GUTIERREZ, Chief Judge.
A jury found Bryann Kristine Lemmons guilty of two counts of trafficking in methamphetamine and two counts of conspiracy to traffic in methamphetamine. After post-verdict motions and hearings, the district court acquitted Lemmons of the two trafficking counts and two conspiracy counts, but denied an acquittal or a new trial on delivery, a lesser included offense of trafficking. The State filed an interlocutory appeal, and Lemmons filed an interlocutory cross-appeal. For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
A paid confidential informant, working with the Idaho State Police, arranged to purchase methamphetamine on two occasions with a third party.
Lemmons was charged with two counts of trafficking in methamphetamine by delivering methamphetamine in an amount that she represented to be 28 grams or more and two counts of conspiracy to traffic in methamphetamine. Idaho Code §§ 37-2732B(a)(4)(A), 37-2732B(c), 18-1701. At trial, the State presented evidence that the actual weight of the methamphetamine delivered by Lemmons on each occasion was slightly less than 28 grams, but also presented evidence that she had represented to the informant that the deliveries were one ounce of methamphetamine.
After denying the motion, the court provided the jury with the final jury instructions. Relevant to the two counts of trafficking in methamphetamine, the court instructed the jury to first determine if Lemmons was guilty of delivery, a lesser included offense of trafficking, before determining whether Lemmons was guilty of trafficking. The verdict form similarly required the jury to determine whether Lemmons was guilty of delivery before determining whether she had committed trafficking. After determining whether Lemmons was guilty of delivery in part one of each count, part two asked the jury, "Did the person who sold or delivered the methamphetamine represent that it weighed 28 grams or more?" The jury found Lemmons guilty of both counts of trafficking, indicating first that she was guilty of delivery, and of both counts of conspiracy to traffic in methamphetamine.
After the verdict, Lemmons filed a renewed motion for judgment of acquittal or, in the alternative, a motion for a new trial. Lemmons contended that the State had not shown that she delivered 28 grams or more, an element of trafficking, because there was no testimony that an ounce was 28 grams or more. After a hearing, the district court denied the motion for judgment of acquittal and granted the motion for a new trial on the trafficking and conspiracy to traffic counts, but denied the motion for new trial on delivery, treating the charges as if trafficking and delivery were separate counts or as if trafficking was a sentencing enhancement rather than a separate offense. The State filed an interlocutory notice of appeal from the order allowing a new trial.
Following the State's notice of appeal, Lemmons filed a motion for reconsideration with the district court. After another hearing, the district court issued an order granting the motion for reconsideration in part and denying it in part. The district court acquitted Lemmons of the trafficking and conspiracy to traffic counts, but it denied the motion for reconsideration as to the portion of the jury verdict finding Lemmons guilty of delivery. Lemmons filed an interlocutory cross-appeal.
On appeal, the State argues that the district court erred by granting a new trial because the jury's verdict was not contrary to law or evidence. See I.C. § 19-2406(6) (providing that a district court may grant a new trial "[w]hen the verdict is contrary to law or evidence"). However, approximately six months before the State filed its appellate brief, the district court acquitted Lemmons of the trafficking and conspiracy to traffic counts.
After the notice of appeal had been filed by the State in this case, the district court entertained a motion for reconsideration and ruled on the motion. When a notice of appeal is filed, the proceedings before the trial court are stayed, as provided for in Idaho Appellate Rule 13(c). State v. Schwarz, 133 Idaho 463, 466, 988 P.2d 689, 692 (1999); Wilson, 136 Idaho at 772, 40 P.3d at 130. The trial court is permitted to take certain actions during the pendency of an appeal, as enumerated in I.A.R. 13(c). Wilson, 136 Idaho at 772, 40 P.3d at 130 ("Idaho Appellate Rule 13(c) enumerates the types of actions that may be taken by a trial court during the pendency of a criminal appeal."); Wade, 125 Idaho at 524, 873 P.2d at 169 (following the filing of an appeal in a criminal action, "The district court then lacks authority to enter orders in the case, except as to certain matters enumerated in Rule 13(c)."). The powers specified in that rule include the authority to take such actions as settling the transcript on appeal, I.A.R. 13(c)(1); ruling upon a motion for a new trial, I.A.R. 13(c)(2); granting, modifying or revoking probation, I.A.R. 13(c)(6); and ruling on a motion to correct or reduce a sentence, I.A.R. 13(c)(11). Wilson, 136 Idaho at 772, 40 P.3d at 130. In addition, Rule 13(c)(10) includes a catch-all provision that authorizes the trial court to "[e]nter any other order after judgment affecting the substantial rights of the defendant as authorized by law."
The only enumerated power potentially relevant to the grant of the motion for reconsideration in this case is the catch-all provision, I.A.R. 13(c)(10). In Wade, this Court examined the catch-all provision and interpreted the rule to prohibit trial courts from reconsidering or making post hoc rationalizations of previous rulings:
Wade, 125 Idaho at 524, 873 P.3d at 169. We continued by citing several civil cases that held that a court could not reconsider a prior ruling once a notice of appeal was filed. Id. But we noted that the broad language of the catch-all provision "was intended to give the district court jurisdiction to rule upon a motion that has been inadvertently overlooked or that was pending, but not yet decided, when the notice of appeal was filed." Id.; see also Wilson, 136 Idaho at 773, 40 P.3d at 131 (explaining that the preceding statement in Wade "was merely an expression of our holding that I.A.R. 13(c)(10) applied to the type of order that was then before the court; it was not an expression of the limits of subsection (10)"). Thus, we held that, "after an appeal is filed, a district court in a criminal proceeding may enter an order on a motion filed prior to the appeal where such ruling merely completes the record and does not in any way alter an order or judgment from which the appeal has been taken." Wade, 125 Idaho at 524, 873 P.3d at 169.
The Idaho Criminal Rules do not specifically provide for nor prohibit a motion for reconsideration. This Court has adopted the position that a trial court is free to entertain a motion for reconsideration, see State v. Montague, 114 Idaho 319, 320, 756 P.2d 1083, 1084 (Ct. App. 1988), unless the criminal rule upon which the prior motion or subsequent decision by the district court was made prohibits a motion for reconsideration, see State v. Bottens, 137 Idaho 730, 731-32, 52 P.3d 875, 876-77 (Ct. App. 2002) (explaining that the district court lacked jurisdiction to hear Bottens' motion for reconsideration because it was a successive motion, and thus the motion was improper under I.C.R. 35, which provides that a party may file only one motion seeking reduction of sentence). Relevant to this appeal, I.A.R. 13(c)(10) applies to motions that are authorized by law, but because a motion for reconsideration of an order granting a motion for a new trial is not recognized in the Idaho Criminal Rules, it is not authorized by law. Cf. Wilson, 136 Idaho at 773, 40 P.3d at 131 (recognizing that a motion to withdraw a guilty plea is authorized by law under I.C.R. 33(c)). Accordingly, the district court lacked the authority, while the appeal was pending, to entertain the motion for reconsideration and enter an order on the motion for reconsideration. In summary, the order of the district court granting the motion for reconsideration in part and acquitting Lemmons of the trafficking and conspiracy to traffic counts is reversed.
We turn now to the district court's initial order following the verdict by which the court purported to grant the motion for new trial as to the trafficking and conspiracy counts, while leaving in place the jury verdict finding Lemmons guilty of the lesser included offenses of delivery. As noted, Lemmons filed a motion for judgment of acquittal or, in the alternative, motion for a new trial. Lemmons contended that the State had not shown that she delivered 28 grams or more, an element of trafficking, because there was no testimony that an ounce was 28 grams or more. After a hearing, the district court denied the motion for judgment of acquittal and granted the motion for new trial on the trafficking and conspiracy to traffic counts, but denied the motion for new trial on delivery. On appeal, we consider the propriety of the district court's initial order in its entirety, as both Lemmons and the State have raised arguments that relate to the combined motion and the court's order on the combined motion. The State argues that the district court erred by granting Lemmons a new trial; the State contends that the only relevant statutory ground for granting a new trial was whether the verdict was contrary to law or evidence, I.C. § 19-2406(6). It argues that Lemmons' conviction is not contrary to the law or evidence because it is a "mathematical scientific fact" that an ounce is a unit of weight greater than 28 grams.
Before turning to the State's argument, we initially consider whether the district court correctly denied the motion for judgment of acquittal. Idaho Criminal Rule 29 provides that when a verdict of guilty is returned, the court, on motion of the defendant, shall order the entry of a judgment of acquittal if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction of the offense. The test applied when reviewing the district court's ruling on a motion for judgment of acquittal is to determine whether the evidence was sufficient to sustain a conviction of the crime charged. State v. Fields, 127 Idaho 904, 912-13, 908 P.2d 1211, 1219-20 (1995). When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence where a judgment of conviction has been entered upon a jury verdict, the evidence is sufficient to support the jury's guilty verdict if there is substantial evidence upon which a reasonable trier of fact could have found that the prosecution sustained its burden of proving the essential elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Herrera-Brito, 131 Idaho 383, 385, 957 P.2d 1099, 1101 (Ct. App. 1998); State v. Knutson, 121 Idaho 101, 104, 822 P.2d 998, 1001 (Ct. App. 1991). We do not substitute our view for that of the jury as to the credibility of the witnesses, the weight to be given to the testimony, and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence. Knutson, 121 Idaho at 104, 822 P.2d at 1001; State v. Decker, 108 Idaho 683, 684, 701 P.2d 303, 304 (Ct. App. 1985). Moreover, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution. Herrera-Brito, 131 Idaho at 385, 957 P.2d at 1101; Knutson, 121 Idaho at 104, 822 P.2d at 1001.
The crime of delivery of a controlled substance is defined in Idaho Code § 37-2732(a)(1)(A); the section dictates that it is unlawful to manufacture, deliver, or possess with the intent to manufacture or deliver a controlled substance. Delivery is "the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer from one (1) person to another of a controlled substance, whether or not there is an agency relationship." I.C. § 37-2701(g). Under I.C. § 37-2732B(a)(4), a person who knowingly delivers, brings into Idaho or possesses, whether actually or constructively, 28 grams or more of methamphetamine, amphetamine or a mixture with a detectable amount of either methamphetamine or amphetamine, is guilty of felony trafficking. A person is guilty of felony trafficking of methamphetamine as defined under I.C. § 37-2732B(a)(4) even if the person represents that he or she is selling or delivering 28 grams or more of methamphetamine, but ultimately deliver less than 28 grams. I.C. § 37-2732B(c). Additionally, a person who aids and abets the commission of a crime may be charged as a principal for the crime. I.C. § 18-204. "To `aid and abet' means to assist, facilitate, promote, encourage, counsel, solicit or incite the commission of a crime." Howard v. Felton, 85 Idaho 286, 297, 379 P.2d 414, 421 (1963) (citing I.C. § 18-204). Accordingly, a person who aids and abets the trafficking or delivery of a controlled substance may be charged with trafficking or delivery.
In this case, the State proceeded on the theory that Lemmons committed trafficking by engaging in delivery and conspired to traffic through delivery. The plain language of the trafficking statute required the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Lemmons delivered or represented that she delivered 28 grams or more of methamphetamine. Throughout the case, the State's evidence was that Lemmons represented she was delivering an ounce. It was not until rebuttal that the State offered testimony from an officer that explained that an ounce is approximately 28 grams. Therefore, the only evidence before the jury was that Lemmons represented that she delivered approximately 28 grams.
Nonetheless, this Court has previously noted that, "When considering trial evidence and reaching a verdict, jurors are permitted to take into account matters of common knowledge and experience." State v. Espinoza, 133 Idaho 618, 622, 990 P.2d 1229, 1233 (Ct. App. 1999). In that case, Espinoza argued that there was no evidence before the jury that he was eighteen years of age or older at the time of the offense, an element of the crime. We held that the jury in Espinoza's case could reasonably infer that Espinoza was over eighteen years old on the night of the offense because he had purchased beer and because the jury observed Espinoza's physical appearance. Id. In relevant part, we reasoned that it was common knowledge that alcohol may not be legally purchased by persons who are under the age of twenty-one, and thus the jury could utilize this common knowledge with the fact that Espinoza purchased alcohol. Id.
At the hearing on Lemmon's initial, post-verdict motion, the judge expressed his concerns with the evidence presented:
The judge reasoned — and we believe correctly reasoned — that it was not a matter of common knowledge and experience than an (avoirdupois) ounce equates to 28.349 grams; therefore, the jury would have to rely upon the evidence presented. The district court was left with a verdict that held that Lemmons had represented she was delivering 28 grams or more when the evidence that was presented was that Lemmons had represented she was delivering approximately 28 grams. Approximately means reasonably close to. WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 107 (1993). Thus, the evidence was that Lemmons had represented the quantity was reasonably close to 28 grams, even though the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Lemmons had represented it was 28 grams or more. In short, there was insufficient evidence for the State to sustain its burden of proving the essential elements of trafficking and conspiracy to traffic beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, the district court erred by denying Lemmons' motion for an acquittal on these counts. Lemmons is entitled to a judgment of acquittal on the trafficking and conspiracy to traffic counts because the State did not meet its burden of proof on these counts. The deficiency in the evidence does not, however, affect the jury's verdict finding Lemmons guilty of the lesser included offenses of delivery, on which the court instructed the jury (albeit in an unconventional way), as we discuss below.
Lemmons' cross-appeal contends that the district court erred by failing to grant Lemmons' motion for acquittal or new trial as to delivery. Lemmons also argues that her constitutional rights were violated by the district court's failure to provide a requested jury instruction. Although these issues were raised in the context of the order granting the motion for reconsideration, which we reversed, the issues raised by Lemmons are equally applicable to the district court's initial, post-verdict order granting a new trial.
For the first issue, Lemmons asserts that she was entitled to an acquittal on the lesser included offenses of delivery or, in the alternative, she was entitled to a new trial. A decision on a motion for new trial is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. State v. Egersdorf, 126 Idaho 684, 687, 889 P.2d 118, 121 (Ct. App. 1995). When a trial court's discretionary decision is reviewed on appeal, the appellate court conducts a multi-tiered inquiry to determine: (1) whether the lower court correctly perceived the issue as one of discretion; (2) whether the lower court acted within the boundaries of such discretion and consistently with any legal standards applicable to the specific choices before it; and (3) whether the lower court reached its decision by an exercise of reason. State v. Hedger, 115 Idaho 598, 600, 768 P.2d 1331, 1333 (1989). Whether a trial court properly applied a statutory provision to the facts of a particular case is a question of law over which we exercise free review. State v. Horn, 124 Idaho 849, 850, 865 P.2d 176, 177 (Ct. App. 1993).
Initially, we address Lemmons' argument that she should have been acquitted of delivery because she made a motion for acquittal at the conclusion of the State's evidence, and "[h]ad the District Court made the `proper' decision during trial, Lemmons would have been granted an acquittal at that time thereby preventing any discussion of jury instructions or lesser included offenses." At the conclusion of the State's evidence, Lemmons did move for an acquittal, but not on the grounds that were advanced in the post-verdict motions and on appeal. Specifically, Lemmons argued in her pre-verdict motion that the confidential informant's statements were not corroborated; Lemmons did not argue that there was insufficient evidence to support the conviction as related to the ounce-to-grams conversion, the grounds upon which she made her post-verdict motions. Lemmons' pre-verdict motion for judgment of acquittal was without merit as it was targeted at the credibility to be given a witness' testimony and not the sufficiency of the evidence; thus, it was properly denied. Furthermore, even if the district court granted the judgment of acquittal before submission to the jury, Idaho Criminal Rule 29 requires the court to consider whether the evidence would be sufficient to sustain a conviction on a lesser included offense. I.C.R. 29(a).
To the extent that Lemmons argues that the district court erred by not acquitting her of delivery in the post-verdict motions, her argument is unavailing.
Lemmons also argues she should be granted a new trial because of prosecutorial misconduct in the closing argument. While our system of criminal justice is adversarial in nature, and the prosecutor is expected to be diligent and leave no stone unturned, he or she is nevertheless expected and required to be fair. State v. Field, 144 Idaho 559, 571, 165 P.3d 273,
Lemmons' argument that section 19-1719 applies to this appeal fails for the simple fact that the jury was instructed on both the lesser included offenses of delivery and trafficking; indeed, the jury was instructed to first determine if Lemmons had committed delivery before determining whether Lemmons committed trafficking by representing the quantity to be 28 grams or more. In constitutional parlance, Lemmons has not been placed in jeopardy again, which section 19-1719 seeks to bar. 285 (2007). However, in reviewing allegations of prosecutorial misconduct we must keep in mind the realities of trial. Id. A fair trial is not necessarily a perfect trial. Id. Lemmons made no contemporaneous objection to the prosecutor's assertion that a witness testified that an ounce is more than 28 grams at trial. In State v. Perry, 150 Idaho 209, 245 P.3d 961 (2010), the Idaho Supreme Court clarified the fundamental error doctrine as it applies to allegations of prosecutorial misconduct. If the alleged misconduct was not followed by a contemporaneous objection, an appellate court should reverse when a defendant persuades the court that the alleged error: (1) violates one or more of the defendant's unwaived constitutional rights; (2) is clear or obvious without the need for reference to any additional information not contained in the appellate record; and (3) affected the outcome of the trial proceedings. Id. at 226, 245 P.3d at 978.
During the closing argument, the prosecutor stated, "You also heard the testimony of [the officer monitoring the transactions] who said that an ounce is more than 28 grams." (Emphasis added.) However, the officer's testimony at trial was that an ounce is approximately 28 grams. Assuming that this statement amounted to prosecutorial misconduct that violated an unwaived constitutional right and plainly existed, we examine whether the misconduct affected the outcome of the trial proceedings. For the trafficking and conspiracy to traffic counts, to which the prosecutor's statement would be relevant, the issue is moot because Lemmons, upon remand, will be acquitted of these counts. As to delivery, the statement only related to the conversion of an ounce to grams and not to whether Lemmons was committing delivery. Accordingly, we are persuaded that any prosecutorial misconduct was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, as it relates to delivery.
Last, Lemmons argues that her constitutional rights were violated by the district court's failure to provide a requested jury instruction. Midtrial, Lemmons requested the court to instruct the jury on the level of scrutiny that they should use in examining the paid informant's testimony:
The court denied the request, explaining in relevant part that the instruction commented on the credibility of the witness.
The question whether the jury has been properly instructed is a question of law over which we exercise free review. State v. Severson, 147 Idaho 694, 710, 215 P.3d 414, 430 (2009). When reviewing jury instructions, we ask whether the instructions as a whole, and not individually, fairly and accurately reflect applicable law. State v. Bowman, 124 Idaho 936, 942, 866 P.2d 193, 199 (Ct. App. 1993). "A trial court presiding over a criminal case must instruct the jury on all matters of law necessary for the jury's information." Severson, 147 Idaho at 710, 215 P.3d at 430 (citing I.C. § 19-2132). Each party may request the court to give a specific instruction, but the instruction will only be given if it is "correct and pertinent." Id. "A proposed instruction is not `correct and pertinent' if it is: (1) an erroneous statement of the law; (2) adequately covered by other instructions; or (3) `not supported by the facts of the case.'" Id. (quoting State v. Olsen, 103 Idaho 278, 285, 647 P.2d 734, 741 (1982)).
We are persuaded that the district court did not err by not giving the requested instruction. This Court has previously addressed a paid-informant jury instruction in State v. Spurr, 115 Idaho 898, 771 P.2d 916 (Ct. App. 1989) and State v. Nelson, 112 Idaho 245, 731 P.2d 788 (Ct. App. 1986). In Spurr, we summarized our previous discussion in Nelson:
Spurr, 115 Idaho at 900, 771 P.2d at 918 (citations omitted). In Spurr, the paid informant was not the sole source of strong evidence against Spurr and the informant's testimony was corroborated by telephone and in-person recordings. Id. at 900-01, 771 P.2d at 918-19. In addition, the paid informant's testimony was corroborated by physical evidence and by testimony of law enforcement officers who monitored the transactions. Id. at 901, 771 P.2d at 919. Similarly in this case, the informant's testimony was corroborated by physical evidence and by a law enforcement officer who monitored the transactions. Accordingly, we are persuaded that the district court did not err when it refused to give the requested jury instruction.
We conclude that the district court lacked the authority to entertain and rule upon the motion for reconsideration once the State had filed a notice of appeal. Accordingly, we reverse the district court's order granting the motion for reconsideration in part and acquitting Lemmons of the trafficking and conspiracy to traffic counts.
For the initial, post-verdict order on Lemmons' motion for judgment of acquittal or, in the alternative, motion for a new trial, the district court erred when it denied the judgment of acquittal as to the trafficking and conspiracy to traffic counts; as a consequence, the court erred when it granted a new trial. The district court did not err by denying Lemmons' motion for acquittal as to delivery, for there was substantial evidence upon which a reasonable trier of fact could have found that the prosecution sustained its burden of proving the essential elements of delivery beyond a reasonable doubt. We are also persuaded that the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying the motion for new trial because the verdict, as it related to delivery, was not contrary to the law or evidence presented. As for the assertion of prosecutorial misconduct, we are persuaded that any prosecutorial misconduct was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Finally, the district court did not err by not providing the requested jury instruction.
Therefore, we affirm in part and reverse in part the initial, post-verdict order denying the judgment of acquittal and granting the new trial on the trafficking and conspiracy to traffic counts. The case is remanded for an entry of judgment of acquittal as to the trafficking and conspiracy to traffic counts and for proceedings otherwise consistent with this opinion.
Judge LANSING and Judge GRATTON,
