Filed: Jul. 12, 2016
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: 14-4777 Williams v. Correction Officer Priatno UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT _ August Term, 2015 (Argued: February 29, 2016 Decided: July 12, 2016) Docket No. 14-4777 _ MARK WILLIAMS, Plaintiff-Appellant, —v.— CORRECTION OFFICER PRIATNO, CORRECTION OFFICER GAMMONE, Defendants-Appellees, CORRECTION OFFICER JOHN DOE, STATE OF NEW YORK, NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS AND COMMUNITY SERVICE, Defendants.* _ Before: KATZMANN, Chief Judge, SACK and LOHIER, Circuit Judge
Summary: 14-4777 Williams v. Correction Officer Priatno UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT _ August Term, 2015 (Argued: February 29, 2016 Decided: July 12, 2016) Docket No. 14-4777 _ MARK WILLIAMS, Plaintiff-Appellant, —v.— CORRECTION OFFICER PRIATNO, CORRECTION OFFICER GAMMONE, Defendants-Appellees, CORRECTION OFFICER JOHN DOE, STATE OF NEW YORK, NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS AND COMMUNITY SERVICE, Defendants.* _ Before: KATZMANN, Chief Judge, SACK and LOHIER, Circuit Judges..
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14-4777
Williams v. Correction Officer Priatno
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
_______________
August Term, 2015
(Argued: February 29, 2016 Decided: July 12, 2016)
Docket No. 14‐4777
_______________
MARK WILLIAMS,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
—v.—
CORRECTION OFFICER PRIATNO, CORRECTION OFFICER GAMMONE,
Defendants‐Appellees,
CORRECTION OFFICER JOHN DOE, STATE OF NEW YORK, NEW YORK STATE
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS AND COMMUNITY SERVICE,
Defendants.*
_______________
Before:
KATZMANN, Chief Judge, SACK and LOHIER, Circuit Judges.
*
The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption to conform to the listing
above.
_______________
Plaintiff‐Appellant Mark Williams appeals from an order of the District
Court for the Southern District of New York that dismissed his claim under 42
U.S.C. § 1983 and the Eighth Amendment for failure to exhaust all available
administrative remedies as required by the Prison Litigation Reform Act, 42
U.S.C. § 1997e(a). We conclude that administrative remedies beyond the
submission of his initial complaint were unavailable to Williams because the
applicable grievance procedures are “so opaque” and confusing that they were,
“practically speaking, incapable of use.” Ross v. Blake, 136 S. Ct. 1850, 1859 (2016).
Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the district court and remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
_______________
BRIAN M. FELDMAN (Michael J. Rooney, on the
brief), Harter Secrest & Emery LLP, Rochester,
NY, for Plaintiff‐Appellant.
HOLLY A. THOMAS (Barbara D. Underwood and
Anisha S. Dasgupta, on the brief), for Eric T.
Schneiderman, Attorney General of the State of
New York, New York, NY, for Defendants‐
Appellees.
_______________
KATZMANN, Chief Judge:
Plaintiff‐Appellant Mark Williams alleges in this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 case that
Defendants‐Appellees Correction Officer Priatno and Correction Officer
Gammone violated his Eighth Amendment rights when they brutally beat him
for talking back to another officer when he was an inmate at Downstate
Correctional Facility (“Downstate”) in New York. We are presented with the
2
threshold question of whether Williams exhausted all available administrative
remedies prior to filing this lawsuit in the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York, as required by the Prison Litigation Reform Act
(“PLRA”), 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). More specifically, we must decide whether the
prison’s grievance process was actually “available” to Williams in light of the
extraordinary circumstances of his case. We conclude that that process was not
available to Williams because the applicable grievance procedures are “so
opaque” and confusing that they were, “practically speaking, incapable of use.”
Ross v. Blake, 136 S. Ct. 1850, 1859 (2016). We reverse the decision of the district
court that granted defendants’ motion to dismiss and remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Department of Corrections and Community Supervision Grievance Procedures
The New York State Department of Corrections and Community
Supervision (“DOCCS”) regulations outline the procedures that apply to the
Inmate Grievance Program (“IGP”) at Downstate. The grievance process begins
with the filing of a complaint within 21 days of an alleged incident. N.Y. Comp.
Codes R. & Regs. (“NYCRR”) tit. 7, § 701.5(a)(1). Typically, inmates file
3
grievances with the grievance clerk. Id. However, if an inmate is housed in the
special housing unit (“SHU”), and therefore segregated from the regular prison
population, he may give the grievance complaint to a correction officer to file for
him. See id. § 701.7. Upon filing, the grievance clerk numbers and logs the
grievances. Id. § 701.5(a)(2).
Ordinarily, there are three levels of review of a grievance. The first is by
the inmate grievance resolution committee (“IGRC”); the second is by the facility
superintendent; and the third is by the central office review committee
(“CORC”). Id. §§ 701.1(c), 701.5. However, “harassment grievances”—those that
involve “employee misconduct meant to annoy, intimidate or harm an inmate,”
id. § 701.2(e)—are subject to expedited first‐level review by the facility
superintendent, id. § 701.8. When the grievance clerk identifies a harassment
grievance, the clerk must forward the grievance to the superintendent on the
same day that the grievance was filed. Id. § 701.8(b). If the grievance presents a
bona fide harassment issue, then the superintendent must initiate an
investigation, render a decision on the grievance, and inform the inmate of the
decision within 25 days of receipt of the grievance. Id. § 701.8(d), (f). “If the
superintendent fails to respond within the required 25 calendar day time limit
4
the grievant may appeal his/her grievance to CORC.” Id. § 701.8(g); see also id.
§ 701.6(g)(2) (stating generally that matters not decided within designated time
limits “may be appealed to the next step”).
If an inmate is transferred to another facility while a grievance is pending,
a response to the grievance shall be mailed to the inmate at the new facility. Id.
§ 701.6(h)(1). “If the grievant wishes to appeal, he or she must mail the signed
appeal form back to the IGP supervisor at the facility where the grievance was
originally filed within seven calendar days after receipt.” Id. § 701.6(h)(2). If an
inmate wishes to file a new grievance about an incident that occurred prior to a
transfer, he must file the grievance in the facility where he is currently housed,
“even if it pertains to another facility.” Id. § 701.5(a)(1).
B. Facts and Procedural History
Williams was formerly incarcerated at Downstate. He alleges that, on
December 31, 2012, he was in a search room (also known as a “drafting” room)
while his personal items were being searched. A correction officer was
“thoroughly probing [his] legal work” and he asked her to stop. Joint App. at 32.
Williams explains that the legal papers were related to a separate action seeking
damages for an assault he experienced while an inmate at Rikers Island. The
5
officer instructed Williams to sit down, which he did while “admonishing” her.
Id. At that point, defendant correction officers Priatno and Gammone
approached Williams. They grabbed Williams and dragged him to another room
that had no cameras, where they were out of eyesight of the other 15 to 20
inmates who were seated in the drafting room. Williams alleges that the officers
proceeded to assault him—thrusting his forehead against the wall, causing him
to fall to the ground, and then kicking and stomping on any uncovered part of
his body. Defendant Gammone allegedly picked him up and said, “this is what
running your mouth gets you,” and punched him on his right eye. Id. at 37.
Williams fell to the floor again, and defendant Priatno allegedly kicked his face
and head. Following the assault, the officers sent him to the infirmary. He
suffered injuries to his head, knee, eye, elbow, lower back, jaw, and nose, and he
now takes medication for anxiety and panic attacks.
Williams alleges that on January 15, 2013, while he was housed in the SHU
at Downstate, he drafted a grievance detailing the officers’ misconduct.1 He gave
1 Some allegations concerning the circumstances of Williams’s attempted filing of
his grievance are taken from his pro se opposition to the motion to dismiss,
which we may consider in resolving this appeal. See Wright v. Comm’r of Internal
Revenue, 381 F.3d 41, 44 (2d Cir. 2004) (construing pro se submissions “liberally”);
Oritz v. McBride, 323 F.3d 191, 194 (2d Cir. 2003) (“The rule favoring liberal
construction of pro se submissions is especially applicable to civil rights claims.”).
6
the grievance to a correction officer to forward to the grievance office on his
behalf, in accordance with DOCCS grievance procedures that apply to inmates in
the SHU. See NYCRR tit. 7, § 701.7. One week later, Downstate superintendent
Ada Perez was making rounds in the SHU. Williams told her about the incident
and said he had not yet received a response to his grievance. Perez told him she
had no knowledge of the grievance and that she would look into it. About a
week after that conversation, Williams was transferred to another facility. He
never received a response to the grievance and alleges that the correction officer
in the SHU never filed it for him. There is no dispute that Williams never
appealed the grievance.
Proceeding pro se, Williams filed a complaint in the United States District
Court for the Southern District of New York on January 13, 2014, asserting a
claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Eighth Amendment. The initial complaint
named as defendants Correction Officer Priatno, Correction Officer John Doe, the
State of New York, and DOCCS. Pursuant to screening procedures that apply to
pro se complaints under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, the district court dismissed the
claims against the State and DOCCS and directed the Attorney General’s Office
to ascertain the identity of defendant John Doe and provide that information to
7
Williams. Williams filed an amended complaint on February 19, 2014, naming
correction officers Priatno and Gammone as defendants.
Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint on the basis that Williams
failed to exhaust administrative remedies as required by the PLRA, citing records
that show Williams never filed an appeal. In a decision dated December 10, 2014,
the district court (Seibel, J.) granted defendants’ motion. The court reasoned that,
even if Williams’s grievance had never been filed, he still could have appealed
the grievance to the next level because the regulations allow an appeal in the
absence of a response. The district court also sua sponte denied Williams leave to
file a second amended complaint, concluding that “better pleading would not
lead to a different result.” Joint App. at 66.
Williams filed a timely notice of appeal and subsequently moved for
appointment of pro bono counsel. In granting his motion, we directed pro bono
counsel to brief, among other issues, the following questions:
(1) whether the framework in Hemphill v. New York, 380 F.3d 680 (2d
Cir. 2004) for excusing non‐compliance with exhaustion of
administrative remedies is still good law in light of Woodford v. Ngo,
548 U.S. 81 (2006); and (2) if so, whether a prison’s failure to respond
to a grievance renders an administrative remedy “unavailable” so as
to excuse the prisoner’s non‐compliance with administrative
exhaustion.
8
Motion Order, filed Mar. 18, 2015, Docket No. 33. While this case was pending,
the Supreme Court decided Ross v. Blake, 136 S. Ct. 1850 (2016), which clarified
the framework under which courts should assess whether a prisoner has
complied with the PLRA exhaustion requirement. Because that framework can
be easily applied to the parties’ arguments and the record on appeal, we review
the district court’s decision under Ross and conclude that the court erred in
granting defendants’ motion to dismiss. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for
further proceedings.
II. DISCUSSION
We review a grant of a motion to dismiss de novo. Hill v. Curcione, 657 F.3d
116, 122 (2d Cir. 2011). Specifically, the issue of “[w]hether a plaintiff has
exhausted administrative remedies under the [PLRA] is also a question reviewed
de novo.” Amador v. Andrews, 655 F.3d 89, 94–95 (2d Cir. 2011). For purposes of
this review, we accept all of the factual allegations in the complaint as true, see
Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007), and, because Williams appeared pro se
before the district court, we are “constrained to conduct our examination with
‘special solicitude,’ interpreting the complaint to raise the ‘strongest claims that it
9
suggests,’” Hill, 657 F.3d at 122 (alterations omitted) (quoting Triestman v. Fed.
Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471, 474–75 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam)).
The PLRA instructs that “[n]o action shall be brought with respect to
prison conditions under [42 U.S.C. § 1983] . . . by a prisoner confined in any jail,
prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are
available are exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). Failure to exhaust administrative
remedies is an affirmative defense under the PLRA, not a pleading requirement.
Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 216 (2007); Grullon v. City of New Haven, 720 F.3d 133,
141 (2d Cir. 2013). Accordingly, “inmates are not required to specially plead or
demonstrate exhaustion in their complaints.” Jones, 549 U.S. at 216. However, a
district court still may dismiss a complaint for failure to exhaust administrative
remedies if it is clear on the face of the complaint that the plaintiff did not satisfy
the PLRA exhaustion requirement. See id. at 215.
In Hemphill v. New York, 380 F.3d 680 (2d Cir. 2004), we set forth a three‐
part inquiry to guide our analysis of whether a plaintiff has satisfied the PLRA.
See id. at 686–91. The first part involves an assessment whether administrative
remedies were in fact available to the plaintiff; the second part instructs courts to
consider whether defendants forfeited the affirmative defense of exhaustion by
10
failing to preserve it or should be estopped from raising it because their own
actions inhibited the plaintiff’s ability to exhaust administrative remedies; and
the third part directs courts to determine whether special circumstances existed
that justified a plaintiff’s failure to exhaust remedies that were available and not
subject to estoppel. See Amador, 655 F.3d at 102 (summarizing Hemphill inquiry).
Two years later, in Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81 (2006), the Supreme Court
weighed in on the importance of the PLRA exhaustion requirement without
directly opining on the validity of the exceptions we outlined in Hemphill. In
Woodford, a prisoner’s grievance was denied because it was not timely filed. Id. at
86–87. He then filed a lawsuit in federal court and argued he should be relieved
from the PLRA exhaustion requirement on the basis that, as a result of his
untimely filing, the grievance process was no longer available to him. Id. The
Court rejected this position, emphasizing that the PLRA “requires proper
exhaustion,” id. at 93, “which ‘means using all steps that the [prison grievance
system] holds out, and doing so properly (so that the [prison grievance system]
addresses the issues on the merits),” id. at 90 (emphasis in original) (quoting Pozo
v. McCaughtry, 286 F.3d 1022, 1024 (7th Cir. 2002)). “Proper exhaustion demands
compliance with [a prison grievance system’s] deadlines and other critical
11
procedural rules because no adjudicative system can function effectively
without imposing some orderly structure on the course of its proceedings.” Id. at
90–91.
In the aftermath of Woodford, we were left to determine the extent to which
our Hemphill framework remained intact. The text of the statute convinced the
court that the first part of our inquiry—the determination of whether an
administrative remedy was in fact “available” to the inmate—was still valid. See,
e.g., Macias v. Zenk, 495 F.3d 37, 44–45 (2d Cir. 2007) (discussing Woodford and
analyzing whether the grievance process was actually available to the plaintiff);
Johnston v. Maha, 460 F. App’x 11, 15 n.6 (2d Cir. 2012) (summary order)
(“Although [Woodford] requires that prisoners ‘properly’ exhaust the available
remedies under the PLRA, it certainly does not abrogate the unavailability
defense to nonexhaustion.”); see also Woodford, 548 U.S. at 85 (focusing its analysis
on “all ‘available’ remedies”). However, the continued viability of Hemphill’s
inquiries regarding estoppel and special circumstances was less clear. See, e.g.,
Amador, 655 F.3d at 102; Macias, 495 F.3d at 43 n.1; Ruggiero v. Cty. of Orange, 467
F.3d 170, 176 (2d Cir. 2006).
12
The Supreme Court’s recent decision in Ross v. Blake, 136 S. Ct. 1850 (2016),
squarely addresses that ambiguity and guides our decision here. In Ross, the
Court held that, aside from the “significant” textual qualifier that “the remedies
must indeed be ‘available’ to the prisoner,” there are “no limits on an inmate’s
obligation to exhaust—irrespective of any ‘special circumstances.’” Id. at 1856.
The Court stressed “the mandatory nature of [the PLRA’s] exhaustion regime,”
id. at 1857, noting that the text of the PLRA and its legislative history refute the
existence of a special circumstances exception to the statute’s exhaustion
requirement, id. at 1857–58. Therefore, to the extent that our special
circumstances exception established in Giano v. Goord, 380 F.3d 670, 675–76 (2d
Cir. 2004), and Hemphill, 380 F.3d at 689–91, permits plaintiffs to file a lawsuit in
federal court without first exhausting administrative remedies that were, in fact,
available to them, those aspects of Giano and Hemphill are abrogated by Ross.
Indeed, Ross largely supplants our Hemphill inquiry by framing the exception
issue entirely within the context of whether administrative remedies were
actually available to the aggrieved inmate. See Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1858–59.
Accordingly, we will shift our focus to an analysis of whether the PLRA’s
textual “unavailability” exception applies here. Our decision in Hemphill touches
13
on that question, noting that “the behavior of the defendants may render
administrative remedies unavailable.” 380 F.3d at 686. But we are significantly
aided by Ross in interpreting the meaning of the word “available” as used in the
PLRA. In Ross, the Court highlights “three kinds of circumstances in which an
administrative remedy, although officially on the books, is not capable of use to
obtain relief.” Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1859.2 First, an administrative remedy may be
unavailable when “it operates as a simple dead end—with officers unable or
consistently unwilling to provide any relief to aggrieved inmates.” Id. Second,
“an administrative scheme might be so opaque that it becomes, practically
speaking, incapable of use.” Id. In other words, “some mechanism exists to
provide relief, but no ordinary prisoner can discern or navigate it.” Id. Third, an
administrative remedy may be unavailable “when prison administrators thwart
inmates from taking advantage of a grievance process through machination,
misrepresentation, or intimidation.” Id. at 1860.
2 We note that the three circumstances discussed in Ross do not appear to be
exhaustive, given the Court’s focus on three kinds of circumstances that were
“relevant” to the facts of that case. Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1859. Because those
circumstances are also relevant to the facts of this case, we do not opine on what
other circumstances might render an otherwise available administrative remedy
actually incapable of use.
14
Turning to the facts of this case, we assume for purposes of our analysis
that an administrative remedy was “officially on the books.” Id. at 1859. Prison
regulations provide that inmates in the SHU may file grievances by giving the
complaint to a correction officer to forward to the grievance clerk. See NYCRR tit.
7, § 701.7. The regulations also provide that an inmate may appeal a grievance
“to the next step” if he does not receive a timely response. Id. § 701.6(g)(2); see
also id. § 701.8(g). Defendants assert that, even if Williams’s grievance had not
been filed and despite the fact that he had been transferred to a new facility prior
to receiving a response, he still could have attempted to appeal the grievance in
accordance with sections 701.6(g)(2) and 701.8(g).
However, even if Williams technically could have appealed his grievance,
we conclude that the regulatory scheme providing for that appeal is “so opaque”
and “so confusing that . . . no reasonable prisoner can use [it].” Ross, 136 S. Ct. at
1859 (quoting Tr. of Oral Arg. 23). The regulations simply do not contemplate the
situation in which Williams found himself, making it practically impossible for
him to ascertain whether and how he could pursue his grievance.
15
We accept as true Williams’s allegation that the correction officer never
filed his grievance.3 See Erickson, 551 U.S. at 94. Under that circumstance, the
regulations do not adequately outline the process to appeal or otherwise exhaust
administrative remedies. On their face, the regulations only contemplate appeals
of grievances that were actually filed. For example, if the grievance had never
been filed, the superintendent would never have received it and the timeline for
her to provide a response within 25 days “of receipt of the grievance” would
never have been triggered. NYCRR tit. 7, § 701.8(f). In turn, the textual provision
allowing a grievant to appeal to the CORC would never have come into effect.
See id. § 701.8(g) (“If the superintendent fails to respond within the required 25
calendar day time limit the grievant may appeal his/her grievance to CORC.”).
Accordingly, the regulations give no guidance whatsoever to an inmate whose
grievance was never filed.
3 We consider this claim to be plausible given Williams’s allegations that he
asked superintendent Perez about his grievance one week after giving it to the
correction officer and Perez said that she had no knowledge of it. There is no
question that Williams’s grievance was a harassment grievance. See NYCRR tit. 7,
§ 701.2(e) (defining harassment grievances). Had the correction officer filed it, it
should have been forwarded to Perez the same day in accordance with
procedures that govern the processing of harassment grievances. See NYCRR tit.
7, § 701.8(b). At the motion to dismiss stage, the allegation that she had no
knowledge of the grievance supports Williams’s allegation that it was not filed.
16
Defendants assure us, however, that if Williams had attempted to appeal
his grievance, it would have “allow[ed] the facility to alert the inmate that his
original complaint ha[d] not been received, and to inform him about how to
proceed with his complaint.” Post‐Argument Letter from Holly A. Thomas,
Special Counsel to the Solicitor Gen., State of N.Y. Office of the Attorney Gen.
(“Defendants’ Post‐Argument Letter”) (Mar. 16, 2016), Docket No. 97, at 1. At
oral argument, counsel for defendants stated that there is no time limit to appeal
to the next step if an inmate does not receive a response to a grievance. See Oral
Arg. Recording at 1:59:13–38. In their post‐argument letter, defendants explain
how this would work in practice by outlining three options that would be
presented to an inmate following his appeal of an unfiled grievance: (1) if it is
still within 21 days of the incident, the inmate can re‐file the complaint; (2) if it is
beyond 21 days but within 45 days of the incident, the inmate can request an
exception to the 21‐day time limit if he can show mitigating circumstances; or (3)
if it is more than 45 days since the incident, the inmate may file a separate
complaint grieving the denial of an extension to the time limit. Defendants’ Post‐
Argument Letter, at 2–3; see also id., App. 1b, 2c.4
4 Defendants offer a fourth option for an inmate to address an unfiled grievance:
submitting “a new complaint grieving the alleged willful mishandling of his
17
These options are pieced together from various provisions in the
regulations that do not involve appeals of grievances but provide instructions on
the timelines that apply to the filing of new complaints. See NYCRR tit. 7,
§ 701.5(a)(1); id. § 701.6(g)(1)(i)(a); id. § 701.6(g)(1)(ii). A close review of the
regulations shows, contrary to defendants’ assertions at oral argument, that an
“appeal” in Williams’s circumstance is, indeed, subject to time limitations and
procedural hurdles that in all but the rarest of circumstances would preclude him
from pursuing his unfiled and unanswered grievance, and that are, in any event,
“so confusing that . . . no reasonable prisoner can use them.” Ross, 136 S. Ct. at
1859 (quoting Tr. of Oral Arg. 23).
Looking at the first option, an inmate does not even have the right to
appeal a grievance to the next step until the time for the superintendent to
respond has already passed—a date which, in the case of a harassment
grievance, is already well beyond 21 days of the incident. See id. §§ 701.5(a)(1),
701.8(g). Regarding the second option, for similar reasons, the window to request
original complaint by DOCCS’s personnel.” Defendants’ Post‐Argument Letter
at 3. However, because such a grievance would not itself address the substantive
allegations in the original unfiled grievance—and it is unclear how prevailing on
the former would affect the ability to pursue the latter—under the circumstances
of this case, it is at a minimum a roundabout, if not ineffectual, means for an
inmate to attain relief.
18
an extension between 21 and 45 days of the incident will occur only where the
inmate took less than the allowed 21 days to submit his original complaint. If the
inmate took full advantage of the time the regulations give him to act and then
had to wait 25 days for a response, 46 days will have passed before he learns
with certainty that the superintendent failed to respond.5 Finally, where options
one and two are unavailable, the third option is wholly inapplicable as a
mechanism to appeal an unfiled grievance, because the regulations state
unequivocally that “[a]n exception to the time limit may not be granted if the
request was made more than 45 days after an alleged occurrence.” Id.
§ 701.6(g)(1)(i)(a). Therefore, even though option three suggests that an inmate
could file a separate complaint grieving the denial of an exception to the filing
deadline, such a grievance would be futile given that the regulations do not give
the IGP supervisor authority to grant an exception beyond 45 days of the initial
incident.
5 Even when an inmate submits his initial grievance before the 21‐day deadline
specified in section 701.5(a)(1), and, therefore, it is possible that he could have
filed a request for an extension under the second option, he would still not learn
of that option until the prison responds to his “appeal” of the unanswered
grievance and informs him of these options. In the examples provided by
defendants, the amount of time the prison takes to provide a response to these
types of inquiries varies. See, e.g., Defendants’ Post‐Argument Letter, App. 1 (1
day); App. 2 (7 days); App. 3 (3 days); App. 4 (1 day); App. 5 (17 days).
19
In sum, the regulations plainly do not describe a mechanism for appealing
a grievance that was never filed. Moreover, the purported options for relief
provided by defendants, to the extent they are even available to an inmate in
Williams’s situation, only increase confusion regarding the avenues available to
pursue an appeal. For these reasons, the process to appeal an unfiled and
unanswered grievance is prohibitively opaque, such that no inmate could
actually make use of it.6
Furthermore, if the regulations outlined above, as applied to a prisoner in
Williams’s situation, were not already “so confusing” that “no ordinary prisoner
6 Defendants argue that an inmate’s claim that he submitted a grievance that was
unfiled and unanswered (which the district court would accept as true at the
motion to dismiss stage), and that was not appealed, cannot excuse compliance
with the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement. If the inmate’s allegation to that effect
alone sufficed for purposes of the PLRA, he could thereby “avoid the prison
grievance process altogether . . . without the administrative process ever having
been initiated.” Defendants’ Br. at 22–23. Indeed, many district courts have
concluded that a “nonresponse” to a grievance “must be appealed” in order to
exhaust administrative remedies under the PLRA. See, e.g., Smith v. Kelly, 985 F.
Supp. 2d 275, 281 (N.D.N.Y. 2013); see also id. at 281 n.8 (collecting cases).
Nonetheless, defendants bear the initial burden of establishing the affirmative
defense of non‐exhaustion “by pointing to ‘legally sufficient sources’ such as
statutes, regulations, or grievance procedures” which demonstrate that “a
grievance process exists and applies to the underlying dispute.” Hubbs v. Suffolk
Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 788 F.3d 54, 59 (2d Cir. 2015) (alteration omitted) (quoting
Mojias v. Johnson, 351 F.3d 606, 610 (2d Cir. 2003)). Because, as we explained
above, the process of appealing an unfiled grievance is practically unavailable to
inmates under current DOCCS regulations, defendants have not met their initial
burden here.
20
can discern or navigate [them],” Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1859, their obscurity was
compounded by the fact that Williams was transferred to another facility
approximately two weeks after giving his grievance to the correction officer.
Defendants contend that a transfer does not affect an inmate’s ability to appeal
his grievance to the next step, pointing to a provision in the regulation that
provides: “If the [transferred] grievant wishes to appeal, he or she must mail the
signed appeal form back to the IGP supervisor at the facility where the grievance
was originally filed within seven calendar days after receipt.” NYCRR tit. 7,
§ 701.6(h)(2). However, this provision presumes not only that the grievance was
actually filed, but also that the inmate received an appeal form that he can sign
and mail back. The regulations plainly do not provide guidance on how a
transferred inmate can appeal his grievance with the original facility without
having received a response.
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the grievance procedures that
were technically available to Williams are so opaque and confusing that they
were, “practically speaking, incapable of use.” Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1859.
Accordingly, in giving his grievance to the correction officer, Williams exhausted
21
all administrative remedies that were available to him. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a).7 To
avoid confusion going forward, we recommend that DOCCS revise its grievance
procedures to instruct inmates how to appeal grievances that were not properly
filed by prison staff, and how to appeal a grievance, to which the inmate never
received a response, after being transferred.
III. CONCLUSION
Having concluded that Williams satisfied the PLRA’s exhaustion
requirement, we REVERSE the judgment of the district court and REMAND for
further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
7
In light of this conclusion, we need not decide whether administrative remedies
also may have been unavailable to Williams for other reasons, such as officer
misconduct. See Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1860.
22