06-1397-cv
Sharkey v. Quarantillo


                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                              _______________________________

                                        August Term, 2007

(Argued: October 29, 2007                                            Decided: September 3, 2008)

                                    Docket No. 06-1397-cv
                              _______________________________

FELIPA SHARKEY,

                                      Plaintiff-Appellant,
                       v.

ANDREA QUARANTILLO,1

                                      Defendant-Appellee.

_______________________________

Before: MINER, LEVAL, AND POOLER, Circuit Judges.
_______________________________

       Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

(Crotty, J.) granting defendant-appellee’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction. Because the complaint alleged that the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

had granted lawful permanent resident status to the plaintiff then rescinded that status without

following the mandatory regulatory rescission procedures, the District Court had jurisdiction over



       1
          Andrea Quarantillo, who has succeeded Mary Ann Gantner as the New York District
Director of the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“CIS”), is automatically
substituted as the defendant-appellee. See Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2).

                                                 1
the complaint under the Administrative Procedure Act. Cf. Firstland Int’l, Inc. v. INS, 

(2d Cir. 2004).

                                      REVERSED and REMANDED.


                                      DAVID KWANG SOO KIM (Matthew L. Guadagno,
                                      Kerry W. Bretz, Jules E. Coven, on the brief), Bretz &
                                      Coven, LLP, New York, NY, for Appellant Felipa Sharkey.

                                    F. JAMES LOPREST, Jr., Special Assistant United States
                                    Attorney (David S. Jones, Assistant United States Attorney,
                                    of counsel, on the brief) for Michael J. Garcia, United
                                    States Attorney for the Southern District of New York,
                                    New York, NY, for Appellee Andrea Quarantillo.
                            _________________________________

POOLER, Circuit Judge:

       Plaintiff-appellant Felipa Sharkey appeals from the January 25, 2006, judgment of the

United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Crotty, J.) granting

defendant-appellee’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. We hold that the

district court erred by dismissing the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The

following factual allegations, which we assume to be true for purposes of considering this appeal,

are drawn from Sharkey’s complaint.

                                        BACKGROUND

       Felipa Sharkey is a native and citizen of the Dominican Republic and a resident of New

York City. She entered the United States without inspection in 1994 and married a U.S. citizen,

Anthony Sharkey, in January 1995. In April 1995, Mr. Sharkey submitted on his wife’s behalf an




                                                 2
Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”) form I-130,2 which is a petition to classify an

alien as an “immediate relative” of a United States citizen. Concurrent with Mr. Sharkey’s I-130

petition, Mrs. Sharkey filed an INS form I-485, which is an application for adjustment of

immigration status to that of a lawful permanent resident (“LPR”).3 The INS issued notices

requiring Mr. and Mrs. Sharkey to appear at its New York District Office to be interviewed in

conjunction with the I-130 visa petition and the I-485 adjustment application. Following the

interview in November 1996, an INS officer recommended further investigation into the bona

fides of their marriage. On November 29, 2001, District Adjudications Officer (“DAO”)

Kinosewitz interviewed Mr. and Mrs. Sharkey in order to ascertain whether they had entered

into a bona fide marriage. At the end of the interview, according to Sharkey’s allegations, the

DAO decided to adjust Sharkey’s status to that of an LPR and memorialized this decision by

placing a temporary I-551 stamp on her passport. The stamp reads: “Processed for I-551.

Temporary Evidence of Lawful Admission for Permanent Residence Valid Until __ Nov 29

2002. Employment Authorized.” The DAO wrote “IR-6 NYC 11-29-01” on the stamped

passport.

       A year later, on or about November 29, 2002, Sharkey went to the New York district

office of the INS to renew the I-551 stamp on her passport. The DAO who saw her on the visit

manually crossed out the I-551 stamp and wrote “cancelled with prejudice” above the seal on the



       2
         “[T]he then-Immigration and Naturalization Service . . . has since ceased to exist as an
independent agency, see Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135
(Nov. 25, 2002) . . . .” United States v. Ceballos, 

, 118 (2d Cir. 2003).
       3
           Under 8 U.S.C. §1255(i), one who entered the U.S. illegally may apply for adjustment
of status if an I-130 petition was filed on his or her behalf before April 30, 2001.

                                                3
stamp. Sharkey has not yet received her Alien Registration Card or any other suitable evidence

of her alleged LPR status.

       On June 14, 2005, Sharkey filed an action in the United States District Court for the

Southern District of New York suing the District Director (“the Director”) of the New York

District of the United States Customs and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) in her official

capacity. Sharkey argued that her status was adjusted to that of an LPR when, on November 29,

2001, the immigration officer reviewing her case decided to adjust her status. As evidence that

the immigration official decided to adjust her status, Sharkey appended to her complaint a copy

of the temporary I-551 stamp placed on her passport, which reads “Processed for I-551.

Temporary Evidence of Lawful Admission for Permanent Residence Valid Until __November 29

2002.”4 She argued that by regulation, “in the absence of countervailing evidence,” a “passport[]

. . . endorsed to show admission for permanent resident status . . . will be regarded as establishing

lawful admission for permanent residence,” 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(17). At oral argument, the


       4
            Although the standardized stamp is marked ‘temporary’ and contains an expiration
date, it is temporary evidence of a permanent status. A leading treatise explains the process:

       Upon approving the application, the USCIS grants the applicant the status of lawful
       permanent resident . . . . A permanent resident card (Form I-551, formerly I-151),
       popularly known as the green card, is eventually delivered to the applicant as evidence of
       lawful admission for permanent residence. As such delivery may take months, the
       interviewing officer places an endorsement of the approval in the applicant’s passport as
       temporary evidence of residence to facilitate foreign travel and return to the United
       States. That endorsement, as well as the I-551 green card, are deemed by the USCIS
       regulations to be official records for purposes of verifying the grant of lawful residence. .
       . . The stamped endorsement of approval reads: ‘Processed for I-551. Temporary
       Evidence of Lawful Admission for Permanent Residence Valid Until [date]. Employment
       Authorized.’

4 Gordon, Mailman, & Yale-Loehr, 51.06 [2] [e] & n. 58.1 (2007) (quoting 8 C.F.R. §
103.2(b)(17)).

                                                 4
government conceded that absent mistake or fraud, an immigration official places a temporary I-

551 stamp on an alien’s passport only if the officer has decided to adjust the alien’s status to a

permanent resident.5

       Sharkey argued that when the agency crossed out the I-551 stamp on her passport and

wrote “cancelled with prejudice” above the seal, the agency attempted to rescind her LPR status

without following the mandatory statutory and regulatory procedures governing the rescission of

LPR status. As a remedy, Sharkey asked the district court to hold unlawful the putative

rescission of her LPR status and to order the agency to issue her new documentary evidence of

her previously granted LPR status.

       In her complaint, Sharkey asserted, inter alia, the following jurisdictional bases for her

claims: (a) the Federal Question Statute, codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1331, on the ground that her

claims arise under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”); (b) the Mandamus Statute,

codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1361, on the ground that her claims seek to compel an officer of an

United States agency to perform a duty owed to her. She further asserted that under Firstland



       5
           Sharkey advances two theories of how she obtained her LPR status. First, Sharkey
argues that her status was adjusted because the immigration official reviewing her case decided
to adjust her status. On this theory, the temporary I-551 stamp is mere evidence of the
immigration officer’s decision to adjust her status and the determinative issue is still whether the
immigration official reviewing her case decided to adjust her status. Second, Sharkey appears to
argue that she derived LPR status from the placement of the stamp on the passport, even if the
placement of the stamp was inadvertent. On this theory, the mere existence of the stamp might
create LPR status, even if the officer reviewing her case decided not to adjust her status. Sharkey
offers no support for this latter theory and the cited regulation provides none. The theory has no
merit: if the agency can show, through “countervailing evidence,” 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(17), that
the officer reviewing her case decided not to adjust her status, then Sharkey’s status was not
adjusted. Accordingly, we assume in the discussion below that Sharkey’s theory is that her status
was adjusted because the immigration officer reviewing her case decided to adjust her status; at
most, if genuine, the I-551 stamp provides rebuttable evidence of this officer’s decision.

                                                  5
Int’l, Inc. v. INS, 

, 130-31 (2d Cir. 2004), the district court had jurisdiction to

review her claim that the USCIS attempted to rescind her LPR status without following

mandatory statutory and regulatory rescission procedures.

       The Director moved to dismiss Sharkey’s complaint (a) for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction under Fed. R. Civ. Pr. 12(b)(1) or (b) for summary judgment.6 In support of its

motions, the Director provided the district court with copies of Mr. Sharkey’s Petition for Alien

Relative (I-130 petition) and Ms. Sharkey’s adjustment of status application (Form I-485). Based

on this evidence, the Director contended that the petitioner, as a matter of law, could not have

been granted LPR status, because an approved I-130 petition is a prerequisite to eligibility for

adjustment of status and Sharkey’s I-130 petition was not approved. In support of this last

contention, the director argued that all approved I-130 petitions have an approval stamp on the

“action block,” but no approval stamp appears on the “action block” on Sharkey’s I-130 petition.

Thus, the Director contended that even if the immigration official reviewing Sharkey’s case

decided to adjust her status, this decision had no legal effect or validity because Sharkey was not

eligible, as a matter of law, for LPR status. The Director urges us “not to spin a grant of [LPR]

status out of what was, at most, an INS Officer’s mistake.”

       In response, Sharkey noted that the action block on the I-130 petition contained a written

inscription that had been crossed-out and made illegible. She contended that the crossed-out

writings indicated approval of the petition. In addition, she requested discovery to determine


       6
          In the Director’s supporting Memorandum of Law, the Director argued that the suit
should be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6); the district court treated the Director as having moved
to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6); and on appeal, the Director asks that we affirm the dismissal, in
the alternative, under Rule 12(b)(6). Following the district court, without objection from
Sharkey, we treat the Director as having so moved.

                                                  6
why the I-551 stamp on her passport and the writings on her I-130 petition had all been crossed

out. She stated that if the administrative record did not contain any more relevant documents, she

would request to depose the agents who worked on her case to learn whether the I-551 stamp was

placed on her passport because the immigration official reviewing her case had decided to adjust

her status or rather was placed on her passport by inadvertence.

       The district court dismissed the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and did

not reach the Director’s alternative motions. The district court first held that the mandamus

statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1361, was not a proper jurisdictional base because mandamus jurisdiction

cannot be used to compel a federal official to perform a discretionary act. The district court

reasoned that because adjustment of immigration status is wholly discretionary, mandamus

jurisdiction cannot be used to “challeng[e] the denial or rescission of adjustment of status.”

       The district court next held that the case did not arise under the APA because the APA

does not apply “to the extent that . . . agency action is committed to agency discretion by law.” 5

U.S.C. § 701(a)(2). The district court again relied on its finding that decisions to grant, deny, or

rescind LPR status are committed to agency discretion by law.

       The district court held, finally, that Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) of Title 8 strips federal

courts of jurisdiction to review “any judgment regarding the granting of relief” under Section

1255 of Title 8, which, inter alia, governs applications for adjustment of status.7 The district


       7
          Citing our decision in Sepulveda v. Gonzales, 

(2d Cir. 2005) to the district
court, the Director abandoned the argument that Section 1252(a)(2)(B) barred review of
Sharkey’s claim. Notwithstanding this abandonment, the Court decided to apply the
jurisdictional bar on the ground that Sepulveda spoke only to the jurisdiction of the Courts of
Appeals. However, Section 1252(a)(2)(B) applies to all federal courts and Sepulveda’s
interpretation of the statute applies to all federal courts. The district court also emphasized that
Section 1252(a)(5) vests exclusive jurisdiction in the Courts of Appeals to review final orders of

                                                  7
court reasoned that even if this section bars review only of discretionary decisions, the bar

nevertheless precluded Sharkey’s suit because Sharkey challenged agency action committed to

agency discretion.

        The district court concluded that Sharkey had failed to allege a proper jurisdictional base

for her claims and dismissed her suit for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. In so concluding, the

district court relied at each stage of the analysis on its finding that the

        USCIS has non-reviewable discretion with regard to applications for adjustment of
        immigration status. This wide discretion [encompasses] cases like Sharkey’s, which
        allege unlawful withholding of permanent resident status either by denial of such status in
        the first instance or by rescission of previously conferred status . . . .”

(emphasis added).

        On appeal, Sharkey concedes that the decision to grant or deny LPR status is left to the

agency’s discretion. She argues, however, that in order to rescind an adjustment to LPR status,

the USCIS has a non-discretionary duty to follow the mandatory rescission procedures, as set out

in 8 C.F.R. § 246.1-7, which it did not do. Sharkey contends that the alleged rescission is

reviewable under Firstland because Section 1252(a)(2)(B) does not strip federal courts of

jurisdiction to review an agency’s failure to comply with its non-discretionary duty to adhere to

procedures for rescinding a prior grant of immigration status. See 

.

                                            DISCUSSION

        “On appeal from a judgment entered pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

12(b)(1), we review conclusions of law de novo.” Building and Const. Trades Council of

Buffalo, New York and Vicinity v. Downtown Dev., Inc., 

, 144 (2d Cir. 2006).


removal; however, this section is inapplicable because Sharkey does not seek review of a final
order of removal.

                                                    8
“The party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing” that jurisdiction exists.

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 

, 561 (1992). Each factual issue necessary to

support subject matter jurisdiction “must be supported in the same way as any other matter on

which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof, i.e., with the manner and degree of evidence

required at the successive stages of the litigation.” 

court has discretion to hold a

hearing to resolve factual disputes that bear on the court’s jurisdiction, but where, as here, the

case is at the pleading stage and no evidentiary hearings have been held, “[i]n reviewing the grant

of a motion to dismiss [under Rule 12(b)(1)] we must accept as true all material facts alleged in

the complaint and draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.” Merritt v. Shuttle, Inc.,

, 186 (2d Cir. 2001); see 

(“At the pleading stage, general

factual allegations . . . may suffice [to establish jurisdiction], for on a motion to dismiss we

presume that general allegations embrace those specific facts that are necessary to support the

claim.”). And yet, on a motion to dismiss, courts “are not bound to accept as true a legal

conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Papasan v. Allain, 

, 286 (1986).8

       I. Jurisdiction Under APA


       8
          There is an initial dispute concerning whether Sharkey’s claim that she was granted
LPR status is a factual allegation or a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation. Sharkey
alleges that the immigration official who reviewed her case decided to adjust her status. This is a
factual allegation, which we must assume to be true. However, Sharkey also argues that the
immigration officer’s decision had the legal effect of adjusting her status within the meaning of
the rescission statute and regulation. In response, the government argues that, even if we assume
that the immigration officer decided to adjust Sharkey’s status, this decision was void ab initio
and without legal effect because Sharkey was not eligible, as a matter of law, to have her status
adjusted. We agree that Sharkey’s assertion of LPR status raises a mixed question of law and
fact. We assume the truth of Sharkey’s factual allegations but we do not assume the truth of
Sharkey’s legal assertion that the facts as alleged had the legal effect of “adjusting” Sharkey’s
LPR status within the meaning of the rescission statute and regulation. In any event, very little
turns on this distinction for purposes of this appeal.

                                                  9
       The principal claims in Sharkey’s complaint are that the USCIS attempted to rescind her

LPR status without following mandatory rescission procedures and that the agency unlawfully

refused to furnish her with proof of LPR status. Compl. ¶¶ 6, 40, 41. She claims that she was

“aggrieved” by these agency actions. 

(citing 5 U.S.C. §§ 702, 706). For relief, she seeks a

ruling that the rescission was unlawful, 

Relief ¶ 1, and an order compelling USCIS

to provide her with proof of her LPR status, 

Relief ¶ 2. The first type of relief is

made available by Section 706(2) of the APA, which requires a reviewing court “to hold

unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to be . . . without

observance of procedure required by law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(D). The second form of relief is

made available by Section 706(1) of the APA, which requires a reviewing court to “compel

agency action unlawfully withheld.” 

Sharkey asserts that jurisdiction vests under

the Federal Question Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1331, because her claim “arises under” the APA.

Compl. ¶ 2.

       Under the APA, “[a] person suffering legal wrong because of agency action, or adversely

affected or aggrieved by agency action within the meaning of a relevant statute, is entitled to

judicial review thereof.” Darby v. Cisneros, 

, 146 (1993) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 702).

“[T]he ‘right of action’ in such cases is expressly created by the [APA], which states that ‘final

agency action for which there is no other adequate remedy in a court [is] subject to judicial

review,’ at the behest of ‘[a] person . . . adversely affected or aggrieved by agency action.’” Japan

Whaling Ass’n v. Am. Cetacean Soc., 

, 229 n. 4 (1986) (quoting 5 U.S.C. §§ 702,

704). Although the APA does not itself confer subject matter jurisdiction, see Califano v.

Sanders, 

, 107 (1977), the Federal Question Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1331, confers


                                                 10
jurisdiction over a suit that “arises under” a “right of action” created by the APA, see Bowen v.

Massachusetts, 

, 891 n.16 (1988) (“[I]t is common ground that if review is proper

under the APA, the District Court ha[s] jurisdiction under 28 USC § 1331.”). Because Section

1331 confers jurisdiction on the district courts, a suit that arises under the APA is properly

brought in district court.

I.A Statutory Preclusion of Judicial Review

        In determining whether a suit can be brought under the APA, “[w]e begin with the strong

presumption that Congress intends judicial review of administrative action.” Bowen v. Mich.

Academy of Family Physicians, 

, 670 (1986); see also, e.g., Furlong v. Shalala, 

, 233 (2d Cir. 2001). There are, however, many threshold limitations to judicial review

under the APA. To begin, Section 701(a)(1) provides that the APA review provisions do not

apply “to the extent that . . . statutes preclude judicial review.” 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(1). The

Supreme Court has emphasized, however, that statutory limitations on judicial review of agency

action should be interpreted narrowly in light of the APA’s strong presumption in favor of

judicial review. See 

(“[J]udicial review of a final agency action by an

aggrieved person will not be cut off unless there is persuasive reason to believe that such was the

purpose of Congress.”); INS v. St. Cyr, 

, 298 (2001) (applying “the strong

presumption in favor of judicial review of administrative action”). This strong presumption

requires that “only upon a showing of ‘clear and convincing evidence’ of a contrary legislative

intent should the courts restrict access to judicial review [of administrative action].” 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

        The district court determined that Section 1252(a)(2)(B) of Title 8 expressly precludes


                                                  11
review of Sharkey’s claims. Sharkey makes two claims under the APA: a claim under Section

706(2) that the agency unlawfully rescinded her LPR status without following mandatory

procedures and a claim under Section 706(1) that the agency has unlawfully withheld providing

her with proof of her LPR status. In order for Sharkey to prevail on either claim, she must first

persuade the district court that her status was “adjusted” to that of an LPR within the meaning of

the rescission statute and regulation. If no adjustment was made, her entire suit necessarily fails.

In this respect, establishing that her status was adjusted is a necessary element of both her claims

for relief. Thus, we must determine, inter alia, whether any statute strips the district court of

jurisdiction to determine whether an alien’s status was adjusted to that of an LPR. For when

Congress strips federal courts of jurisdiction to hear a necessary element of a litigant’s claim for

relief, federal courts are left with no jurisdiction to hear the claim at all. We therefore must

determine whether Section 1252(a)(2)(B) bars review of: (a) Sharkey’s assertion that she was

previously granted LPR status; (b) her claim that the alleged rescission was unlawful; or (c) her

claim that she is owed proof of that status. We consider each in turn.

1.A (i) Jurisdiction to Determine whether Sharkey had been Granted LPR status

       We first address whether Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) strips the district court of jurisdiction

to determine whether Sharkey’s status was adjusted to that of an LPR. Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(i)

provides, in relevant part, that “no court shall have jurisdiction to review . . . any judgment

regarding the granting of relief under section . . . 1255 of this title.” 8 U.S.C. 1252(a)(2)(B)(i).

Section 1255 governs the process of granting LPR status. The question, therefore, is whether the

district court, which is jurisdictionally barred from reviewing “any judgment regarding the

granting” of LPR status, may nevertheless determine whether such a grant occurred.


                                                  12
       In Subhan v. Ashcroft, the Seventh Circuit, discussing a similar question, interpreted

Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) as precluding review, in relevant part, only of “a judgment denying a

request for adjustment of status.” 

, 594 (7th Cir. 2004). This accords with our

decision in Sepulveda v. Gonzales, in which we held that “8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B) does not

strip courts of jurisdiction to review nondiscretionary decisions regarding an alien’s eligibility for

the relief specified in 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i).” 

, 62-63 (2d Cir. 2005) (footnote

omitted) (emphasis added). Sharkey does not seek review of a denial of her application for LPR

status. Rather, she seeks judicial recognition that her application was approved. In order to

determine whether Sharkey’s status was adjusted, the district court need only address whether the

immigration officer reviewing Sharkey’s case was empowered to adjust Sharkey’s status and, if

so, whether the officer decided to adjust Sharkey’s status. In the course of this enquiry, the

district court will not subject to judicial review any discretionary decision by the agency. The

court will simply seek to determine what decision was made, not whether the decision was

correct or a proper exercise of discretion. Thus, the Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) bar does not apply.9



       9
          There is a second reason why Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) cannot be interpreted to bar
judicial review of whether LPR status was granted. In the removal context, Section
1252(e)(2)(C) explicitly empowers district courts to make this determination. See 8 U.S.C. §
1252(e)(2)(C) (providing that in the removal context, a district court may decide “whether the
petitioner can prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the petitioner is an alien lawfully
admitted for permanent residence.”). Significantly, the jurisdictional bar in Section
1252(a)(2)(B)(i)–unlike the jurisdictional bars in the adjacent Section 1252(a)(2)(A)--makes no
exception for Section 1252(e) determinations. Cf. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(A)(i)-(iv) (specifically
exempting determinations made under Section 1252(e) from its jurisdictional bar). Thus, if
Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) were interpreted to bar consideration of whether an alien had been
granted LPR status–as the Director now maintains and the district court found–then Section
1252(a)(2)(B)(i) would bar courts from making the very type of determination explicitly made
available by Section 1252(e)(2)(C). This confirms our conclusion that Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(i)
was not meant to bar this type of determination.

                                                 13
1.A (ii) Jurisdiction to Determine Sharkey’s Unlawful Rescission Claim

       We next address whether Section 1252(a)(2)(B) strips the district court of jurisdiction to

review whether the agency was required to hold a rescission hearing prior to rescinding

Sharkey’s status. The rescission regulation provides in relevant part:

       If it appears to a district director that a person residing in his or her district was not in fact
       eligible for the adjustment of status made in his or her case . . . a proceeding shall be
       commenced by the personal service upon such person of a notice of intent to rescind,
       which shall inform him or her of the allegations upon which it is intended to rescind the
       adjustment of his or her status.

8 C.F.R. § 246.1 (emphasis added) (implementing 8 U.S.C. § 1256(a)).

       For reasons similar to those outlined above, Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) does not bar the

district court from deciding Sharkey’s unlawful rescission claim because the agency has a non-

discretionary duty to commence rescission procedures prior to rescinding LPR status, see 8

C.F.R. § 246.1.

       The jurisdictional bar in Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) does not apply either. That section

bars review, in relevant part, of “any other decision or action . . . the authority for which is

specified to be in the discretion of the Attorney General or Secretary of Homeland Security.” 8

U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) (emphasis added).

       We have discussed the applicability of Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) to circumstances very

similar to those present in this case. See Firstland Int’l, Inc., 

. In Firstland, the

immigration agency attempted to revoke its approval of an immigrant visa petition on the ground

that the petitioner was never eligible for that immigrant visa. 

The agency attempted

to revoke the visa under the putative authority of 8 U.S.C. § 1155, which provides, in relevant

part, that the Attorney General “may, at any time, for what he deems to be good and sufficient


                                                  14
cause,” revoke a visa. However, the since-repealed statute provided that in order for a revocation

of this type of visa to be effective, the agency was required to notify the alien prior to his

departure for the United States. 

The immigrant brought suit in district court, arguing

that the immigration agency failed to notify him of the revocation prior to his arrival in the

United States, in violation of the since-repealed statutory notice requirements. 

Court dismissed the suit under Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii), and we reversed. We held that

“although the substance of the decision that there should be a revocation is committed to the

discretion of the Attorney General, Section 1155 establishes mandatory notice requirements that

must be met in order for the revocation to be effective, and courts retain jurisdiction to review

whether those requirements have been met.” 

We reasoned that because the agency

did not follow the (since-repealed) statutory requirements for communicating its decision, the

“INS had no statutory basis for its revocation decision” and, therefore, the decision was not

“specified . . . to be in the discretion of the Attorney General.” 

       Similarly, here, the alleged rescission was not performed in accordance with the

mandatory rescission procedures, which require formal proceedings, and a hearing upon request,

prior to rescission of LPR status, see 8 C.F.R. § 246.1. Thus, the alleged rescission was not

“specified . . . to be in the discretion of the Attorney General.” 

.

       In an important respect, Sharkey’s alleged case is much stronger than the petitioner’s case

in Firstland: it is especially important that the requisite rescission procedures are followed in the

context of rescinding LPR status because heightened procedural protections are likely required by

the Due Process Clause when an LPR’s resident status is threatened. See Ali v. Reno, 

, 448-49 (2d Cir. 1994) (noting that, even absent regulatory requirements, the Due Process


                                                  15
Clause would likely require formal proceedings prior to rescinding LPR status); see also Landon

v. Plasencia, 

, 32 (1982) (“[O]nce an alien gains admission to our country and begins

to develop the ties that go with permanent residence his constitutional status changes

accordingly”); Kwong Hai Chew v. Colding, 

, 596 (1953) (“It is well established

that if an alien is a lawful permanent resident of the United States and remains physically present

there, . . . [h]e may not be deprived of his life, liberty or property without due process of law”);

Di Pasquale v. Karnuth, 

, 879 (2d Cir. 1947) (Hand, J.) (stating that a lawful

permanent resident has a “vested interest in his residence”).

I.A (iii) Jurisdiction to Review Failure to Provide Proof of LPR Status

       Finally, because the agency has a non-discretionary duty to provide LPRs with proof of

their status, see Etuk v. Slattery, 

, 1448 (2d Cir. 1991) (holding that the relevant

statutes and regulations “require that LPRs be provided with documentation of their rightful legal

status” (emphasis added)), Section 1252(a)(2)(B) does not strip the district court of jurisdiction to

review whether Sharkey is owed proof of her status.

I.B Threshold Limitations on APA Causes of Action

       Although there is a strong presumption in favor of judicial review of agency action, there

are threshold limitations on the scope of APA review: (a) review under the APA is limited to

review of “final agency action,” 5 U.S.C. § 704, see Air Espana v. Brien, 

, 151-154

(2d. Cir. 1999); (b) final agency action is not subject to judicial review under the APA to the

extent that such action is “committed to agency discretion by law,” 5 U.S.C. 701(a)(2), see

Lunney v. United States, 

, 558 (2d Cir. 2003); and (c) the strong presumption of

judicial review can be overcome if Congress, subject to constitutional constraints, implicitly or


                                                  16
explicitly precludes judicial review, see 

; 5 U.S.C. 701(a)(1).

       We have suggested that each of these threshold limitations delimits the subject matter

jurisdiction of federal courts. See, e.g., Air 

(“The APA . . . requirement

of finality is jurisdictional.”); Riverkeeper, Inc. v. EPA, 

, 130 (2d Cir. 2007)

(accord); 

(holding that “there is no jurisdiction” if the challenged action

is committed to agency discretion). It is uncertain in light of recent Supreme Court precedent

whether these threshold limitations are truly jurisdictional or are rather essential elements of the

APA claims for relief.10 That question takes on significance in this case because the parties and

the district court have raised some of these threshold limitations, but not all of them. To the

extent the threshold limitations are jurisdictional, we are required to raise them sua sponte; to the

extent the threshold limitations are elements of the APA claims for relief going to the merits, the


       10
            Recently, the Supreme Court appeared to introduce a bright-line rule for determining
whether a “threshold limitation on a statute’s scope” is jurisdictional or “an element of [a] claim
for relief,” Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 

, 514-15 (2006); see 

(“If the
Legislature clearly states that a threshold limitation on a statute’s scope shall count as
jurisdictional, then courts and litigants will be duly instructed and will not be left to wrestle with
the issue. . . . But when Congress does not rank a statutory limitation on coverage as
jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction as non-jurisdictional in character.”). Relying on
this bright-line rule in Arbaugh, the D.C. Circuit, abrogating prior decisions from that circuit,
held that the Section 704 requirement of “final agency action” is not jurisdictional. See Trudeau
v. FTC, 

, 183-84 & nn. 6-7 (D.C. Cir. 2006). Other Circuits, in response to
Arbaugh, have raised, but declined to answer, this question; and others have reaffirmed their
prior holdings that the final agency action requirement is not jurisdictional. See Long Term Care
Partners, LLC v. United States, 

, 231-32 (4th Cir. 2008) (declining to decide issue,
but noting that “the continued validity” of cases holding that the final agency action requirement
is jurisdictional “has been called into question somewhat by Arbaugh”); Nulankeyutmonen
Nkihtaqmikon v. Impson, 

, 33 (1st Cir. 2007) (reaffirming the court’s pre-Arbaugh
determination that the APA’s finality requirement is not jurisdictional); see also Thomas v.
Miller, 

, 298 (6th Cir. 2007) (explaining that Arbaugh “effectively overruled” cases
that failed to apply a bright-line clear statement rule for jurisdiction”); Long Term Care 

(Williams, C.J., concurring) (arguing that Arbaugh has overruled prior holdings
of Fourth Circuit that final agency action requirement is jurisdictional).

                                                 17
opposing party’s failure to raise the issue waives the objection. See Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp.,

, 514 (2006) (“[S]ubject-matter jurisdiction, because it involves the court's power to

hear a case, can never be forfeited or waived. Moreover, courts . . . have an independent

obligation to determine whether subject-matter jurisdiction exists, even in the absence of a

challenge from any party.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)); Da Silva v. Kinsho

Int’l Corp., 

, 361 (2d Cir. 2000). However, because we find that Sharkey has

satisfied each of these threshold requirements of an APA action, we need not reach the difficult

question of whether these threshold requirements hold the “keys to the kingdom of subject-matter

jurisdiction,” Eberhart v. United States, 

, 17 (2005).11

I.B(i) Final Agency Action

       “The ‘core question’ for determining finality is ‘whether the agency has completed its

decisionmaking process, and whether the result of that process is one that will directly affect the

parties.’” 

(quoting Dalton v. Specter, 

, 470 (1994)).

       As a general matter, two conditions must be satisfied for agency action to be final: First,
       the action must mark the consummation of the agency’s decisionmaking process--it must
       not be of a merely tentative or interlocutory nature. And second, the action must be one
       by which rights or obligations have been determined or from which legal consequences
       will flow.

Bennett v. Spear, 

, 177-178 (1997) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

The Supreme Court has “interpreted the ‘finality’ element in a pragmatic way.” FTC v. Standard

Oil of Cal., 

, 239 (1980) (internal quotation marks omitted). In a related setting,



       11
           To the extent the issues concern essential elements of the plaintiff’s claims for relief,
we exercise our discretion to raise them sua sponte in order to determine whether there are
alternative grounds in the record for granting the defendant’s unadjudicated 12(b)(6) motion. See
Adeleke v. United States, 

, 147 (2d Cir. 2004).

                                                18
drawing on its APA finality jurisprudence, the Supreme Court explained that if an agency has

issued a “definitive statement of its position, determining the rights and obligations of the

parties,” the agency’s action is final notwithstanding “[t]he possibility of further proceedings in

the agency” on related issues, so long as “judicial review at the time [would not] disrupt the

administrative process.” Bell v. New Jersey, 

, 779-80 (1983).

       Sharkey alleges that she went to the INS district office in 2002 to renew the I-551 stamp

on her passport, whereupon the DAO denied her request for documentation, crossed out the I-551

stamp on her passport, and wrote “cancelled with prejudice” over the seal. Assuming the truth of

Sharkey’s factual allegations, the agency’s acts clearly constituted final agency action.

       First, by revoking Sharkey’s (allegedly) previously granted LPR status through its

inscription of “cancelled with prejudice” on her stamped passport, the agency “consummat[ed

its] decisionmaking process” regarding both the revocation12 and its refusal to provide her with

proof of her previously-conferred status.13 See Reliable Automatic Sprinkler Co. v. Consumer


       12
            To be sure, the agency contends that, as of the time Sharkey filed suit, the agency was
still deliberating whether to grant her application for LPR status. But the agency’s current
deliberations regarding whether to grant her LPR status are “further proceedings in the agency”
on related issues, which do not defeat the finality of the agency’s decision to revoke her
(allegedly) previously granted status. See 

.
       13
           Sharkey’s 706(1) claim, which challenges the agency’s failure to provide her with
proof of her LPR status, challenges the agency’s failure to act. The Supreme Court has explained
that when a plaintiff challenges an agency’s failure to act, the challenge is reviewable under the
APA “only where a plaintiff asserts that an agency failed to take a discrete agency action that it is
required to take.” Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance, 

, 65 (2004).
Sharkey’s complaint falls within the strictures of Norton because the failed act Sharkey
challenges is a discrete one that the agency is required to take, see 

(the
agency is statutorily required “to provide LPRs . . . with temporary proof of their legal status”).
See Sierra Club v. Thomas, 

, 793 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (“[I]t is apparent that, if an
agency is under an unequivocal statutory duty to act, failure so to act constitutes, in effect, an
affirmative act that triggers ‘final agency action’ review”).

                                                 19
Prod. Safety Comm’n, 

, 733-34 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (holding that an “unequivocal

statement of the agency’s position” is sufficient to meet the first requisite for final agency

action). Second, the revocation was clearly an action “by which rights or obligations have been

determined” and which “directly affect[ed] the parties,” 

.

I.B(ii) Ripeness

        The APA requirement of final agency action relates closely to the prudential doctrine of

ripeness. “Determining whether administrative action is ripe for judicial review requires us to

evaluate (1) the fitness of the issues for judicial decision and (2) the hardship to the parties of

withholding court consideration.” Nat’l Park Hospitality Ass’n v. Dep’t of Interior, 538 U.S 803,

808 (2003). This claim is ripe for review.

        First, because the dispute presents legal questions and there is a concrete dispute between

the parties, the issues are fit for judicial decision. See 

It is true that the factual record

is not yet fully developed, and many putatively important pieces of evidence have been crossed

out and made illegible, making judicial review potentially difficult. Cf. 

discussed below, discovery may clarify the factual record. Further, because Sharkey’s I-551

stamp, if genuine, creates a rebuttable presumption of LPR status, see 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(17),

the absence of a clear, accompanying factual record may facilitate, rather than frustrate, judicial

review. That is, if the agency does not provide countervailing evidence sufficient to rebut the

presumption created by her I-551 stamp–such as testimony by the immigration official who

reviewed her case stating he did not intend to adjust her status--then Sharkey might prevail on the

current record. Finally, Congress has empowered district courts, sitting in habeas jurisdiction, to

determine whether an alien has been granted LPR status, suggesting that this sort of issue is fit


                                                    20
for judicial decision. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(e)(2)(C) (providing that in the removal context, a

habeas court may decide whether a “petitioner can prove by a preponderance of the evidence that

the petitioner is an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence”).

       Second, Sharkey would suffer significant hardship if no court considered the issue. It is

true that Sharkey could renew her application for LPR status if the court withheld review, but

that is a far cry from the remedy she seeks. If Sharkey prevails in all aspects of her APA suit, the

court will recognize that she was previously granted LPR status, set aside the unlawful rescission,

and order the agency to furnish her with proof of her LPR status. The mere opportunity for

Sharkey to submit to the discretion of the agency a renewed request for LPR status would not

relieve the hardship caused by our withholding court consideration of Sharkey’s claim that she

already has that status.

       Thus, the issues are ripe for review. Cf. McGrath v. Kristensen, 

, 169

(1950) (holding that a declaratory judgment suit to recognize an alien’s residence, and

consequent eligibility for citizenship, was ripe for review even though the same issues could be

presented on habeas review).14

I.B(iii) Exhaustion


       14
           Relatedly, there is “no other adequate remedy in a court” for Sharkey’s claims. See 5
U.S.C. § 704 (limiting review to “final agency action for which there is no other adequate remedy
in a court”). The Supreme Court narrowly construed this limitation to apply only in instances
when there are “special and adequate review procedures” that permit an adequate substitute
remedy. See Bowen v. Massachusetts, 

, 903 (1988). Although Sharkey, if ordered
removed under 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1), could raise her putative LPR status in a habeas petition,
see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(e)(2), Sharkey has not been ordered removed and, further, the only remedy
available in such a proceeding would be an order requiring a different type of removal hearing,
see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(e)(4)(B). Thus, Section 1252(e) is plainly not a “special and adequate
review procedure” sufficient to oust a court of its normal jurisdiction under the APA. See

.

                                                21
       Finally, under the APA, “[c]ourts are not free to impose an exhaustion requirement unless

the specific statutory scheme at issue imposes such a requirement.” Air 

(internal quotation marks omitted); see 

(holding that under the APA, the

doctrine of exhaustion applies “only when expressly required by statute or when an agency rule

requires appeal before [judicial] review and the administrative action is made inoperative

pending that review”). The Director has not pointed to any statute or regulation that expressly

mandates exhaustion of her claims.

I.B(iv) Committed to Agency Discretion

       The district judge determined that the challenged actions were committed to agency

discretion. Final agency action is not subject to judicial review under the APA “to the extent that

such action is committed to agency discretion by law.” 

(internal

quotation marks omitted); see 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(2). This restriction applies only in “those rare

instances where statutes are drawn in such broad terms that in a given case there is no law to

apply.” Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe, 

, 410 (1971) (internal citation

omitted); see Heckler v. Chaney, 

, 830 (1985) (restriction applies only if the statute

or regulation said to govern the challenged agency action “is drawn so that a court would have no

meaningful standard against which to judge the agency’s exercise of discretion”).

       As we have explained, the court need not subject the agency’s exercise of discretion to

judicial review in order to resolve Sharkey’s suit.

Conclusion: Jurisdiction Vests under APA

       Therefore, absent some other reason to oust the court of its jurisdiction, jurisdiction vests

in the district court under the APA and the federal question statute. Our conclusion to allow


                                                 22
review is buttressed by the fact that the statutory scheme provides no alternative mechanism for

judicial review of Sharkey’s claims. See 

(“[G]iven our well-settled

presumption favoring interpretations of statutes that allow judicial review of administrative

action, . . . it is most unlikely that Congress intended to foreclose all forms of meaningful

judicial review” (internal citations omitted)).

        II. Other Possible Bars to Subject Matter Jurisdiction

        The Director argues on appeal that the suit is barred by sovereign immunity

considerations. The argument is without merit. Section 702 of the APA “waives the federal

government’s sovereign immunity in actions [for non-monetary relief against an agency or

officer thereof] brought under the general federal question jurisdictional statute.” 

; see 5 U.S.C. § 702.

        The Director next argues that the court should decline to exercise jurisdiction in

deference to the judiciary’s historical practice of refusing to interfere with any aspect of visa

issuance. The argument is best couched as a separation of powers argument. The D.C. Circuit

recently rejected a similar argument, holding that the judiciary has the power to determine

whether an alien has LPR status, even absent any INS hearing on the matter. See United States v.

Yakou, 

, 250 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (“The United States's suggestion that a federal court's

determination of [the petitioner’s] status interferes with the separation of powers under which

immigration matters are largely within the province of the Executive Branch, obscures the fact

that the court is not changing [the alien’s] LPR status; rather, the court is looking . . . to 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(20) as interpreted by the BIA to determine whether [the alien’s] LPR status changed

over ten years ago when he departed the United States for more than a temporary visit abroad.).


                                                  23
Similarly here, the court would not be changing Sharkey’s LPR status; rather, it would be finding

facts, and applying law, to determine whether she was granted that status in the first place.

Moreover, by providing that a reviewing court, in the removal context, can determine whether a

petitioner has LPR status, see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(e)(2), Congress has made clear that courts may

determine whether an alien has LPR status without violating the separation of powers.

       III. Motion for dismissal under 12(b)(6)

       “Although the district court erroneously dismissed the action pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1),

we could nonetheless affirm the dismissal if dismissal were otherwise proper based on failure to

state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).” EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier

Parochial Sch., 

, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997); see also Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons,

, 476 (2d Cir. 2006) (determining that district court’s Rule 12(b)(1) dismissal was

erroneous, then holding that dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) would have been erroneous too);

Adeleke v. United States, 

, 147 (2d Cir. 2004) (reviewing court may affirm district

court decision on any ground in the record). The Director asks us to so proceed because “the

Court should reject Sharkey’s attempt to spin a grant of lawful permanent resident status out of

what was, at most, an INS officer’s mistake” in placing a Temporary I-551 stamp on her

passport.

       In order to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, a complaint need only plead

“enough facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v.

Twombly, 

, 1974 (2007). We continue to assume the truth of Sharkey’s

allegations, including her allegation that the immigration officer decided to adjust her status and

her allegation that her adjustment application and her husband’s I-130 petition were filed


                                                  24
concurrently.

       The Director argues that rescission hearings were unnecessary because, as a matter of

law, regardless of the immigration officer’s decision, Sharkey’s status could not have been

adjusted to LPR since Sharkey was not eligible for that status. Specifically, the Director argues

that Sharkey, as an alien who entered the country unlawfully, was not eligible for LPR status

unless and until her husband’s Alien Relative petition (Form I-130) was approved. See 8 U.S.C.

§§ 1255(i)(1)(B)(i) & (i)(2)(B). The Director argues, further, that the record evidence establishes

that the I-130 petition was not approved, since the form contains no approval stamp in the

“action stamp” block. Thus, according to the Director, even if the immigration official reviewing

Sharkey’s case decided to adjust her status, Sharkey’s ineligibility for that status rendered the

decision invalid ab initio. This argument is unavailing at this stage of the litigation for two

reasons.

       First, Sharkey points out that the action block in the Form I-130 contains writing that has

been crossed out and made illegible. She argues that this suggests that the petitions were initially

approved, but that the evidence of their approval was later crossed out. She has asked for

discovery on these issues.15 The crossed-out inscriptions create a factual issue, which it would be


       15
           In response to the Director’s motions for dismissal under 12(b)(1) and summary
judgment, Sharkey asked for limited discovery from the immigration officials involved in her
case to explain whether the petitions were initially granted and, if so, when and why the approval
was rescinded; she also sought an affidavit from DAO Kinosewitz to explain the placement of
the I-551 stamp on her passport. In a suit under the APA, discovery rights are significantly
limited. The respondent agency must turn over the whole administrative record as it existed at
the time of the challenged agency action, but normally no more. See Citizens to Preseve Overton
Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 

, 419-20 (1971), abrogated on other grounds, Califano v.
Sanders, 

(1977); see also Fl. Power & Light Co. v. Lorion, 

, 744 (1985)
(“The APA specifically contemplates judicial review on the basis of the agency record compiled
in the course of informal agency action in which a hearing has not occurred.”). However, there is

                                                 25
inappropriate to resolve in dismissing an action under Rule 12(b)(6). See Bell Atlantic 

(“Rule 12(b)(6) does not countenance . . . dismissals based on a judge’s

disbelief of a complaint’s factual allegations.” (quoting Neitzke v. Williams, 

, 327

(1989))).

        Second, and more important, the Director’s argument proves too much. According to the

Director, there is no need for a rescission hearing in any case where the alien was not in fact

eligible for the adjustment. The proffered reason is that, if the alien was not eligible for the

adjustment, no adjustment could have been made as a matter of law, and, therefore, there was no

legally conferred status to rescind. If this were correct, the rescission statute and regulation

would be nullities, because, together, they call for a rescission hearing, within five years,16 in

precisely those circumstances in which the Director contends no hearing is necessary: i.e., when

the alien was “not in fact eligible” for the adjustment, see 8 U.S.C. § 1256(a); 8 C.F.R. § 246.1

(“[A rescission] proceeding shall be commenced” when it appears to the Director that the alien

“was not in fact eligible for adjustment of status.” (emphases added)). In effect, the Director

seeks to avoid rescission hearings by asserting the very fact (i.e., the alien’s ineligibility) that the

agency is required to prove during a rescission hearing, see Kim v. Meese, 

, 1496

(9th Cir. 1987) (during a rescission hearing, the agency must prove that the alien was “ineligible




an exception whereby “the court may require the administrative officials who participated in the
decision to give testimony explaining their action” when this is “the only way there can be
effective judicial review.” Overton 

. In any event, where, as here, the
agency may have the burden to produce countervailing evidence, see 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(17), the
agency’s failure to produce evidence may be counted against the agency.
        16
           See Zaoutis v. Kiley, 

, 1100 (2d Cir. 1977) (“If . . . no notice to rescind
is filed within the five-year period, the alien may justifiably rely on his adjusted status.”).

                                                   26
for adjustment of status”). This would allow the Director to avoid rescission hearings in every

case. We cannot accept the Director’s interpretation of the statute and the regulation, which

would render them nullities.17

       For these reasons, we conclude that Sharkey’s complaint states two APA claims upon

which relief can be granted. However, because Sharkey’s claims for mandamus duplicate her

claims under the APA, and because we hold that Sharkey’s APA claims survive the Director’s

12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the

mandamus claims on the alternative ground that there is another “adequate remedy available.”

See Anderson v. Bowen, 

, 5 (2d Cir.1989).

       Finally, the Director asks us to grant its motion for summary judgment. Because there are

outstanding factual disputes, and following the sound practice of not adjudicating a summary

judgment motion in the first instance, we decline to do so. See Atl. States Legal Found., Inc. v.

Pan Am. Tanning Corp., 

, 1022 (2d. Cir. 1993).

                                         CONCLUSION

       Because the district court erred in holding that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear

this action, and because the complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted, we reverse

and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.



       17
            Nothing in De La Rosa v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 

(2d Cir. 2007)
(per curiam), is to the contrary. In De La Rosa, we addressed a very different question–an LPR’s
continuing eligibility for a § 212(c) waiver–and we did not discuss or mention the rescission
statute or regulation. Further, the type of mistake here alleged by the Director, if true, was the
result of the agency’s mistaken insertion of an I55(1) stamp, despite nonapproval of an
underlying petition that Sharkey concurrently filed, not the result of the “alien[’s] [failure to]
compl[y] with the substantive legal requirements in place at the time she was admitted for
permanent residence,” De La 

(emphases added).

                                                27