MEMORANDUM OPINION
(Denying 28 U.S.C. § 2255 Motion)
HENRY E. HUDSON, Senior District Judge.
Larry Antonio Burleigh, a federal inmate proceeding pro se, filed this 28 U.S.C. § 2255 Motion ("§ 2255 Motion," ECF Nos. 113, 116) arguing that his firearm convictions and sentences are invalid under Johnson v. United States, 135 S.Ct. 2551 (2015).1 The Government filed a Motion to Dismiss the § 2255 Motion contending that it is barred by the relevant statute of limitations. (ECF No. 117.) As discussed below, while the Government correctly asserts that the § 2255 Motion is untimely, the Court also finds that Burleigh's Johnson claim lack merit.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
As pertinent here, on February 22, 2011, Burleigh was charged with: carjacking and aiding and abetting carjacking in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§2119 and 2 (Count Three); possessing a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence, to wit, the crime charged in Count Three, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c) and 2 (Count Four); interference with commerce by threats and violence in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1951 and 2 ("Hobbs Act robbery") (Count Five); and possessing a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence, to wit, the crime charged in Count Five in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c) and 2 (Count Six). (ECF No. 21, at 2-5.)
On March 22, 2011, Burleigh pled guilty to Counts Three, Four, and Six. (ECF No. 32, at 1.) On June 20, 2011, the Court sentenced Burleigh to 125 months on Count Three, 120 months on Count Four, and 300 months on Count Six, to be served consecutively. (ECF No. 46, at 1-2.) Burleigh appealed. (ECF No. 48.) On February 23, 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit dismissed his appeal. (ECF No. 70, at 3.)
On June 27,2016, Burleigh filed his § 2255 Motion. (ECF No. 113.) Thereafter, the Government moved to dismiss, arguing that the § 2255 Motion is barred by the relevant statute of limitations.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Burleigh's § 2255 Motion is Untimely
Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1), Burleigh was required to file any 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion within one year after his conviction became final. Accordingly, absent a belated commencement of the limitation period, Burleigh's § 2255 Motion is untimely. Burleigh contends that he is entitled to a belated commencement of the limitation period under 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(3).
Section 2255(f)(3) provides that a petitioner may bring a claim within a year of the date of which the right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court. "[T]o obtain the benefit of the limitations period stated in § 2255(f)(3), [Burleigh] must show: (1) that the Supreme Court recognized a new right; (2) that the right `has been ... made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review'; and (3) that he filed his motion within one year of the date on which the Supreme Court recognized the right." United States v. Mathur, 685 F.3d 396, 398 (4th Cir. 2012).
The "right" asserted here is the right recognized in Johnson. In Johnson, the Supreme Court held "that imposing an increased sentence under the residual clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act [("ACCA")] violates the Constitution's guarantee of due process." 135 S. Ct. at 2563.2 The Johnson Court concluded that the way the residual clause of the ACCA, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), defined "violent felony" was unconstitutionally vague because the clause encompassed "conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another." Id. at 2557-58 (citation omitted). Subsequently, in Welch v. United States, 136 S.Ct. 1257 (2016), the Supreme Court held that "Johnson announced a substantive rule [of law] that has retroactive effect in cases on collateral review." Id. at 1268.
Burleigh asserts that his firearm convictions are unlawful in light of Johnson, and in doing so, he argues that Johnson restarted the one-year limitation period pursuant to § 2255(f)(3).3 For a petitioner to satisfy section 2255(f)(3), the Supreme Court itself must be the judicial body to establish the right in question. See Dodd v. United States, 545 U.S. 353, 357 (2005). "[I]f the existence of a right remains an open question as a matter of Supreme Court precedent, then the Supreme Court has not `recognized' that right." United States v. Brown, 868 F.3d 297, 301 (4th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted).
Burleigh was convicted of two counts of possessing a firearm during the commission of a crime of violence, to wit, carjacking and Hobbs Act robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Burleigh's argument—that the residual clause of § 924(c) is unconstitutionally vague—simply was not a right announced in Johnson. Rather, the Supreme Court's holding in Johnson only addressed the residual clause of ACCA. As the Fourth Circuit has observed, although "the Supreme Court held unconstitutionally vague the [residual clause in ACCA],... the [Supreme] Court had no occasion to review ... the residual clause [of § 924(c)]." United States v. Fuertes, 805 F.3d 485, 499 n.5 (4th Cir. 2015). Thus, Burleigh's contention that § 924(c)'s residual clause is unconstitutionally vague was not a right announced by the Supreme Court in Johnson. See United States v. Cook, No. 1:11-cr-188, 2019 WL 921448, at *3 (E.D. Va. Feb. 25, 2019) ("[T]he question of [Sessions v. Dimaya, 138 S.Ct. 1204 (2018),] and Johnson's effect on Section 924(c)(3)(B) is not yet settled.")4 Thus, the Government correctly asserts that Burleigh's § 2255 Motion is untimely and barred from review here. Accordingly, the Government's Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 117) will be granted.
B. Burleigh's Claim Lacks Merit
Burleigh's Johnson claim also lacks merit. See United States v. Nahodil, 36 F.3d 323, 326 (3d Cir. 1994) (noting that a district court may summarily dismiss a § 2255 motion where "files, and records `show conclusively that the movant is not entitled to relief" (quoting United States v. Day, 969 F.2d 39, 41-2 (3d Cir. 1992))). Burleigh contends that after Johnson, the offenses of Hobbs Act robbery and carjacking can no longer qualify as crimes of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3), and thus, his convictions for Counts Four and Six and must be vacated. Although Burleigh was not sentenced pursuant to ACCA, he asserts that the residual clause of § 924(c) is materially indistinguishable from the ACCA residual clause (18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii)) that the Supreme Court in Johnson struck down as unconstitutionally vague.
Title 18 U.S.C. section 924(c)(1)(A) provides for consecutive periods of imprisonment when a defendant uses or carries a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence. The baseline additional period of imprisonment is five years. 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i). If the defendant brandishes the firearm, the additional period of imprisonment increases to at least seven years. Id. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii). And, if the defendant discharges the firearm, the additional period of imprisonment increases to at least ten years. Id. § 924(c)(1)(A)(iii).
The United States can demonstrate that an underlying offense constitutes a crime of violence if it establishes that the offense is a felony and satisfies one of two requirements. Namely, the statute defines a crime of violence as any felony:
(A) [that] has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another [(the "Force Clause")], or
(B) that by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense [(the "Residual Clause")].
Id. § 924(c)(3).
The Fourth Circuit has concluded that "the carjacking statute, necessarily includes a threat of violent force within the meaning of the `force clause' of Section 924(c)(3)." United States v. Evans, 848 F.3d 242, 247 (4th Cir.) (citations omitted), cert, denied, 137 S.Ct. 2253 (2017). Thus, carjacking is a viable crime of violence for the § 924(c) offense charged in Count Four. Additionally, as explained below, Hobbs Act robbery qualifies as a crime of violence under the Force Clause.5
A defendant is guilty of Hobbs Act robbery if he or she "obstructs, delays, or affects commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce, by robbery... or attempts or conspires so to do . . . ." 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a). The statute defines "robbery" as
the unlawful taking or obtaining of personal property from the person or in the presence of another, against his [or her] will, by means of actual or threatened force, or violence, or fear of injury, immediate or future, to his [or her] person or property, or property in his [or her] custody or possession, or the person or property of a relative or member of his [or her] family or of anyone in his [or her] company at the time of the taking or obtaining.
Id. § 1951(b)(1). The Fourth Circuit has not reached the issue of whether Hobbs Act robbery satisfies the Force Clause. Nevertheless, as this Court has previously concluded, a defendant "who commits Hobbs Act robbery by `fear of injury' necessarily commits it by `fear of physical force.'" United States v. Standberry, 139 F.Supp.3d 734, 738 (E.D. Va. 2015) (citation omitted). This is because "[f]ear is the operative element facilitating the taking," and "any act or threatened act which engenders a fear of injury implicates force and potential violence." Id. at 739 (citing United States v. Castleman, 572 U.S. 157, 172 (2014); Leocal v. Ashcroft, 543 U.S. 1, 9 (2004)); see also Castleman, 572 U.S. at 174 (Scalia, J. concurring) ("[I]t is impossible to cause bodily injury without using force `capable of producing that result."). Put simply, common sense dictates that any "fear of injury" flows from the fear of physical force. Accordingly, consistent with this Court's earlier decisions, see Standberry, 139 F. Supp. 3d at 740, and decisions of many courts of appeal,6 the Court finds that Hobbs Act robbery constitutes a categorical crime of violence.7
Additionally, the Court notes that the Fourth Circuit's recent decision in United States v. Simms, 914 F.3d 229 (4th Cir. 2019) does not alter the conclusion that Burleigh's § 924(c) convictions are predicated on valid crimes of violence under the force clause of § 924(c)(3)(A). In Simms, the defendant pled guilty to conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery and to brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a "crime of violence," but later challenged his brandishing conviction on the theory that Hobbs Act conspiracy could not be considered a "crime of violence" under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3). Id. at 232-33. Initially, the parties and the Fourth Circuit agreed that,
conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery—does not categorically qualify as a crime of violence under the [Force Clause], as the United States now concedes. This is so because to convict a defendant of this offense, the Government must prove only that the defendant agreed with another to commit actions that, if realized, would violate the Hobbs Act. Such an agreement does not invariably require the actual, attempted, or threatened use of physical force.
Id. at 233-34 (citations to the parties' materials omitted). Thereafter, the Fourth Circuit concluded that the Residual Clause of § 924(c) is void for vagueness. Id. at 236.
As explained above, unlike conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery, Hobbs Act robbery is a valid crime of violence under the Force Clause because it invariably requires the actual, attempted, or threatened use of physical force. United States v. St. Hubert, 909 F.3d 335, 351 (11th Cir. 2018). Accordingly, Burleigh's challenges to his § 924(c) conviction lacks merit.
III. CONCLUSION
The Government's Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 117) will be granted. The § 2255 Motion (ECF Nos. 113, 116) will be denied. Burleigh's claim and the action will be dismissed. A certificate of appealability will be denied.
An appropriate Order shall accompany this Memorandum Opinion.
