14-4448-cv
Brinn v. Syosset Pub. Library

                                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                        FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                           SUMMARY ORDER
Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed
on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and this Court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a
document filed with this Court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an
electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order
must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.

       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
on the 15th day of December, two thousand fifteen.

PRESENT:            JOSÉ A. CABRANES,
                    ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
                    GERARD E. LYNCH,
                                 Circuit Judges.


JOSHUA BRINN,

                                Plaintiff-Appellant,             14-4448-cv

                                v.

SYOSSET PUBLIC LIBRARY, MORRIS DUFFY ALONSO &
FALEY, GRAPHIC ARTS MUTUAL INSURANCE
COMPANY, JUDITH LOCKMAN, DIRECTOR OF THE
SYOSSET PUBLIC LIBRARY, IN HER INDIVIDUAL AND
OFFICIAL CAPACITIES, ROBERT GLICK, TRUSTEE OF
THE SYOSSET PUBLIC LIBRARY, IN HIS INDIVIDUAL
AND OFFICIAL CAPACITIES,

                                Defendants-Appellees. *



     *
     The complaint erroneously named “Utica National Insurance Company” as a defendant. The
correct entity is Graphic Arts Mutual Insurance Company, which is wholly owned by Utica Mutual
Insurance Company and is a member of the Utica National Insurance Group. The Clerk of Court is
directed to amend the caption as set forth above.

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FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT:                                  Joshua Brinn, pro se, Plainview, NY.

FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES SYOSSET                          Thomas Anthony Catalano, Lester
PUBLIC LIBRARY, LOCKMAN, AND GLICK:                       Schwab Katz & Dwyer, LLP, New York,
                                                          NY.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE MORRIS                             Peter L. Contini, L’Abbate, Balkan,
DUFFY ALONSO & FALEY:                                     Colavita & Contini, L.L.P., Garden City,
                                                          NY.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE GRAPHIC                            Sherri N. Pavloff, Farber Brocks & Zane
ARTS MUTUAL INSURANCE CO.:                                L.L.P., Garden City, NY.


       Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New
York (Sandra J. Feuerstein, Judge).

     UPON DUE CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the District Court be and hereby is
AFFIRMED.

         Plaintiff-appellant Joshua Brinn (“Brinn”), an attorney proceeding pro se,1 appeals from an
October 30, 2014 judgment dismissing his case with prejudice, which followed a July 18, 2011 order
denying his motion to amend his complaint (Thomas C. Platt, Judge), and an October 29, 2014 order
granting summary judgment for defendants (Sandra J. Feuerstein, Judge). Specifically, Brinn
challenges the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants-appellees Syosset
Public Library (“the Library”), Library director Judith Lockman (“Lockman”), Library trustee Robert
Glick (“Glick”), and the law firm of Morris Duffy Alsonso & Faley (“Morris Duffy”), as well as the
court’s denial of his motion to amend his complaint as to defendant-appellee Graphic Arts Mutual
Insurance Company (“Graphic Arts”), which had been dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure. As relevant here, Brinn alleges, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, that
defendants conspired to terminate his employment with Morris Duffy in retaliation for his filing a
complaint against the Library, in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Brinn also
alleges free speech violations under the New York State Constitution and, as to the Library, tortious
inference with business relations under New York law.




   1
    Because Brinn is an attorney, his submissions are not entitled to the liberal construction we
normally afford to pro se litigants. See Tracy v. Freshwater, 

, 102 (2d Cir. 2010).

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         On appeal, Brinn argues (1) that he should have been permitted to amend his complaint with
respect to Graphic Arts, and (2) that the District Court ignored genuine issues of material fact with
respect to (a) whether defendants violated Brinn’s free speech rights, (b) whether Lockman was
personally involved in the alleged retaliation again Brinn, and (c) whether Morris Duffy acted under
color of state law for purposes of § 1983. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying
facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

                                         A. Leave to Amend

          We generally review a denial of leave to amend for “abuse of discretion.” Hutchison v. Deutsche
Bank Sec. Inc., 

, 490 (2d Cir. 2011). Here, however, the denial of leave to amend was
based on the District Court’s determination that amendment would be futile, which we review de
novo. 

‘court should freely give leave [to amend the complaint] when justice so
requires,’ . . . a request to replead should be denied in the event that amendment would be futile.”
Absolute Activist Value Master Fund Ltd. v. Ficeto, 

, 71 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Fed. R. Civ.
P. 15(a)(2)) (alteration in original). “An amendment . . . is futile if the proposed claim could not
withstand a motion to dismiss . . . .” Lucente v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 

, 258 (2d Cir.
2002).

         Brinn argues that his proposed amendment would correct a defect in his original complaint
by alleging (1) that Glick asked Betty Winkler (“Winkler”), a Graphic Arts claims adjuster, “to
threaten plaintiff’s employment” so that Brinn would end his suit, and (2) that Winkler did so. These
allegations essentially reiterate what Brinn alleged unsuccessfully in his original complaint. Moreover,
the proposed amendment contradicts his own description of the evidence, both in his appellate brief
and in a declaration attached to his proposed amended complaint. See Brinn Br. 15 (“Winkler . . .
explicitly stated . . . that she had no problem with Brinn continuing with his claim . . .”); Special App.
189 (same); see also L-7 Designs, Inc. v. Old Navy, LLC, 

, 422 (2d Cir. 2011) (noting that
courts need not accept the truth of a plaintiff’s allegations when they are contradicted by documents
attached to the complaint). We therefore affirm the District Court’s determination that amendment
would be futile.

                                       B. Summary Judgment

        We review grants of summary judgment de novo, assessing whether the district court properly
concluded that there was no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party was
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Miller v. Wolpoff & Abramson, L.L.P., 

, 300
(2d Cir. 2003). We “resolve all ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences against the moving
party.” Tolbert v. Smith, 

, 434 (2d Cir. 2015). Summary judgment is appropriate “[w]here



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the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party.”
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 

, 587 (1986).

         We affirm the District Court’s grant of summary judgment. Brinn’s § 1983 claim against
Morris Duffy fails because he has presented no evidence that the firm acted under color of state law.
For purposes of § 1983, a private entity acts under color of state law when (1) “the State compelled
the conduct,” (2) “there is a sufficiently close nexus between the State and the private conduct,” or
(3) the private conduct involved a traditional “public function.” McGugan v. Aldana-Bernier, 

, 229 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The fundamental question under each
test is whether the private entity’s challenged actions are fairly attributable to the state.” 

marks omitted). Here, Brinn has not produced any evidence—aside from his bare
allegation—that Morris Duffy’s alleged firing of Brinn was “fairly attributable” to the Library.

         Brinn’s claims against the Library, Lockman, and Glick fail for a similar reason. To prevail
on a First Amendment retaliation claim, a plaintiff must show, inter alia, that “defendants’ actions
had some actual, non-speculative chilling effect on his speech,” Williams v. Town of Greenburgh, 

, 78 (2d Cir. 2008) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted), or that the retaliation
inflicted some “concrete harm,” Dorsett v. Cty. of Nassau, 

, 160 (2d Cir. 2013). Here, the
record shows that Brinn’s protected activity—i.e., his suit against the Library—suffered no “chill,”
since he filed a second notice of claim after the Library’s alleged retaliation. Moreover, although
Brinn presented evidence that he was fired for bringing his complaint, nothing in the record
indicates that the Library or its representatives caused, or even sought, his termination. See Zherka v.
Amicone, 

, 644 (2d Cir. 2011) (“To state a claim under Section 1983, a plaintiff must
allege facts indicating that some official action has caused the plaintiff to be deprived of his or her
constitutional rights . . . .” (emphasis supplied)).

         Finally, the District Court correctly granted summary judgment with respect to Brinn’s
tortious interference claim against the Library. Under New York law, “[a]n at-will employee may
maintain a tortious interference claim” only if he or she can “establish that a third party used
wrongful means to effect the termination[,] such as fraud, misrepresentation, or threats, that the
means used violated a duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, or that the defendant acted with
malice.” Albert v. Loksen, 

, 274 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Nothing in the record, aside from Brinn’s conclusory allegations, suggests, much less shows, that the
Library, Glick, or Lockman used wrongful means—or, indeed, any means at all—to effect Brinn’s
termination, or that they acted with malice. See Bermudez v. City of New York, 

, 373-74 (2d
Cir. 2015) (“To defeat summary judgment[,] non-moving parties must do more than simply show
that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts[,] and they may not rely on conclusory
allegations or unsubstantiated speculation.” (ellipsis and internal quotation marks omitted)). Nor has
Brinn argued that the Library owed him any duty.



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                                        CONCLUSION

       We have reviewed all of the arguments raised by Brinn on appeal and find them to be
without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the District Court.


                                                    FOR THE COURT:
                                                    Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk




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