ELIZABETH A. KOVACHEVICH, District Judge.
THIS CAUSE is before the Court on Plaintiffs' Motions to Strike Affirmative Defenses (Doc. 11, 27-28) and Defendants' Responses in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion to Strike Affirmative Defenses (Doc. 15, 30-31). For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiffs' Motions to Strike the Defendants' Affirmative Defenses arc
The following facts are submitted by the parties in support and/or in opposition to Plaintiffs' Motions to Strike. The Court recognizes these as "facts" only in regard to resolution of the pending motions.
Plaintiff, Christian Vance, was a resident of Pinellas County, Florida, and was employed as an "Automation Operator" by Defendant, PEPSI BEVERAGES COMPANY. Plaintiff Catherine Vance is married to Christian Vance, and they reside together in Pinellas County, Florida. Defendant WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC., was and is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of Pennsylvania with its principal place of business in Pennsylvania. PepsiCo. Inc. is a parent corporation of defendants', PEPSI BEVERAGES COMPANY and METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY, incorporated under the laws of North Carolina, with its principal place of business in New York. METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY is a wholly-owned subsidiary of PepsiCo, Inc., which is organized under the laws of New Jersey, with its principal place of business in New York. PEPSI BEVERAGES COMPANY was and is a limited liability company organized under the laws of Delaware, with its principal place of business in New York.
METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY formed PEPSI BEVERAGES COMPANY, which owns land and buildings housing a bottling plant ("PLANT") in Tampa, Florida, for the purpose of operating its bottling, storage, and distribution, facilities in Florida. METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY granted exclusive authority to PEPSI BEVERAGES COMPANY to operate the PLANT and produce, store and distribute beverages for METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY in the greater Tampa Bay area. The PLANT houses an Automated Storage and Retrieval System ("AS/RS") and a Savanna.net Warehouse Operating System, both of which were purchased by METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY from WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Both were designed, manufactured, sold, assembled and installed by WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. for METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY. The AS/RS consisted of two "cranes," numbered 61 and 62, which distributed Pallets of Pepsi-brand products ("PRODUCT") to specific location within the AS/RS for the purpose of organization and storage. Each crane features a "satellite" which is a moving platform transporting pallets of PRODUCT to storage racks. Savanna.net Warehouse Operating System determines the location of these storage racks. WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. also designed, manufactured, sold, assembled, and installed the cranes and satellite system.
The cranes operate within the AS/RS in an "aisle." The satellites attached to each crane operate on a track within sixty "lanes" within the PLANT. Each of the sixty lanes has thirteen different levels vertically storing PRODUCT before sale and distribution. Automation Operators employed by PEPSI BEVERAGES COMPANY had access to Savanna.net Operating System through Graphic User Interfaces ("GUI"). The Automation Operators controlled the AS/RS, including, but not limited to. the operation and shutting-down of the cranes, operation of the satellites for the ingress and egress of product to specific lanes and storage racks, and the closing or "locking" of specific lanes for any purpose.
On or about August 28, 2011, Plaintiff CHRISTIAN VANCE, was assigned by his supervisor to clean up spilled product under lanes 31 and 32 of PEPSI BEVERAGES COMPANY's warehouse. Mr. Vance, had been instructed and trained to select "lock all" for a given lane, or lanes, preventing pallets of product from being delivered to a locked lane. After selecting "lock all," Mr. Vance proceeded to mop up the spilled product. However, due to the spill volume, he left to retrieve a shop vacuum. At approximately 11:20, Mr. Vance heard the sounds of product being delivered by satellite. As he turned around, he saw Crane 62 heading directly toward him. Mr. Vance was unable to jump out of the path of the product being delivered. The product hit him and crushed his left leg between the satellite and the end barrier of the track, leaving Mr. Vance hanging upside down from the track of lane 32.
The Plaintiffs' have set forth ten claims against Defendants'. All three Defendants' have answered the complaint and set out affirmative defenses. WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. has asserted twenty-six affirmative defenses. Plaintiffs' Move to Strike the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth because of legal insufficiency; Eighth Tenth, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fifteenth, Seventeenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-First affirmative defenses because they are legally insufficient and redundant; Twenty-Second because it is redundant; Twenty-Sixth because it is legally sufficient and invalid as a matter of law. PEPSI BEVERAGES COMPANY asserts sixteen affirmative defenses. Plaintiffs' move to strike PEPSI BEVERAGES COMPANY'S Seventh, Tenth. Eleventh. and Fifteenth Affirmative Defenses as redundant. METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY has claimed fifteen affirmative defenses. Plaintiffs' Motion to Strike seeks to strike METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY's Seventh and Eleventh Affirmative Defenses.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(1) permits a district court to "strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter."
The Plaintiffs' move to strike Defendant WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.'s Second, Fourth. Fifth, and Sixth Affirmative Defenses as legally insufficient. The Plaintiffs' further move to strike their Eighth, Tenth, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fifteen, Seventeenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth and Twenty-First affirmative defenses as legally insufficient and redundant. The Twenty-Second is moved because of redundancy, and finally, the Twenty-Sixth is moved for insufficiency and invalidity as a matter of law. For the foregoing reasons, the Plaintiffs' Motion to Strike WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.'s affirmative defenses is
The WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.'s Second Affirmative Defense states the Plaintiff, CHRISTIAN VANCE, is entitled to Workers' Compensation Benefits pursuant to Chapter 440 of the Florida Statutes. (Doc. 9). The Plaintiff asserts this affirmative defense is insufficient because the Defendant allegedly did not employ him at the time of the incident argued in his Complaint. WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.'s counters the Plaintiffs' assertion, claiming the discovery process will "flesh out the basis for the claim." (Doc. 15). "To the extent that Defendant's second affirmative defense puts into issue relevant and substantial factual questions with no showing of prejudice to Plaintiff: the defense is sufficient."
WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES. INC.'s Fourth. Sixteenth, and Twenty-Six Affirmative Defenses should be treated as denials. The Fourth states WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES INC. did not owe a duty to the Plaintiff." (Doc. 9) The Sixteenth states the Defendant "exercised reasonable care in designing, manufacturing, selling, and installing the product in a safe condition."
WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.'s Firth Affirmative Defense raises the defense that the Plaintiffs' failed to mitigate damages, and should, therefore, be recognized as legally sufficient. (Doc. 15). Although not specifically listed under Rule 8 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals held failure to mitigate damages is recognized as an affirmative defense.
WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.'s Sixth Affirmative defense asserts that the product at issue was in compliance with all federal, state, and local codes, standards, regulations, specifications and statutes regarding the design, manufacture, sale, installation and use of the product at all times pertinent. (Doc. 9). The Plaintiffs' address this defense by claiming it does not specifically state the last two elements of the statute. "To the extent that a defense puts into issue relevant and substantial legal and factual questions, it is `sufficient' and may survive a motion to strike, particularly when there is no showing of prejudice to the movant."
The Plaintiffs move to strike the WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.'s Eighth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth. Thirteenth, Fifteenth, and Nineteenth Affirmative Defenses because they are redundant and are insufficient as a matter of law. The Plaintiffs claim, as their basis for the Motion to Strike, redundancy. In
Here the Eighth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fifteenth, and Nineteenth Affirmative Defenses are not redundant, nor insufficient as a matter of law, and, therefore, will not he stricken. The Eighth Defense involves the Plaintiffs' alleged misuse of the product. The Tenth Defense relates to third parties knowledge of the defect, and their continued use of the product. The Eleventh Defense involves the modification or alteration of the product at issue, pertaining to the issue of proximate cause. The Twelfth Defense addresses apportionment of damages based on fault by the Plaintiff, while the Thirteen Defense asserts apportionment of damages based on the contribution of each cause. Lastly, the Nineteenth Defense relates the damages to the acts and/or omissions of third party persons or entities. This Court finds these affirmative defenses are not redundant, and clearly pertain to the controversy. Furthermore, the Plaintiffs' fail to establish a showing 01 prejudice from allowing the defenses. Consequently, the Plaintiffs' Motion to Strike the Eighth. Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth. Thirteenth. Fifteenth, and Nineteenth Affirmative Defenses for redundancy is
"A defense is insufficient as a matter of law only if; (1) on the face of the pleadings, it is patently frivolous, or (2) it is clearly invalid as a matter of law."
The Plaintiffs' also move to strike the Seventeenth Affirmative Defense because of insufficiency. The defense states:
(Doe. 9). The Plaintiffs' claim this defense is inapplicable to Plaintiffs negligence and strict liability counts against WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (Doc. I 1) However, the reasonable care to design the product for not only its intended use, but also the foreseeable use, is critical in the issue of whether the product was negligently designed or manufactured.
Consequently, the Plaintiffs' Motion to Strike WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.'s Eighth. Tenth, Eleventh, Thirteenth, Fourteenth. Fifteenth, Seventeenth, and Nineteenth Affirmative Defenses for insufficiency is
Implied assumption of risk is no longer recognized by Florida Courts because it has merged with comparative negligence.
WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.'s Twentieth and Twenty-First Affirmative Defenses can both be classified as implied assumption of risk defense. The Defendant states the "Twentieth Defense addresses the assumption of risk through actual knowledge, while the Twenty-First Affirmative Defense deals with constructive knowledge on the part of the Plaintiffs." (Doc. 15). Neither defense alleges a contract or any other means necessary for express assumption of risk. Because Florida Law has merged implied assumption of risk with comparative negligence, the WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.'s Twentieth and Twenty-First Affirmative Defenses are insufficient as a matter of law. Consequently, the Motion to Strike WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES,
An affirmative defense that request attorney's fees is not a defense, and further ". . . a prevailing defendant is not entitled to attorney's fees unless the litigation was in bad faith."
WESTFALIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.'s Twenty-Fourth Affirmative Defense is not a valid affirmative defense. The Twenty-Fourth Affirmative Defense states:
(Doc. 9). This affirmative defense is merely a denial accompanied with a request for attorney's fees. This Court, such as in
Motions to strike for redundancy must not be granted unless the moving party will be prejudiced. "[A] motion to strike for redundancy ought not to be granted in the absence of a clear showing of prejudice to the movant." 5C Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, and Mary Kay Kane, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 1382 (3d ed. 2004);
The Plaintiffs' Motion to Strike PEPSI BEVERAGE COMPANY'S Seventh, Eleventh, and Fifteenth Affirmative Defenses should be denied as they are not redundant. Plaintiffs' claim the Eleventh Affirmative Defense should be stricken because it is redundant of the Second and Third Affirmative Defenses. Plaintiffs further claim the Seventh is redundant to the Sixth, and Fifteenth is redundant to the Thirteenth. This Court disagrees that these affirmative defenses are redundant, especially noticing that Plaintiffs fail to establish any showing of prejudice or that the defense is not part, of the controversy. Therefore, the Motion to Strike the Seventh. Eleventh, and Fifteenth Affirmative Defenses is
An affirmative defense that simply negates an element of the underlying claim should be treated as a denial. "A defense which points out a defect in the [p]laintiffs prima facie case is not an affirmative defense."
Implied assumption of risk has merged with comparative fault, and is no longer recognized under Florida Law.
A motion to strike for redundancy may be granted with a showing of prejudice to the moving party.
METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY's Seventh Affirmative Defense is not redundant. The Sixth and Seventh Affirmative Defenses are very similar, but not redundant. The Sixth states the defendant had "no notice of the alleged danger," and the Seventh states the defendant had "no knowledge of any alleged defect." (Doc. 23). These two defenses are sufficiently different in that the Sixth specifically focuses on the alleged defect causing the injury, and the Seventh focuses on a lack of knowledge toward any alleged defect with this product. Further, the Plaintiffs, as the moving parties, failed to show any prejudice will arise Irons not granting the motion to strike. Consequently, the motion to strike the METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY's Seventh Affirmative Defense is
METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY's Eleventh Affirmative Defense is not redundant. As stated before, motions to strike on the grounds of redundancy are often considered "time wasters", and will not be granted unless the movant shows that the defense has no possible relation to the controversy or the movant would he prejudiced. The Eleventh Affirmative Defense asserts a defense of apportionment of fault. The Plaintiffs claim that this is a restated defense of the Second and Third Affirmative Defenses, but they Fail to show the defense has no relation to the controversy or that they will be prejudiced by it. The Plaintiffs' absence of prejudice will prevent the Motion to Strike from being granted. Consequently, the Motion to Strike METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY's Eleventh Affirmative Defense is
METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY's Ninth Affirmative Defense is a mirror image of PEPSI BEVERAGES COMPANY's Ninth Affirmative Defense. For the fore-mentioned reasons, the Plaintiffs' Motion to Strike METROPOLITAN BOTTLING COMPANY's Ninth Affirmative Defense is