OPINION OF THE COURT
CIPARICK, J.
In this appeal, we are called upon to determine whether respondent Judge of Albany County Court exceeded his authority under County Law § 701 when he disqualified petitioner District Attorney of Albany County and his staff from prosecuting a case against respondents Naomi Loomis, Robert Loomis, Kenneth Michael Loomis, Kirk Calvert and Tony Palladino (collectively the defendants) and appointed a special district attorney to pursue the case. We hold that respondent exceeded his statutory authority and that the Appellate Division's decision to issue a writ of prohibition proscribing enforcement of his orders was appropriate.
The genesis of this appeal stems from an investigation initiated by petitioner and other agencies in June 2006 relating to the illegal sale of steroids and other prescription drugs over the Internet. As a result of this investigation, an Albany County grand jury returned an indictment against the defendants in early 2007. Petitioner then obtained two successive superseding indictments. The defendants challenged the third indictment and respondent partially granted their motion to dismiss with leave to the People to re-present. After petitioner procured a fourth indictment, respondent, once again, granted the defendants' dismissal motion, but this time without leave to the People to re-present.
The People appealed respondent's dismissal of the fourth indictment to the Appellate Division. The court modified respondent's order by granting the People leave to re-present (see People v Loomis, 70 A.D.3d 1199, 1201 [3d Dept 2010]). During the pendency of the People's appeal, the defendants commenced a civil action in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida against petitioner and his staff, alleging, among other claims, that their federal constitutional rights had been violated during the prosecution of the criminal case. The defendants further asserted Florida state law causes of action. As the federal civil case proceeded, petitioner obtained a fifth indictment against the defendants. Shortly after this indictment was returned, Federal District Court issued a decision, concluding that petitioner was not entitled to immunity or summary judgment with respect to the constitutional claims lodged against him and his staff. District Court also denied petitioner's motion for summary judgment on the state common-law claims.
Meanwhile, the defendants moved in County Court to dismiss the fifth indictment. By order dated November 15, 2010, respondent granted the dismissal motion with leave to re-present, but disqualified the Albany County District Attorney's office "from further prosecution of this matter." Respondent reasoned that the pending civil lawsuit against petitioner and his staff created "a conflict of interest sufficient to warrant dismissal of the indictment" in that their "personal, professional and financial stake in the outcome of both the civil and criminal cases" establishes a "demonstrable potential for prejudice." In a subsequent order, dated November 22, 2010, respondent appointed a special district attorney from the community to handle the matter.
As a result, petitioner commenced a proceeding pursuant to CPLR article 78 in the Appellate Division seeking to prohibit enforcement of respondent's orders (see CPLR 506 [b] [1]). With two Justices dissenting, the Appellate Division granted the petition, vacated the orders and prohibited respondent "from taking any action in reliance on said orders" (Matter of Soares v Herrick, 88 A.D.3d 148, 157 [3d Dept 2011]). As a threshold matter, the majority determined that respondent's actions were "reviewable by way of a proceeding in the nature of prohibition" (id. at 152). Addressing the merits, the majority held that respondent exceeded his authority when he disqualified petitioner and appointed a special district attorney under County Law § 701 (see id.). The majority observed that "[t]he appearance of impropriety, standing alone, may not cause the disqualification of a district attorney" (id. at 152) and concluded that the defendants here have failed to "demonstrate[] that petitioner's continued prosecution of their cases would result in actual prejudice" (id. at 154 [internal quotation marks omitted]).
The dissenting Justices would have dismissed the petition. In their view, respondent did not exceed his authority when he disqualified petitioner "on the basis of a conflict of interest" (id. at 154-155). Citing to our decision in Matter of Kavanagh v Vogt (58 N.Y.2d 678 [1982]), the dissenters further opined that the question of whether such conflict warranted disqualification was "a question of law not reviewable by way of prohibition" (Matter of Soares, 88 AD3d at 155). The defendants appeal as of right pursuant to CPLR 5601 (a) and we now affirm.
Our analysis begins with the recognition that a "[d]istrict [a]ttorney is a constitutional officer chosen by the electors of a county" (Matter of Dondi v Jones, 40 N.Y.2d 8, 19 [1976], citing NY Const, art XIII, § 13). County Law § 700 vests a district attorney with certain statutory duties including the duty "to conduct all prosecutions for crimes and offenses cognizable by the courts of the county for which he or she shall have been elected or appointed" (County Law § 700 [1]; Matter of Dondi, 40 NY2d at 19). We have observed that a district attorney's broad statutory authority to prosecute all crimes and offenses within his or her jurisdiction is generally nondelegable (see People v Soddano, 86 N.Y.2d 727, 728 [1995]).
However, there are certain circumstances where a court may substitute the elected district attorney and appoint a special district attorney. As relevant here, County Law § 701 (1) allows a court to appoint a special district attorney in situations where the district attorney is "disqualified from acting in a particular case to discharge his or her duties at a term of any court." In People v Leahy (72 N.Y.2d 510 [1988]), we stated that the legislature designed this statute "narrowly by its terms and by its purpose to fill emergency gaps in an elected prosecutorial official's responsibility" (id. at 513). Acknowledging that a court's authority under County Law § 701 "to displace a duly elected [d]istrict [a]ttorney" raises separation of power concerns, we cautioned that "[t]his exceptional superseder authority should not be expansively interpreted" (Leahy, 72 NY2d at 513-514).
With this background in place, the defendants argue that respondent's decision to disqualify petitioner and appoint a special district attorney was in accordance with County Law § 701. They further contend that, in any event, relief through a writ of prohibition is unavailable to petitioner.
"It is familiar law that an article 78 proceeding in the nature of prohibition will not lie to correct procedural or substantive errors of law" (Matter of Schumer v Holtzman, 60 N.Y.2d 46, 51 [1983], citing Matter of Morgenthau v Erlbaum, 59 N.Y.2d 143, 147 [1983]). Rather, the extraordinary remedy
"of prohibition may be obtained only when a clear legal right of a petitioner is threatened by a body or officer acting in a judicial or quasi-judicial capacity `without jurisdiction in a matter over which it has no power over the subject matter or where it exceeds its authorized powers in a proceeding of which it has jurisdiction'" (Matter of Morgenthau, 59 NY2d at 147, quoting Matter of Dondi, 40 NY2d at 13).
In the context of this case, we have recognized that "prohibition is an appropriate remedy to void the improper appointment of a [special] prosecutor when made by a court" (Matter of Schumer, 60 NY2d at 54). To the extent that Matter of Kavanagh v Vogt (58 N.Y.2d 678 [1982]) stands for the proposition that a court's decision to disqualify a district attorney is not reviewable by way of prohibition, that case is no longer good law.
Of course, even where prohibition is an available remedy, it "is not mandatory, but may issue in the sound discretion of the court" (La Rocca v Lane, 37 N.Y.2d 575, 579 [1975]).
"In exercising this discretion, various factors are to be considered, such as the gravity of the harm caused by the excess of power, the availability or unavailability of an adequate remedy on appeal or at law or in equity and the remedial effectiveness of prohibition if such an adequate remedy does not exist" (Matter of Dondi, 40 NY2d at 13; see La Rocca, 37 NY2d at 579-580).
Applying these principles to the facts presented in this case, we conclude that respondent exceeded his authority under County Law § 701 in disqualifying petitioner. In Matter of Schumer, we opined that "courts, as a general rule, should remove a public prosecutor only to protect a defendant from actual prejudice arising from a demonstrated conflict of interest or a substantial risk of an abuse of confidence" (60 NY2d at 55 [emphasis added]). Here, there is no record support for the conclusion that the defendants suffered actual prejudice or any risk thereof in connection with petitioner's prosecution of the criminal case. On that note, the defendants do not quarrel with the Appellate Division's previous determination that petitioner's handling of this criminal case during the time he secured the first four indictments lacked "any improper motive" or was rooted in "malfeasance" or "bad faith" (Loomis, 70 AD3d at 1201-1202; see Matter of Soares, 88 AD3d at 154).
Instead, the defendants contend that the disqualification of petitioner was proper because of the necessary conflict of interest that arose from the civil lawsuit they initiated after respondent dismissed the fourth indictment. We cannot agree. Under our precedent, the existence of a conflict of interest between the district attorney and a defendant, by itself, does not warrant the removal of the district attorney; in addition, a defendant "should demonstrate actual prejudice or so substantial a risk thereof as could not be ignored" (Matter of Schumer, 60 NY2d at 55). Here, the defendants do not point to any prejudice suffered in connection with the fifth indictment returned by the Albany County grand jury. Indeed, this indictment contains virtually identical charges to the fourth indictment, which was obtained well before the defendants filed the civil lawsuit.
Moreover, respondent's rationale for removing petitioner is likewise unavailing. In his written decision, respondent identifies the purported conflict — petitioner's "personal, professional and financial stake in the outcome of both the civil and criminal cases" — and cites the mere "potential for prejudice" as his basis for disqualifying petitioner and his staff.* Given the absence of a finding by respondent of "actual prejudice" (id.) and, once again, acknowledging that a court's "exceptional superseder authority should not be expansively interpreted" (Leahy, 72 NY2d at 513-514), respondent's decision to disqualify petitioner and to appoint a special district attorney was in excess of his authority under County Law § 701.
In sum, while we refrain from concluding that a civil lawsuit commenced by a criminal defendant against a duly elected district attorney in the midst of a pending prosecution will never warrant the disqualification of such district attorney, we see no basis for petitioner's disqualification here. Thus, having determined that respondent exceeded his statutory authority, we further conclude that the Appellate Division weighed the relevant factors in determining whether to exercise its discretion in issuing the writ of prohibition and that the court's decision to do so was appropriate.
Accordingly, the judgment of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, without costs.
Judgment affirmed, without costs.
