GARRETT, J.
The plaintiff, Michael W. Pratt, appeals from a jury verdict and judgment rejecting his personal injury claims arising out of a rear-end auto accident. The plaintiff argues that the trial court made several evidentiary errors that denied him a fair trial. He urges that the verdict and judgment must be vacated and that this court should render a judgment for damages in his favor. For the following reasons, we affirm.
On July 20, 2010, Pratt, in a 2005 Chrysler sedan, was stopped at a red light on Desiard Street in Monroe. The defendant, Brett O. Culpepper, in a 2005 Nissan Pathfinder, was stopped behind him. Culpepper was distracted by some paperwork in his car and noticed that the traffic around him was beginning to move. He began to move and then realized that Pratt was still stopped in front of him. Culpepper applied his brakes, but his vehicle struck Pratt's vehicle from behind. According to Culpepper, the damage to both vehicles was slight. Culpepper claimed that Pratt said at the scene that he was not injured. The police officer investigating the accident, Dwayne Crowder, was an experienced traffic investigator. He stated that Pratt denied being hurt or injured and said at the scene there was no need for medical attention.
In July 2011, Pratt filed suit against Culpepper and his insurer, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, and Oakley Medical LLC, Culpepper's company, alleging that Culpepper was completely at fault in causing the accident.
The parties filed numerous pretrial motions in limine which were ruled upon prior to trial and in the context in which they were presented at the time they were argued. These motions were considered by one judge of the Fourth Judicial District Court. A jury trial began in July 2013, but the trial was upset before the jury was sworn due to the unexpected illness of one of the attorneys. The second jury trial, held in February 2014, was presided over by a different judge from that district.
The jury found that Pratt failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the accident caused him to suffer physical injuries. Judgment was rendered in favor of the defendants, dismissing Pratt's claims. Pratt filed motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for new trial, which were denied. The plaintiff now appeals.
Before we discuss the evidentiary issues raised on appeal, we note that this litigation has been very contentious with myriad motions and objections filed by both sides. We have conducted an exhaustive review of the voluminous record and exhibits. Both lower court judges who presided over the protracted proceedings exhibited a great amount of patience, legal acumen, and a desire to be fair to both sides. In addition to the matters complained of on appeal by Pratt, the record is replete with numerous rulings which were adverse to the defense. These are not before us on appeal. Many of the alleged errors complained of by Pratt were actually the result of some rather unusual trial strategies employed by Pratt's counsel. Pratt's argument on appeal that he was denied his right to a fair trial and that the jury verdict must be vacated is simply not borne out by this record.
Pratt argues on appeal that the trial court erred in allowing documentation, testimony, and counsel argument concerning a dispute in the 1990s between Dr. Holt and the Louisiana State Board of Chiropractic Examiners ("LSBCE") to be admitted into the record before the jury.
Dr. Holt became Pratt's treating chiropractor after the accident. His treatment of Pratt began on August 2, 2010. Dr. Holt had been suspended by the LSBCE in 1997, allegedly for overtreatment of Medicaid patients. In September 2012, Pratt filed a motion in limine seeking to prohibit the defendants from using any statement or reference about any disciplinary action taken against Dr. Holt by the LSBCE, or any consent judgment entered into by Dr. Holt regarding a plea of nolo contendere to the administrative charges, citing La. C.E. art. 410(A)(2).
Culpepper argued this information was relevant under the circumstances of this
Pratt's motion in limine was denied. The trial court observed that Pratt was involved in a low-impact accident and claimed high medical expenses, some of which were billed by Dr. Holt. The trial court found that the jury needed to hear the facts and make a determination whether the care given was appropriate. Therefore, Dr. Holt's credibility and qualifications as an expert would be essential issues at trial. The trial court found that the nolo contendere rule did not apply here because the plea was entered in an administrative proceeding, not a court proceeding.
Pratt filed an emergency motion to reconsider the denial which was rejected by the trial court. Pratt then filed a writ application with this court which was denied on January 3, 2013, on the showing made. On the day that the trial on the merits began, Pratt reurged the motion in limine. The trial court refused to reconsider the motion, stating that nothing had changed; it adopted the prior judge's ruling on the motion.
"Relevant evidence" means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. La. C.E. art. 401. All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by the Constitution of the United States, the Constitution of Louisiana, this Code of Evidence, or other legislation. Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible. La. C.E. art. 402. Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or waste of time. La. C.E. art. 403.
La. C.E. art. 410(A)(2) states:
La. C.E. art. 607 states:
La. C.E. art. 608 provides in pertinent part:
Error may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected, and, when the ruling is one admitting evidence, a timely objection or motion to admonish the jury to limit or disregard appears of record, stating the specific ground of objection. La. C.E. art. 103.
Admissibility of evidence is at the trial court's discretion, which will not be disturbed on appeal absent a showing of abuse of discretion. Indeed, a trial judge has much discretion to regulate the evidence a jury hears. A reviewing court is prohibited from reversing a harmless error. Beaucoudray v. Walsh, 2007-0818 (La.App. 4th Cir. 3/12/09), 9 So.3d 916, writ denied, 2009-0832 (La. 5/29/09), 9 So.3d 168. See also Williams v. Bd. of Sup'rs of Univ. of La. Sys., 48,763 (La.App.2d Cir. 2/26/14), 135 So.3d 804, writ denied, 2014-0666 (La.5/2/14), 138 So.3d 1249. On appeal, the reviewing court is required to consider whether the complained-of ruling was erroneous and whether the error affected a substantial right of the complaining party. If a party's substantial right was not affected by an evidentiary ruling, a reversal is not warranted. The determination is whether the error, when compared to the record in its totality, had a substantial effect on the outcome of the case, and it is the complainant's burden to so prove. Politz v. Politz, 49,242 (La. App.2d Cir. 9/10/14), 149 So.3d 805. See also Hays v. Christus Schumpert N. La., 46,408 (La.App.2d Cir. 9/21/11), 72 So.3d 955.
Failure to invoke a rule of evidence constitutes a waiver of the corresponding objection, and the aggrieved party subsequently on appeal may not complain of the inadmissibility of the evidence.
Pratt argues that La. C.E. art. 608 prohibits the admission of evidence concerning particular past acts to impeach the credibility of a witness; La. C.E. art. 410 prohibits the use of nolo contendere pleas in criminal cases from being used in civil cases to impeach the credibility of a witness; and La. C.E. art. 403 prohibits the admission of evidence whose probative value is outweighed by its prejudicial effect.
In this case, the trial court carefully considered whether information concerning the suspension of Dr. Holt's license would be admissible at trial. The trial court found that it was relevant where the suspension arose from overtreatment of patients and an issue in this case was the degree and cost of treatment rendered to the plaintiff. In essence, the information was not offered as to general reputation, but to provide relevant information on the credentials of an expert witness. Therefore, the trial court found that the evidence was admissible at trial. On appeal, Pratt argues that the trial court erred in this determination.
This case does not present a simple question of whether the trial court's ruling on the motion in limine on this issue was correct. Surprisingly, after extensively arguing that the evidence was not admissible, Pratt's counsel presented the evidence to the jury himself. When Pratt's counsel called Dr. Holt to testify, among the first questions asked was whether Dr. Holt's chiropractic license had ever been retroactively suspended for any reason. Dr. Holt responded that, early in his career, Medicaid thought his record keeping was not acceptable and that the LSBCE ultimately decided to retroactively suspend his license. After he complied with the Board's expectations, the complaint was dismissed. His license has remained current since that time.
Pratt's attorney also questioned Dr. Holt about a letter recently obtained from the office of the Louisiana Attorney General. The letter outlined the nature of the complaint against Dr. Holt received by the LSBCE in 1997. It specified that a consent agreement was approved by the
Dr. Holt was also asked about his suspension on cross-examination by the defense. He explained that the dispute arose from a misunderstanding of the way chiropractors treat patients and that, as a result of the dispute, he had learned to better document his work. Culpepper was allowed to introduce into the record, without objection by Pratt, the answer given by Dr. Holt in a deposition in another case where he said the reason for the suspension was overtreatment of patients.
Although prior to trial Pratt strenuously objected to the admissibility of evidence regarding Dr. Holt's dispute with the LSBCE, it was the plaintiff himself who presented the information to the jury. Perhaps this was a strategy decision on the part of Pratt's counsel to attenuate the impact of the information. However, in choosing to place the information before the jury, Pratt opened the door regarding the issue and waived any objection he had to its admission. Having done so, he cannot now, on appeal, object to its admission. Further, because Pratt introduced testimony and evidence regarding the LSBCE proceedings, the defendants were entitled to cross-examine him regarding the issue. See La. C.E. art. 611(B). In any event, the trial court did not err in its ruling that the evidence would be admissible due to its relevance to the matters at issue in this case. Pratt's arguments on this issue are without merit.
Pratt contends that the trial court erred in "spontaneously" allowing documentation and testimony concerning prior injury claims after the court had previously ruled they were not admissible. In February 2012, Pratt filed a motion in limine seeking to exclude numerous items of evidence, including any statement or reference by the defendants or witnesses about prior health conditions of the plaintiff not related to the present accident. He also sought to prohibit the defendants from mentioning statements, pleadings, depositions, requests for admission, or declarations by the plaintiff from other lawsuits or legal proceedings not connected with the instant case. A hearing was held on the motion in April 2012. At the hearing, Pratt's counsel clarified he was seeking to exclude any discussion of prior injuries or conditions not related to the subject matter at hand. He noted that this case concerned neck and back injuries and sought to exclude evidence of irrelevant conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes. Pratt's counsel further argued that prior claims are inadmissible unless the defendants urged fraud by pleading it as an affirmative defense. He contended that the admission of relevant evidence is governed by balancing the probative value against prejudicial effect. Pratt's counsel also commented on the record that he did not know of the existence of any other claims, except for a 2003 accident.
The trial court found that evidence of prior health conditions related to accidents in November 2003 and the present accident were admissible. The trial court granted the motion in limine as to other incidents and injuries, finding those matters were not admissible. However, the trial court granted the defendants leave of court to reurge if something came up later that had connexity with this case. Notably, as to other "statements, pleadings, depositions, requests for admission, or declarations by the plaintiff from other lawsuits or legal proceedings," the trial court found those to be admissible.
Pratt claims that at trial, the court "spontaneously" reversed itself and allowed
The law pertaining to attacking the credibility of a witness, contained in La. C.E. art. 607, is set forth above.
Evidence of prior injury and claims is admissible insofar as it bears on any issue before the court, including credibility. Brown v. Diamond Shamrock, Inc., 95-1172 (La.App. 3d Cir. 3/20/96), 671 So.2d 1049. See also Bradley v. Morton Thiokol, Inc., 27,411 (La.App.2d Cir. 9/29/95), 661 So.2d 691; Munch v. Backer, 2010-1544 (La.App. 4th Cir. 3/23/11), 63 So.3d 181; Juneau v. Strawmyer, 94-0903 (La.App. 4th Cir. 12/15/94), 647 So.2d 1294; Arnold v. Dufrene, 01-1179 (La.App. 5th Cir. 3/13/02), 815 So.2d 136.
The record shows that during direct examination, Pratt's attorney asked him if, "prior to this collision at any other time in your life have you been involved in any other collision." Pratt stated that he rearended someone in 2009, but he was not hurt in that accident. Notably, the 2009 accident was not mentioned during the argument on the motion in limine in 2012. Pratt then stated that he was injured in the accident in 2003, but had fully recovered from those injuries. He said, under oath, that he was not involved or injured in any other accidents.
On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Pratt about the accident in 2009 and Pratt said that he was not injured. He was then asked, "You've not been in any other automobile accidents other than the 2003, 2009 and this accident?" Pratt replied that he had not. He was asked again and denied being involved in any other accidents. Pratt said he was not sure if he told his treating physicians about the accidents in 2003 and 2009.
Defense counsel offered a portion of Pratt's employment records for impeachment purposes which showed that he had been involved in an auto accident in 1998.
Defense counsel also introduced employment records showing that Pratt was involved in an auto accident in 2004. Pratt's attorney did not object to admission of that evidence. Pratt said he did not remember the 2004 accident, but did not deny that it occurred. He was then asked about an accident in 1996, which he stated he did recall.
After all of this testimony was adduced on direct and cross-examination, Pratt's attorney then lodged an objection, citing the ruling on the motion in limine, which limited discussion to only the present accident and the accident in 2003. Defense counsel stated that Pratt's attorney had the employment records which showed that prior accidents had occurred, a fact denied by the plaintiff on direct examination. The defendants maintained that this information could be used to impeach Pratt. The trial court agreed.
On direct examination, Pratt's attorney did not limit the scope of his question when he asked the plaintiff, "prior to this collision at any other time in your life have you been involved in any other collision?" Pratt stated that he had been involved in an accident in 2009, which was not covered by the motion in limine. This opened the door to evidence regarding prior accidents. Further, no objection was lodged until most of the information had already been elicited.
The trial court correctly found that, even considering the prior ruling on the motion in limine, the evidence could properly be used for impeachment. The fact that Pratt had been involved in other accidents, did not tell his treating physicians about them, and did not disclose them in discovery responses certainly involved the issue of his credibility. Here, Pratt himself brought up an accident that was not covered by the motion in limine and then stated that he was not involved in any other accidents. Under La. C.E. art. 607, defense counsel was entitled to offer proof of other auto accidents to attack Pratt's credibility. As stated in Juneau v. Strawmyer, supra, "no one should be allowed to testify untruthfully in a court of law and then secure protection from exposure by claiming that evidence exposing his lie is more prejudicial than probative." Based upon the facts presented here, the trial court did not err in allowing the evidence of prior accidents to be used for impeachment purposes.
Pratt asserts that the trial court erred in its application of the Daubert
La. C.E. art. 702 provides:
This "gatekeeping" obligation applies not only to "scientific" testimony, but to all expert testimony. Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 119 S.Ct. 1167, 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999); Abraham v. Richland Parish Hosp. Serv. Dist. 1-B, supra. The Daubert nonexclusive list of factors includes: (1) the "testability" of the scientific theory or technique; (2) whether the theory or technique has been subjected to peer review and publication; (3) the known or potential rate of error; and (4) whether the methodology is generally accepted in the scientific community. Daubert was adopted in Louisiana in State v. Foret, 628 So.2d 1116 (La.1993).
In Cheairs v. State ex rel. Dep't of Transp. & Dev., 2003-0680 (La. 12/3/03), 861 So.2d 536, the Louisiana Supreme Court further specified that admission of expert testimony is proper only if all three of the following things are true: (1) the expert is qualified to testify competently regarding the matters he intends to address; (2) the methodology by which the expert reaches his conclusions is sufficiently reliable as determined by the sort of inquiry mandated in Daubert; and (3) the testimony assists the trier of fact, through the application of scientific, technical, or specialized expertise, to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue. Abraham v. Richland Parish Hosp. Serv. Dist. 1-B, supra.
Experience alone is normally sufficient to qualify a witness as an expert, and the fact that a witness does not have a college degree does not disqualify him from testifying. Cheairs v. State ex rel. Dep't of Transp. & Dev., supra; Manchack v. Willamette Industries, Inc., 621 So.2d 649 (La.App. 2d Cir.1993), writ denied, 629 So.2d 1170 (La.1993); Godchaux v. Peerless Ins. Co., 2013-1083 (La.App. 3d Cir.6/4/14), 140 So.3d 817, writ denied, 2014-1411 (La. 10/3/14), 149 So.3d 801.
Pratt sought to use the expert testimony of Dr. David J. Barczyk, a Lafayette chiropractor and expert in biomechanics, to show that the impact of the collision caused the plaintiff's injuries. To rebut Dr. Barczyk's opinions, the defendants planned to present the testimony of Adamson, a civil engineer, who was offered as an expert in accident reconstruction, biomechanics, and occupant kinematics. Pratt filed a motion in limine to exclude the testimony of Adamson at trial, arguing that, under Daubert, supra, and La. C.E. art. 702, Adamson was not qualified to give an expert opinion in the fields of medicine or biomechanical engineering. The motion was denied in open court on June 25, 2013, and a judgment was signed in July 2013.
Interestingly, after arguing strenuously that Adamson should not be allowed to testify at trial, Pratt's counsel called him in his case-in-chief as a "hostile witness." Adamson testified that he was hired by the defendants to reconstruct the accident, to look at the acceleration forces and, using research, to see what the probability of long-term injuries was in this case.
Pratt's attorney elicited Adamson's qualifications. He had bachelor's and master's degrees in civil engineering and had done highway, roadside, and safety research. He is also a structural engineer. He had learned about biomechanics and kinematics, which is the study of how humans move within vehicles. He attended a seminar studying the effect of low-impact collisions. He was questioned at length by Pratt's attorney about his expert witness report and his opinions in this case. Pursuant to inquiry by Pratt's attorney, Adamson was questioned as to whether he knew how Pratt's body moved inside the vehicle when he was rear-ended by Culpepper. He stated that he knew generally, but not specifically. He stated that the body moves backward first. After Pratt's attorney finished this questioning, he then played for the jury the video deposition of Dr. Barczyk in which he disagreed with Adamson's opinions.
When Adamson was later called to testify on behalf of the defendants, his qualifications were again presented. He stated that he is a licensed professional civil engineer, has been accepted in courts as an expert in accident reconstruction, biomechanics, and occupant kinematics, and has 30 years' experience in these fields. Adamson acknowledged that he was not a neurosurgeon, chiropractor, or nurse practitioner, and has no training in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal injuries. He stated that he did not give a medical opinion in this case.
Pratt objected to Adamson's qualifications in the fields of biomechanics and occupant kinematics.
Adamson was asked by the defendants whether, based on his investigation, experience and tests, that Pratt was "more likely than not uninjured as a result of the bump with Mr. Culpepper." Pratt objected that Adamson was not medically qualified to speak to Pratt's injuries. The trial court overruled the objection. Adamson
Adamson testified that the rear bumper of Pratt's vehicle was designed to absorb an impact below 2½ miles per hour. In this case, there was no damage to the rear bumper absorber. Adamson stated that, because the rear bumper absorber was not damaged, the speed at the time of impact was two miles per hour, and more likely than not, Pratt was not hurt. Adamson commented on a conclusion drawn by Pratt's expert, Dr. Barczyk, that if there is less damage to a vehicle, there is an increased potential for the occupant to be injured. Adamson testified that Dr. Barczyk's conclusion was physically impossible and defied known scientific laws.
Adamson was again cross-examined by Pratt's attorney and stated that his testimony regarding the probability of injury to Pratt in this low-impact accident was not the expression of a medical opinion, but was based on statistical analysis. Adamson clarified that he was not testifying that Pratt did not sustain injuries in this accident, but was stating that the statistical analysis indicates that, at these collision levels, force levels, and acceleration levels, the probability of injury is low. Adamson was questioned about several studies that showed that property damage is not a valid indicator of acute injury risk or of symptom duration. He stated that he disagreed with those studies. Adamson acknowledged that he is not able to diagnose injuries and his testimony dealt with the probability of injury, not whether Pratt was, in fact, injured in this accident.
Against this backdrop, Pratt now complains on appeal about Adamson's testimony. Pratt's actions in calling the defense expert, Adamson, as a witness, questioning him in detail, then calling his own expert, Dr. Barczyk, to refute Adamson's opinion and then arguing on appeal that Adamson should not have been allowed to testify, is somewhat disingenuous. However, we will endeavor to address Pratt's arguments.
Pratt argues on appeal that the "rising consensus" in courts across the country is that engineering experts are prohibited from providing medical causation opinions. Pratt argues this court has stated that force-of-impact testimony cannot be used to prove the extent of injuries, citing Seegers v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 188 So.2d 166 (La.App. 2d Cir.1966). He also cites Godchaux v. Peerless Ins. Co., supra. In that case, which did not involve a rear-end collision and was not decided until after this case was tried, the third circuit adopted the reasoning in Seegers to reject force-of-impact testimony to prove causation. Therefore, he argues the trial court erred in allowing Adamson's force-of-impact testimony in this case.
However, Pratt fails to recognize that, in numerous cases, this court has clarified its statements in Seegers. In Seegers, an accident in 1962 involved a slight rear-end collision which threw Mrs. Seegers, the guest passenger, who was recuperating from hernia surgery, into the armrest of the car, causing mild cervical and dorsal sprains to the neck and back. She also experienced some abdominal discomfort in the operative area. The medical experts concurred that Mrs. Seegers suffered mild injuries in the accident. The defendants argued that the force of the impact was so slight that it could not have caused injuries of the nature and extent complained of by Mrs. Seegers. This court stated that, "While it is indisputably true that the impact was slight, we think it would be a dangerous precedent to attempt to measure the degree of injuries in direct proportion to the force of a collision."
This court later clarified its position, stating that, "This court has avoided the precedent of attempting to measure the
In Aaron v. Bolds, 566 So.2d 195 (La. App. 2d Cir.1990), this court observed that, while the degree of injuries in vehicle accident cases may not be measured in direct proportion to the force of a collision, neither, logically, should a court decline to consider and evaluate all of the evidence. See also Bass v. Allstate Ins. Co., 32,652 (La.App.2d Cir. 1/26/00), 750 So.2d 460.
In Harper v. Garcia, 32,142 (La.App.2d Cir. 8/18/99), 739 So.2d 996, the defendants presented testimony from an expert in accident reconstruction and mechanical engineering that the force of a collision was relatively minor and was a factor in determining the causal connection between the accident and the plaintiff's injuries. The plaintiff appealed, seeking an increase in damages, arguing that the trial court erred in relying on force-of-impact testimony in determining causation and extent of injuries. This court further clarified the holding in Seegers:
Thereafter, this court has considered force-of-impact testimony as a relevant factor, but not the determining factor, in numerous cases. See Currie v. Myers, 32,633 (La.App.2d Cir. 1/26/00), 750 So.2d 388, writ not cons., 2000-0665 (La. 3/17/00), 756 So.2d 316; Merrells v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 33,404 (La.App.2d Cir. 6/21/00), 764 So.2d 1182; James v. Robinson, 38,774 (La.App.2d Cir. 8/18/04), 880 So.2d 975. See also Peters v. Williams, 40,403 (La.App.2d Cir. 12/14/05), 917 So.2d 702 (plaintiff conceded that force-of-impact is a valid criterion in determining causation and extent of injuries). See and compare Hunt v. Long, 33,395 (La.App.2d Cir. 6/21/00), 763 So.2d 811 (trial court instructed jury that force-of-impact was not relevant in determining damages and there was no objection to the instruction).
In Fussell v. Roadrunner Towing & Recovery, Inc., 1999-0194 (La.App. 1st Cir. 3/31/00), 765 So.2d 373, writ denied,
Pratt urges this court to follow the recently decided third circuit opinion in Godchaux v. Peerless Ins. Co., supra, and to completely reject the use of force-of-impact testimony in this case. In Godchaux, the third circuit rejected the use of the testimony of an "alleged" expert in biomechanics and causation analysis on the issue of whether the accident caused the plaintiff's injuries because the methodology employed by the witness was unreliable. The third circuit then stated that, even if the methodology was reliable, the testimony would have been excluded because in the third circuit, force-of-impact testimony cannot be used to prove causation, citing the language from this court in Seegers.
Similarly in Davis v. Martel, 2000-1727 (La.App. 3d Cir. 7/18/01), 790 So.2d 767, writ denied, 2001-2399 (La. 11/21/01), 801 So.2d 1087, the third circuit reasoned that, where there was no indication by the medical and lay witnesses that the plaintiff feigned her injuries following the accident, force-of-impact evidence could not be considered.
We note that the approach of the third circuit on the issue of use of force-of-impact testimony has been somewhat inconsistent. In Fletcher v. Langley, 631 So.2d 693 (La.App. 3d Cir.2/2/94), writ denied, 635 So.2d 1139 (La.1994), the court observed that the minimal or minor nature of an automobile accident is a fact which may be considered by the jury, citing prior third circuit jurisprudence. See also Mouton v. Old Republic Ins. Co., 2011-458 (La.App. 3d Cir. 10/5/11), 74 So.3d 1245, writ denied, 2011-2490 (La.2/3/12), 79 So.3d 1028, holding that the finder of fact may consider the minimal nature of the accident in determining damages.
In Brown v. Trinity Universal Ins. Co., 2001-1405 (La.App. 3d Cir.4/3/02), 814 So.2d 747, writ denied, 2002-1689 (La. 10/14/02), 827 So.2d 422, the third circuit held that, while the force of a collision may be considered in determining whether a person was injured in an accident and the extent of any injuries sustained, it should not be the only factor considered when making such a determination.
In this case, the record shows that Adamson was qualified to testify as an expert in his specified fields of accident reconstruction, biomechanics, and occupant kinematics. As stated by Adamson numerous times during his testimony, he was not offering a medical opinion as to whether Pratt was injured. He was simply offering scientific and statistical analysis as to the probability of anyone being injured
Pratt claimed that Adamson's opinions were unreliable as a matter of fact, medicine, and science. He contended that Adamson's opinion was based on "snippets" of information. Adamson was extensively questioned about materials reviewed for this case, including photographs of the vehicles, repair reports showing there was no damage to the absorbing core of Pratt's rear bumper, police reports, maps of the intersection, statistics on each vehicle as to size and weight, depositions of the parties and Dr. Barczyk, and peer-reviewed papers on car crashes. Adamson stated that he obtained the same model vehicles involved in the accident in this case and lined them up to see how the bumpers fit. Adamson testified that he could determine the speed of impact in this case from the degree of damage to Pratt's bumper. Due to the lack of damage to Pratt's rear bumper, Adamson estimated the speed of the impact at two miles per hour and agreed that some energy would be transmitted to the occupants of the vehicle.
The record shows that the materials and methodology used by Adamson were reliable and the trial court did not err in allowing him to testify.
Pratt next argues that Adamson's testimony was irrelevant because liability was not an issue in this matter. Adamson's testimony was relevant to rebut the expert opinion offered by Dr. Barczyk, who was admitted as an expert in biomechanics. Dr. Barczyk did not examine the vehicles involved in this case. In his testimony, he spoke about Culpepper driving a Toyota, when in fact he was driving a Nissan. Dr. Barczyk dismissed this discrepancy and stated that the vehicles were similar. Dr. Barczyk stated that it is not possible to look at the bumpers of vehicles to determine the speed of the crash. Dr. Barczyk also stated that when there is no car crush, more energy is transmitted to the occupants of the vehicle.
The extent of Pratt's injuries and the likelihood that the light impact between the vehicles caused them was an issue in this case. Pratt introduced the expert opinion of Dr. Barczyk to show that the speed of impact could not be determined and the slighter the impact, the more likely it is that the occupants of the vehicle will be injured. Adamson's testimony, based upon his specified areas of expertise, was aimed specifically at refuting Dr. Barczyk's opinion. Therefore, Adamson's testimony was relevant. The trial court did not err in allowing the testimony.
For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment in favor of the defendants, Brett O. Culpepper, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, and Oakley Medical LLC, dismissing the claims of the plaintiff, Michael W. Pratt. Costs in this court are assessed to the plaintiff.
AFFIRMED.
