer doctrine. Id. at 918 (Fitzgerald, J., dissenting).

3. Vuagniaux

The next (and most recent) Illinois Supreme Court discussion of the de facto officer doctrine arose in Vuagniaux, which this Court addressed to some extent in its ruling on Bless's administrative-review claim. See 7/19/18 Mem. Op. & Order at 7-8. In Vuagniaux, the court evaluated another unlawful appointment that occurred during proceedings before the Medical Disciplinary Board, a division of the Department of Professional Regulation. 802 N.E.2d at 1160, 1162. There, Thad Vuagniaux—a chiropractic physician who was facing disciplinary proceedings— moved for exclusion of a member of the Medical Disciplinary Board. Id. An administrative law judge granted the motion, and the Medical Disciplinary Board named a new member to serve in the proceedings. Id. Vuagniaux challenged this appointment directly before the board as violating the Medical Practice Act's appointment scheme, which required members to be appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate. Id. Ultimately, the Illinois Supreme Court agreed that the appointment violated the Act and set aside the Medical Disciplinary Board's decision. Id. at 1166.

Although a majority of the court concurred in this result, the opinion (written by Justice Rarick, who joined the court after Daniels and Baggett) spent little time on the de facto officer doctrine. As to this point, the court noted that "the Department makes no claim that its decision can be legitimized on the grounds that [the board member] was a de facto officer." 802 N.E.2d at 1165. Still, the court went on to add this gloss:

Id. Although Justices McMorrow, Freeman, and Garman dissented from the court's opinion, they did not take issue with this aspect of the court's analysis. See id. at 1172-74 (McMorrow, J., dissenting).

C. Illinois Appellate Court Analysis of the De Facto Officer Doctrine as Applied to the Merit Board

Daniels, Baggett, and Vuagniaux have been applied in varying ways by the Illinois Appellate Court in cases involving improper appointments to the Merit Board. First, in Taylor, the Appellate Court concluded that the doctrine did not apply. 81 N.E.3d at 9-10. Citing Vuagniaux, the Taylor court stated: "even if the Merit Board's decision was voidable, the de facto officer doctrine would not apply in this case because the plaintiff raised the illegality of Mr. Rosales's appointment to the Merit Board on direct review, not in a collateral proceeding." Id. at 10.

In Lopez, the Illinois Appellate Court held otherwise, concluding that even if Taylor was able to benefit from his challenge to Rosales's appointment, no later challengers could do so. 118 N.E.3d at 594-95. On the way to reaching that conclusion, the court acknowledged that the de facto officer doctrine has continuing force in Illinois, correctly noting that five justices (McMorrow, Freeman, and Fitzgerald in Daniels; Thomas and Garman in Baggett) had agreed that the doctrine bars some challenges to official action based on improper qualifications. Id. But, going further, the Appellate Court "agree[d] with the sound reasoning of Justice McMorrow in Daniels . . . . that in a collateral proceeding, it is best to draw a line and permit only the first challenger of the improper appointment to invalidate the agency's decision, but no others." Id. Based upon this rationale, the court barred Lopez's challenge to Rosales's appointment, distinguishing Taylor on the basis that Percy Taylor was "the first to bring to light the improper appointment of Rosales and . . . public interest was better served by permitting that improper appointment to be brought to light." Id. at 595.

Since Lopez, the Illinois Appellate Court has adopted the first-challenger rule, see Acevedo v. Cook County Sheriff's Merit Board, ___ N.E.3d ___, No. 1-18-1128, 2019 WL 2041270, at *6-9 (Ill. App. Ct. May 7, 2019); Cruz, 127 N.E.3d at 930-32; but it has struggled to apply it in particular circumstances, both expanding and limiting its reach. For example, in Cruz, the plaintiff tried to distinguish Lopez by arguing that he was not contesting the validity of Rosales's appointment, but that of other Merit Board members. The Cruz court disagreed, expanding the first-challenger rule to include cases where the plaintiff challenged "the same problem with the appointment procedure" that had been the subject of prior litigation, even where the suit involved different officers. 127 N.E.3d at 931; see also Pietryla v. Dart, ___ N.E.3d ___, No. 1-18-2143, 2019 WL 3416670, at *2-3 (Ill. App. Ct. July 26, 2019).

By contrast, in Goral v. Dart, ___ N.E.3d ___, No. 1-18-1646, 2019 WL 2716196, at *11-14 (Ill. App. Ct. June 19, 2019), the plaintiffs had been charged by an invalid Merit Board (based on the appointment problem identified in Taylor) and then subjected to "amended" charges after the Sheriff appointed a new Merit Board. Id. at *2. The plaintiffs contended that the Merit Board's previous lack of authority could not be cured by the Sheriff's filing of "amended" charges. Id. The court of appeals went on to reach the plaintiffs' challenge, concluding that the situation was distinguishable from Lopez, Cruz, and Acevedo because "[i]n each of those decisions, the Sheriff's employee did not challenge the Board's authority until after the Board's final decision was issued." Id. at *12. In Goral, by contrast, "[p]laintiffs have been raising statutory-authorization arguments before the Board since their cases began, they continue to raise them, and they raised them in this separate lawsuit . . . before a final administrative [decision] was rendered." Id.

Based upon this reasoning, the Goral court announced a new twist in the Lopez rule:

Id. at *13.

This limitation to the first-challenger principle was necessary, the court explained, because if the de facto officer doctrine barred challenges to pending Merit Board proceedings, the doctrine would be "inflate[d] . . . from a practical doctrine that avoids chaos and promotes finality of old administrative decisions into a doctrine that provides a board with carte blanche immunity to continue violating the law, going forward, and perhaps forever, brushing aside the Taylor decision like a piece of lint on a suit coat." Id. Thus, the court said, its new rule was consistent with the twin public interests discussed in Justice McMorrow's Daniels concurrence. See id.

D. Application of the De Facto Officer Doctrine

It is clear that, at this point, Taylor no longer controls the outcome of challenges to the Merit Board's composition. Accordingly, the Court turns to Lopez and its progeny—as well as the Illinois Supreme Court cases discussed therein.

Ordinarily, the Court must apply state law the way it believes the Illinois Supreme Court would apply it. Kaplan v. Pavalon & Gifford, 12 F.3d 87, 89 (7th Cir. 1993). In accordance with this principle, decisions of the Illinois Appellate Court are typically considered persuasive, rather than binding, on the federal courts. See AAR Aircraft & Engine Grp., Inc. v. Edwards, 272 F.3d 468, 470 (7th Cir. 2001). Still, "[w]here the Illinois Supreme Court has not ruled on an issue, decisions of the Illinois Appellate Courts control, unless there are persuasive indications that the Illinois Supreme Court would decide the issue differently." Nationwide Agribusiness Ins. Co. v. Dugan, 810 F.3d 446, 450 (7th Cir. 2015); see also AAR Aircraft & Engine Grp., 272 F.3d at 470 (explaining that state intermediate court decisions are "authoritative" unless a federal court has a "compelling reason to doubt that they have stated the law correctly").

Although this Court has some misgivings about the Lopez court's adoption of the first-challenger rule (as will be explained below), it concludes that following the rule established in Lopez is the most appropriate approach. The Appellate Court decisions addressing the various challenges to the Merit Board provide the most recent discussion of the de facto officer doctrine in the state courts by a margin of nearly twenty years. These decisions are directly on point, as they address not only the specific agency at issue in this case, but also the same procedural challenge. Furthermore, although the Illinois Supreme Court discussed the de facto officer doctrine in Daniels, Vuagniaux, and Baggett, those opinions do not set forth clear contours for the doctrine or its exceptions. Rather, it is Lopez, and the cases following it, that have crystallized the Supreme Court's analysis into generally applicable principles.

Applying these principles then, the Court must grant Defendants' motion to reconsider. In Lopez, the Illinois Appellate Court ruled that "the first plaintiff who raise[s] the issue of the validity of [a board's] decision should be granted a new hearing, but, in other cases, the de facto officer doctrine should apply to maintain the validity of the decisions rendered by [the board] in which the . . . illegally appointed panel members participated." 118 N.E.3d at 593-94. Accordingly, Bless's challenge to Rosales's confirmation cannot proceed, since he raised it for the first time after Taylor was decided. Bless argues that his case is distinguishable from Lopez, Cruz, and Acevedo, because the lawsuits in those cases were filed after Taylor; by contrast, he argues, he had already initiated his administrative-review claim in this Court when Taylor was issued. But Goral confirms that this distinction makes no difference. There, the Illinois Appellate Court explained that, in addition to Taylor himself, the only litigants who may raise Taylor challenges to the Merit Board's composition are those whose cases were pending before the board when Taylor was decided "or who [were] charged in a new case post-Taylor." 2019 WL 2716196, at *13. Bless's Merit Board proceedings had already concluded when he raised his Taylor challenge, so he does not fit into this narrow exception to the first-challenger rule.

Although the Court finds the Illinois Appellate Court's analysis of the de facto officer doctrine to be authoritative, the Court notes that there is reason to question whether the Illinois Supreme Court will ultimately adopt the same approach. First, the Court is not entirely convinced of the soundness of the first-challenger principle enunciated by Justice McMorrow in Daniels. Only two justices—McMorrow and Freeman—signed on to that concept in Daniels itself. Furthermore, despite the fears expressed by Justice Thomas's dissent in Baggett, the Court does not believe that the Supreme Court's denial of rehearing in that case necessarily compels the conclusion that the Baggett court adopted the first-challenger rule. Like denials of petitions for leave to appeal, the Court thinks it inadvisable to glean too much from a mere denial of rehearing. See, e.g., In re Leona W., 888 N.E.2d 72, 81 (Ill. 2008) ("Denials of petitions for leave to appeal are not decisions on the merits."); People v. Ortiz, 752 N.E.2d 410, 424 (explaining that denials of petitions for leave to appeal "carry no connotation of approval or disapproval of the appellate court action, and signify only that four members of this court, for reasons satisfactory to them, have not voted to grant leave"). In the end, there is little indication that Justice McMorrow's first-challenger principle has been accepted by more than two Justices on the Illinois Supreme Court.

Furthermore, Justice Thomas's dissent in Baggett (with which Justices Fitzgerald and Garman agreed) raises some valid concerns about the first-challenger approach. 775 N.E.2d at 918-21 (Thomas, J., dissenting). Posing the hypothetical of 100 litigants who all filed lawsuits on the same day following an exposé of an unlawful appointment, he posited:

Id. at 920. Justice Thomas's concerns about the rule's unintended consequences help explain the Appellate Court's recent struggles to fashion a consistent and equitable rule.

That said, even if the Illinois Supreme Court were not inclined to follow Justice McMorrow's approach today, the Court thinks it likely that it would adopt some version of the principles announced in Lopez, Cruz, Acevedo, and Goral. As the Lopez court noted, the Supreme Court in Vuagniaux appeared to affirm the existence of the de facto officer doctrine, and may have provided certain guiding principles for its application. See 118 N.E.3d at 595.

There, the court permitted the plaintiff to challenge the appointment at issue, noting that the challenge arose "in the proceeding in which the [appointee] was appointed, at the time the appointment was made, by a doctor whose case was directly affected by the appointment, to the tribunal responsible for considering the disciplinary charges against the doctor, and before the tribunal considered the doctor's case on the merits or made its recommendations." Vuagniaux, 802 N.E.2d at 1165. Here, as was the case in Lopez, Bless did not raise his challenge to Rosales's appointment before the Merit Board or even close to the time of the appointment itself. See Lopez, 118 N.E.3d at 595; cf. Goral, 2019 WL 2716196, at *13.

Whatever reservations this Court may have about the first-challenger rule, federalism is one of the cornerstones of our system of government, and the Court believes that it is best left to the Illinois Supreme Court to determine whether it will adopt the exceptions to the de facto officer doctrine currently being forged in the Illinois Appellate Court; clarify its understanding of the doctrine as described in Vuagniaux; or announce a different rule altogether. See Insolia v. Philip Morris Inc., 216 F.3d 596, 607 (7th Cir. 2000) ("Federal courts are loathe to fiddle around with state law."); A.W. Huss Co. v. Cont'l Cas. Co., 735 F.2d 246, 253 (7th Cir. 1984) (noting federal courts' "limited discretion . . . with respect to untested legal theories brought under the rubric of state law"); see also Knick v. Twp. of Scott, Pa., 139 S.Ct. 2162, 2188-89 (2019) ("[F]ederal courts should refrain whenever possible from deciding novel or difficult state-law questions.") (Kagan, J., dissenting) (citing cases). At this point, the most directly applicable standards are found in the Illinois Appellate Court's cases following Lopez, and the Court cannot find a "compelling" reason to deviate from them. See AAR Aircraft & Engine Grp., 272 F.3d at 470. What is more, the outcome of Defendants' motion would still be the same even if the Court were to apply the general guidelines provided in Vuagniaux, rather than strictly following the Illinois Appellate Court's approach.

In the end, under either approach, Bless's claim challenging Rosales's appointment simply came too late to present a meaningful challenge to the Merit Board's authority to adjudicate his case. Rather than raising Rosales's unlawful appointment at a time the Merit Board could have addressed it, Bless waited until the Merit Board issued a decision on the merits and then sought to benefit from the relief won by Percy Taylor. As a final note, remanding to the Merit Board at this point would require it to start from scratch—a possible exercise in futility given the fact that the board has already issued a decision on the merits that this Court can substantively review.

Conclusion

For the reasons stated, the Court grants Defendants' motion to reconsider and vacates its previous summary judgment opinion.

IT IS SO ORDERED.