PAUL W. GRIMM, District Judge.
Relator Robert Simmons ("Relator" or "Simmons") moves for an award of 22% of the $2.3 million settlement between the United States and Samsung Electronics America, Inc. ("Samsung"), pursuant to the qui tam relator's share provisions of the False Claims Act ("FCA"), 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1). Relator's Mot., ECF No. 38. Simmons contends that his contribution to the Government's settlement with Samsung entitles him to 22% of the settlement proceeds. Relator's Mem. 1, ECF No. 38-1. The Government opposes Simmons's motion and files a cross-motion, arguing that an award of 16% of the settlement is appropriate. Gov't Mot. & Mem., ECF Nos. 41, 41-1. For the reasons set forth below, the cross-motions shall be granted in part and denied in part, and the Relator shall receive an 18% share of the settlement proceeds.
Simmons, who worked as a Solutions Architect at Samsung from June 2007 to July 2011, filed a qui tam complaint against Samsung and Summit Government Group, LLC ("Summit") on October 18, 2011, alleging that Samsung and Summit violated the FCA by submitting false claims for Samsung computer products
On January 16, 2014, the Government partially intervened against Samsung and declined to intervene with respect to Summit.
The parties continued to discuss a final resolution of Simmons's share, but failed to reach an agreement, although the Government paid Simmons $345,000, or 15% of the settlement. Gov't Mem. 1. Simmons, however, insisted that he be paid more. Subsequently, the parties filed the pending cross-motions regarding the appropriate share to which Simmons was entitled. Simmons filed a reply and opposition, ECF No. 42, such that his motion has been fully briefed. The Government did not file a reply, but the time for doing so has passed. See Loc. R. 105.2(a). Having reviewed the filings, I find that a hearing is not necessary. See Loc. R. 105.6. Upon careful consideration of the briefing and the exhibits submitted by the parties, I conclude that Simmons is entitled to an award of an 18% share of the settlement reached between the Government and Samsung.
Under the FCA, when the Government intervenes and settles a qui tam case, a relator receives between 15% and 25% of the proceeds of the settlement of the claim. 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1). The FCA states that the amount awarded to the realtor is based on "the extent to which the person substantially contributed to the prosecution of the action," id., but otherwise does not specify any criteria for this determination. The parties acknowledge that the actual percentage awarded largely is left to the Court's informed discretion. See Relator's Mem. 13; Gov't Mem. 8.
Courts traditionally treat the 15% minimum statutory share as a "finder's fee." United States ex rel. Alderson
The factors discussed in the legislative history of the FCA stem from the amendments to the act. They specify what to consider in determining the relator's share: (1) the significance of the information provided to the government by the qui tam plaintiff; (2) the contribution of the qui tam plaintiff to the result; and (3) whether the information in the suit provided by the relator was previously known to the government. S.Rep. No.99-345, at 28 (1996), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5266, 5293.
With respect to the contribution of significant information by the qui tam plaintiff, Simmons's allegations, and the investigative leads contained therein, certainly were key to triggering the Government's investigation of, and eventual settlement with, Samsung. But Simmons was unable to provide further knowledge of the scheme beyond the allegations contained in the complaint and in the disclosure statement. Indeed, his disclosure statement stated that he learned of Samsung selling goods that were not TAA compliant "primarily through his colleague," whom I will refer to as "Mr. I." Relator Statement 5. Mr. I worked as Samsung's Federal Contract Manager and handled direct sales by Samsung to the federal government. Id. at 1. Simmons was employed by Samsung as a Solutions Architect role, based in Lexington, Kentucky, where he was responsible for technical architecture for customer solutions. Id. Although Simmons "worked closely" with Mr. I, id., he did not deal with Samsung's contracts and was not privy to and did not have first-hand knowledge of important documents, conversations, and other information that he could provide to the Government. This was apparent at the November 21, 2011 interview, when Simmons explained to the Government that he worked remotely out of his home in Kentucky while employed at
The second Senate factor—the qui tam plaintiff's contribution to the result—is discussed in Alderson, where the court determined that the relator's contribution to the settlement merited a 24% share because the relator "contributed decisively to nearly every aspect of the case from the initial investigation to the conclusion of mediation." Alderson, 171 F.Supp.2d at 1333. Here, Simmons notes that under the statutory scheme, the Government is expected to contribute more substantially to the resolution of a case in which it intervenes. Relator's Reply 2. As Simmons sees it, this means that he is expected to contribute less, and therefore he is entitled to a 22% share despite his lower relative contribution to the result. Id. Although the FCA does assume that the Government "shall have the primary responsibility for prosecuting the action," 31 U.S.C. § 3730(c)(1), nothing in the record indicates that Simmons meaningfully participated in the investigation or the settlement on even a secondary level. During the Government's investigation, Simmons's role was limited to "provid[ing] suggested search terms for documents." Buffone Decl. ¶ 12. Although he asserts that he "offered the Government whatever assistance it needed to view the documents and data produced by Samsung or to evaluate damages," Bennett Aff. ¶ 25, Relator's Mem. Ex. 1, ECF No. 38-2, Simmons is not entitled to a greater share of the settlement for help that he wanted or "offered" to contribute; the relevant factor considers the help he did contribute. And Simmons's contribution to the Government's settlement with Samsung necessarily was limited when the Government did not accept his counsel's offer to help with the investigation. Buffone Decl. ¶ 12. Simmons argues that it would be "fundamentally unfair" to penalize him for not assisting the Government when the Government rejected his offers of aid, Relator's Reply 6, but the Government is entitled to turn down such offers "due to concerns over arguments regarding potential waiver of privilege and protection by allowing a non-government entity to use [the Government] database and also due to [the Government's] view, from the two relator interviews, that Mr. Simmons did not have the expertise to add substantial assistance to the investigation," id. ¶ 12. The fact remains that Simmons did not "contribute[] decisively to nearly every aspect of the case," Alderson, 171 F.Supp.2d at 1333, to merit increasing his award share on this account. Further, he neither participated in settlement negotiations nor did he help negotiate the settlement amount. Cf. United States ex rel. Pedicone v. Mazak Corp., 807 F.Supp. 1350, 1353 (S.D.Ohio 1992) (relator deserved large percentage of the sizable settlement which
The final evaluative factor mentioned in the legislative history is whether the Government previously knew the information provided by the relator. This factor wholly weighs in Simmons's favor, as no evidence exists to indicate that the Government would have discovered Samsung's actions, and received the eventual settlement, absent information set forth in his original complaint.
The DOJ guidelines were developed to assist DOJ attorneys "[w]hen trying to reach agreement with a Relator as to his share of the proceeds, or proposing an amount or percentage to the court...." U.S. ex. rel. Shea v. Verizon Commc'ns, Inc., 844 F.Supp.2d 78, 84 (D.D.C.2012) (quoting 11 FCA & Qui Tam Quarterly Rev., Oct. 1997, at 17-19). Courts often use these factors to guide their determination of the award amount. E.g., Alderson, 171 F.Supp.2d at 1333-34; Shea, 844 F.Supp.2d at 84. Under the DOJ guidelines, the potential factors for increasing the share are
In addition to these factors, jurisdictions also have considered the emotional strain and financial burdens attendant to pursuing a qui tam action, recognizing that such burdens may warrant increasing the relator's share. See Alderson, 171 F.Supp.2d at 1337 (citing United States v. NEC Corp., 11 F.3d 136, 138-39 (11th Cir.1993) (relator's share is intended, in part, "to compensat[e] the relator for the substantial time and expense involved in bringing a qui tam action" and for his "time and trouble"); United States ex rel. Burr v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Fla., Inc., 882 F.Supp. 166, 169 (M.D.Fla.1995) ("A relator may be entitled to the statutory maximum percentage in situations where the relator has suffered personal or professional hardship.")).
The DOJ also issued guidelines that should be considered for decreasing the percentage of the relator's share. They are:
Alderson, 171 F.Supp.2d at 1333.
Applying the DOJ factors, Simmons argues that he is entitled to a 24% share of the settlement proceeds because he "promptly reported the fraud; exposed a nationwide practice about which the Government had no prior knowledge; provided substantial, detailed information about the fraud, including making himself available for hours of interviews; provided dozens of documents to the Government; and demonstrated a continued willingness to remain engaged and helpful in the investigation." Relator's Mem. 19. Further, he asserts that he "has suffered emotional and financial hardships in his role as a whistleblower," as he was fired from a job, despite good performance metrics, in August 10, 2012 after his whistleblower status came to light. Bennett Aff. ¶ 27-29.
The Government counters that Simmons is entitled to a 16% share because he only met the minimum qualifications to serve as a relator by passing along second-hand information from Mr. I. The Government contends that Simmons "provided limited insight, based on second-hand knowledge, regarding any of the mechanisms by which any of the allegedly false claims were actually submitted," and only was able to identify one contract, which ultimately did not give rise to any viable claims to be pursued by the Government. Gov't Mem. 12. The Government states that the only DOJ factor favoring increasing Simmons's share is the fact that the Government did not know of the fraud before the Simmons's disclosure. Id. at 16. Additionally, the Government concedes that the alleged retaliation suffered by Simmons on account of his whistleblower status may merit an increased award amount. Id. at 17.
Simmons's identification of the Samsung fraud of which the Government was unaware is undisputed. He did not delay in reporting the potential violations to the Government in late 2011, approximately six to nine months after he first learned of the potential TAA violations. Also relevant to increasing the award share are the adverse consequences that Simmons faced at work as a result of his whistleblower status. But, though Simmons and his counsel cooperated with the Government during the proceeding to the extent they were able, he lacked first-hand details of the fraud enabling him to provide substantial assistance during any phase of the investigation. Simmons's own evidence establishes that, after the initial disclosures, his contribution to the investigation conducted by the Government was minimal. Aside from meeting twice with the Government and providing suggested search terms during their investigation, nothing in the record indicates substantial assistance, despite Simmons's willingness to help. The case settled primarily as a result of a substantial effort by the Government to investigate the facts and develop the claim. Thus, absent substantial or unique assistance, Simmons is entitled to an award at the lower end of the statutory range. Upon consideration of the Senate factors and the DOJ Guidelines, and based on all the criteria which I discussed, I conclude that Simmons is entitled to an 18% share of the $2.3 million recovery. He already has been paid $345,000.00. He therefore is owed an additional $69,000.00.
Accordingly, it is, this 1st day of July, 2015, hereby ORDERED that
