WHIPPLE, C.J.
In this suit to enforce obligations arising out of four promissory notes, the plaintiff, BancorpSouth Bank, appeals three judgments rendered in connection with discovery disputes that ultimately resulted in the trial court dismissing BancorpSouth's claims, striking its defenses to a reconventional demand, and awarding attorney fees and expenses in the amount of $225,000.00. We affirm in part, reverse in part, vacate in part, and remand.
The subject promissory notes are payable to BancorpSouth by Kleinpeter Trace, L.L.C., an entity formed by Charles Wallace Gladney and James G. Tanner, III, and are more particularly identified as follows: (1) Bank Loan No. 260000417336 for the principal sum of $1,999,100.00 and bearing interest at a variable rate ("note one"); (2) Bank Loan No. 260000422082 for the principal sum of $1,999,900.00 and bearing interest at a variable rate ("note two"); (3) Bank Loan No. 260000542208 for the principal sum of $799,767.82 and bearing interest at a variable rate ("note three"); and (4) Bank Loan No. 260000481694 for the principal sum of $2,010,250.00 and bearing interest at a variable rate ("note four"). The promissory notes were secured by multiple indebtedness mortgages on tracts of immovable property owned by Kleinpeter Trace. In addition to the mortgages, Gladney guaranteed the repayment of notes one, two, and three, and Tanner guaranteed the repayment of all four notes.
BancorpSouth filed this proceeding against Kleinpeter Trace, Gladney, and Tanner on October 12, 2010, seeking to collect the amounts owed under notes three and four, to foreclose on the mortgages securing those notes by ordinary process, and to enforce the guaranty obligations of Gladney and Tanner.
While the claims and defenses in this litigation are extensive, Gladney and Kleinpeter Trace essentially contend that they are not liable for notes three and four because Tanner, BancorpSouth, and the bank's president, Larry Denison, engaged in fraudulent acts with regard to those notes. They claim that the bank, with the
Our review of the procedural history in this litigation will focus on the discovery motions that are central to this appeal. On May 25, 2012, Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney filed a motion to compel discovery responses and a motion to impose sanctions in connection with interrogatories and requests for production of documents sent to BancorpSouth on October 20, 2010, November 19, 2010, and October 28, 2011. The defendants asserted that BancorpSouth had destroyed or suppressed relevant evidence and had persistently refused to fully answer discovery and make deponents available. For support, Gladney and Kleinpeter Trace cited the belated production of a March 28, 2007 email from Tanner to Denison requesting a $2,000,000.00 loan in the name of Kleinpeter Trace to pay off or restructure various debts of Tanner with the bank involving the Bluffs project (the "Tanner/Denison email"). Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney alleged that they were not aware of the Tanner/Denison email until the deposition of Denison on January 12, 2012, and although the document was within the scope of the original October 20, 2010 discovery request, they were not provided a copy of the email until the day following the Denison deposition.
As additional support for their motions, Gladney and Kleinpeter Trace relied upon the late production of Denison's "desk file" on April 3, 2012, which was after Denison's deposition and less than 24 hours before the scheduled depositions of several bank employees, including Mark Bagwell, the loan officer who administered the Kleinpeter Trace loans. The parties were left with no alternative but to continue the depositions, and the bank allegedly failed to cooperate in rescheduling the depositions. The defendants further cited the bank's failure to produce any electronic emails and its failure to preserve electronic data, even though BancorpSouth knew as early as July of 2010 that litigation over notes three and four was imminent. The motions also asserted the bank's failure to produce relevant documentation concerning the subject loans, contending that the bank was relying on the allegedly baseless proposition that the documents were privileged and protected under LSA-R.S. 6:333(I)(2).
The defendants also pointed out in their motions the bank's destruction of Melissa Abreo's daily work file (the "Abreo file"). Abreo was an assistant to Bagwell, and her affidavit, which referenced documents in her file, was offered by BancorpSouth in support of a motion for summary judgment filed on February 22, 2012. After the summary judgment motion was filed, the bank notified the defendants that the Abreo file had been inadvertently destroyed.
On the same date the defendants filed their motions, May 25, 2012, BancorpSouth filed a motion seeking a protective order prohibiting Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney from discovering documents reflecting the bank's internal evaluation, analysis or review of any loans, extensions of credit or related collateral, including the bank's internal evaluation, analysis or review of the loan transactions at issue in this case. BancorpSouth claimed that it was entitled to the protective order because the information was not discoverable or admissible in evidence pursuant to LSA-R.S. 6:333(I)(2). The bank also sought an order requiring Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney to return any documents protected under LSA-R.S. 6:333 that had inadvertently been produced during the course of discovery.
A hearing on the parties' motions was held on September 10, 2012. The trial court issued an oral ruling that same day that was reduced to a written judgment signed on October 23, 2012 ("October judgment"). The October judgment denied the bank's motion for protective order and granted the defendants' motion to compel, awarding costs and fees to Kleinpeter Trace for the preparation and filing of the motion to compel in the amount of $750.00. The judgment further ordered BancorpSouth to produce the following documents and information:
The October judgment also provided that the motion for the imposition of sanctions was "reserved" by the court, to be heard separately after subsequent discovery efforts by the defendants and after the bank responded to the orders contained in the October judgment. According to the judgment, the court would then "make a determination on possible sanctions, including but not limited to the imposition of costs, attorney's fees, adverse presumption, spoliation of evidence, dismissal of claims, or any other sanction available under La. C.C.P. art. 1471."
On November 8, 2012, Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney filed a renewed motion to compel discovery responses from BancorpSouth, along with a motion to impose sanctions and for contempt of court. In addition to adopting and renewing the assertions presented in their prior motion to compel, the defendants sought to have BancorpSouth held in contempt of the October judgment "based on new and troubling facts not known at the time of the September 10, 2012 hearing." According to Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney, on October 25, 2012, BancorpSouth's counsel revealed, for the first time, that the bank had maintained in its possession thousands of discoverable emails and electronic documents
In opposition to these motions, BancorpSouth stated that the additional information referred to by the defendants had been identified in an expanded data search of the bank's electronic files in April of 2012, and that the results of that search were stored on a disk that was delivered to the bank's counsel on May 3, 2012. Counsel for BancorpSouth represented that the information on the disk was under review in compliance with the October judgment and that information on the disk that had already been reviewed and redacted, as necessary, had been produced to the defendants on November 9, 2012, November 27, 2012, and December 7, 2012.
The trial court held a hearing on the renewed motion to compel on December 17, 2012, and issued an oral ruling providing:
On January 8, 2013, the trial court signed a written judgment in accordance with its oral ruling (the "January judgment") that granted, in part, the defendant's renewed motion to compel and awarded costs and attorney fees associated with that motion. The judgment deferred the calculation of costs and fees "as to the amounts associated with the motion" until a subsequent evidentiary hearing on the request for sanctions. The January judgment then ordered BancorpSouth to produce the following documents and information:
The January judgment further provided that if BancorpSouth failed to produce all responsive, non-privileged documents stored on the disk on or before January 7, 2013, then the court would grant the request to dismiss the bank's main demand and the request to strike the bank's affirmative defenses to the defendant's reconventional demand. The judgment also ordered "that if there is a problem regarding the production ... then the Court may determine it necessary to appoint a special master or independent third-party to review and report to the Court on the contents of the Disk, subject to the terms and conditions of a Protective Order of nondisclosure." Additionally, the judgment addressed the Abreo file and directed that an adverse presumption instruction be given to the jury as to the contents of the file. Finally, the judgment reserved any ruling on the motion for sanctions until after BancorpSouth's production required by the judgment, at which time the court would notice a full evidentiary hearing on the issue of sanctions under Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1471, which, according to the judgment, would "include attorney's fees incurred and costs incurred, both court costs, deposition costs, regarding discovery and discovery-related motions to date and such other sanctions as the Court may find appropriate."
On January 7, 2013, BancorpSouth filed a notice of compliance representing that it had complied with the trial court's order by delivering a complete, unedited, unredacted copy of the disk to the court on December 21, 2012, and that it had produced to counsel for the defendants all remaining responsive, non-privileged electronic documents stored or otherwise maintained on the disk. Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney subsequently filed an objection to the notice of compliance contending that the bank's production was not in compliance with the January judgment; however, the objection complained primarily about the bank's responses to discovery propounded after the December, 2012 hearing that was not the subject of the January judgment.
The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the motion for sanctions on May 7, 2013, and heard testimony from several witnesses, including Taylor S. Carroll, counsel for BancorpSouth; Christy I. Andra, the regional e-discovery specialist employed by counsel for BancorpSouth; John I. Foster, the information security administrator for BancorpSouth; and Gavin W. Manes, an expert in computer forensics and e-discovery retained by counsel for BancorpSouth.
According to Carroll, the events leading up to the development and delivery of the disk began in 2012 during depositions when the parties realized that the Tanner/Denison email had not been produced, although at the time both BancorpSouth and its counsel thought that it had been produced. Realizing that there was a "disconnect" in the production, Carroll and a bank employee arranged for the bank's internet technology ("IT") department to conduct a second or supplemental search of the bank's electronic files for additional bank employees, referred to as "custodians" for purposes of the data collection, and using additional search terms to search the collected data. The results of this search were copied to the disk delivered to Carroll's office on May 3, 2012.
When Carroll was asked if he felt obligated at that point to report to the defendants' counsel that he had a disk with some emails on it, he replied:
Carroll did not look at the disk again prior to the September 2012 hearing on the bank's motion for protective order and the defendants' motion to compel. Because Carroll was handling another hearing in the case set for the same day involving the ranking of competing mortgages on the Kleinpeter Trace property, Amanda Messa, another attorney in his firm, was assigned to argue the discovery motions. Messa contacted Carroll the evening before the hearing to confirm that he had reviewed the disk, and Carroll advised her that he had reviewed it and that it contained only a handful of irrelevant emails and a list of stand-alone documents that he thought were subject to the LSA-R.S. 6:333 privilege.
During the September 2012 hearing on the motions, counsel for the defendants presented copies of emails that had not been produced digitally or in the "source" form by the bank. This prompted Messa to try and "source" the emails, which lead to her review of the disk that same day following the hearing. Carroll described the ensuing events as follows:
Carroll and counsel for the defendants subsequently agreed to give certain information, such as emails, priority in the production and to defer production of customer reports until the end of the production because the "reports could not be more immaterial to this case." When asked if there was any effort on his part to mislead the court with regard to the disk, Carroll replied, "Absolutely not. And, frankly, I wish it wasn't the case because it certainly started this steamrolling towards where we are now." Carroll later added:
Carroll also testified that their estimate that the disk might contain as many as 500,000 documents was "way off because "[i]n reality ... [u]ntil the review was done, we couldn't tell how many documents were on there because there are hyperlinks and things that aren't going to quantify." When they ultimately finished the review, "it was literally ... one to two banker's boxes after you take out [the] duplicate documents that have been produced prior."
The review and production of the disk information was further addressed in the testimony of Andra, the e-discovery specialist employed by counsel for BancorpSouth. Andra described the tedious process of reviewing, screening, redacting, and producing the information and the development of privilege logs for the productions. The first production of information from the disk was in November of 2012 (which was actually the seventh production of documents by BancorpSouth in the case) and continued through the final production
Andra also addressed the information obtained by Manes, the computer forensics and e-discovery expert who was retained after the December 2012 hearing to review the data preservation efforts made by the bank and to assist in locating an electronic version of the Tanner/Denison email. Andra first learned that Manes may have been recovering additional information not previously located when he forwarded 40 to 60 emails in electronic format to her on March 22, 2013. These emails included either Tanner or Denison as a sender or recipient, and Andra had not previously seen some of the emails. Andra began reviewing and screening the information located by Manes (the "Manes information") on April 8, 2013. Although the Manes information contained duplicates, each document had to be reviewed to determine if it was a duplicate. Andra estimated that the Manes information contained 6,700 emails, which were still being reviewed and screened as of the May 2013 hearing. The reports included in the information were particularly time consuming and occupy 80 to 90 percent of the time involved in the production process. Andra anticipated the review and redaction process would be completed about four to six weeks after the May 2013 hearing.
Foster, the information security administrator for BancorpSouth, described the efforts he took to obtain and preserve electronic information that might be relevant to the litigation. In October of 2010, the audit department provided him with the names of four bank officers to be used for the search, Janet Feig, Mark Herbst, Larry Denison, and Mark Bagwell, referred to by the technical term "custodians." To collect data, Foster targeted the bank's email exchange mailboxes for the custodians and the hard drives of the custodians' computers. The hard drives themselves were not copied. Foster then searched the collected data using various search terms associated with the defendants. He followed the same procedure for the second search in March 2012 when additional search terms for searching the recovered data and additional custodians, including Abreo, James Stringer, and others, were added. Foster also confirmed that a litigation hold was never instituted in this case, but did not elaborate as to what a litigation hold entails.
Manes testified that the "Encase" system used by BancorpSouth to collect and store electronic data is a valuable forensics tool that is superior to all other methods. He described the collections by BancorpSouth as "one of the highest levels of collections I've seen in some time with my clients." Once collected, the data has to be searched, and Manes utilizes tools for that task that are more advanced than those used by BancorpSouth. Manes did not review the search terms or methodology used by the bank to search the collected data in 2010 or 2012, but instead ran his own search based on his expertise. His search produced 6,500 documents, but he did not know how many of those documents were previously found and had already been produced by BancorpSouth. Manes was aware that Denison had a practice of double-deleting his emails on a daily basis, and double-deleted emails would not now be available because unallocated disk space for the custodians was not preserved.
Bagwell's testimony concerned the printed copy of the Tanner/Denison email that was in the loan file. He testified that in 2007 Denison was his boss. When Denison received the email from Tanner requesting
At the conclusion of the presentation of evidence at the May 2013 hearing, the trial court ruled from the bench in favor of Gladney and Kleinpeter Trace, dismissing BancorpSouth's claims against them and striking the defenses and exceptions asserted by the bank in response to the reconventional demand. In extensive oral reasons, the trial court began by reviewing the events that transpired before the entry of the October judgment, including the belated production of the Tanner/Denison 2007 email, the destruction of the Abreo file, the failure to implement a litigation hold, which the court felt should have been implemented as early as July of 2010, and the loss of emails between the initial data search in October of 2010 and the second search in March of 2012.
With respect to the failure to disclose the disk that was the subject of the January judgment, the court expressed, "I have no doubt whatsoever as to the veracity of Mr. Carroll's testimony ... [T]here was a simple breakdown by Mr. Carroll as to his review and his appreciation of what the disk contained." The court questioned only why more was not done to confirm the contents of the disk and that "probably in hindsight [Mr. Carroll] should have [given]... opposing counsel a heads up as to the disk even assuming it may not have produced additional documentation." The court further found, "I do not believe that Ms. Messa in any way intentionally attempted to mislead the Court as to the volume of documents on that disk."
Citing the belated production of Stringer's "second desk file" on January 14, 2013, the trial court stated that "documents are still being withheld and produced late as they're going through this review." The trial court then concluded:
The trial court further found that Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney were entitled to an award of attorney fees and costs under Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1471, but deferred a ruling on the amount until a later date.
The trial court signed a written judgment (the "May judgment") that granted the renewed motion to compel and the motion for sanctions and contempt, dismissed BancorpSouth's claims against
BancorpSouth suspensively appealed, contesting the October, January, and May judgments.
On appeal, BancorpSouth contends that the trial court: (1) erred in denying the bank's motion for a protective order; (2) abused its discretion in granting the motion to compel discovery filed by Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney; (3) erred in imposing sanctions for the putative failure of the bank to implement a litigation hold and other perceived discovery failures preceding the October judgment; (4) erred in creating an adverse presumption for the destruction of the box containing the Abreo file; (5) erred in finding that the bank willfully failed to comply with the terms of a discovery order, and was thus subject to sanctions under LSA-C.C.P. art. 1471; and (6) abused its discretion by ordering as a sanction the dismissal, with prejudice, of the claims asserted by the bank in its main demand, and the striking of the bank's defenses and exceptions to the reconventional demand, in addition to awarding Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney $225,000.00 in attorney fees and costs.
In its first two assignments of error, BancorpSouth contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion for protective order under LSA-R.S. 6:333 and in granting the motion to compel, wherein the court ordered BancorpSouth to produce "any and all documents previously withheld or redacted" under LSA-R.S. 6:333(I)(2). Resolution of these assignments of error requires the interpretation of LSA-R.S. 6:333.
The interpretation of a statute is a question of law, and the appellate review of questions of law is simply to determine whether the trial court was legally correct or legally incorrect. Clements v. Folse, ex rel. Succession of Clements, 01-1970 (La. App. 1st Cir. 8/14/02), 830 So.2d 307, 312, writ denied, 02-2328 (La. 11/15/02), 829 So.2d 437. The starting point for the interpretation of any statute is the language of the statute itself. Cat's Meow, Inc. v. City of New Orleans, through Department of Finance, 98-0601 (La. 10/20/98), 720 So.2d 1186, 1198. When a law is clear and unambiguous and its application does not lead to absurd consequences, the law shall be applied as written and no further interpretation may be made in search of the intent of the legislature. LSA-C.C. art. 9. When the language of the law is susceptible of different meanings, it must be interpreted as having the meaning that best conforms to the purpose of the law. LSA-C.C. art. 10. When the words of a law are ambiguous, their meaning must be sought by examining the context in which they occur and the text of the law as a whole. LSA-C.C. art. 12. Laws on the same subject matter must be interpreted in reference to each other. LSA-C.C. art. 13.
Louisiana Revised Statute 6:333 provides the exclusive method for obtaining records from a bank. Bourgeois v. Bourgeois, 13-0038 (La.App. 1st Cir. 9/13/13), 135 So.3d 1, 4 writ not considered, 13-2439 (La. 1/27/14), 130 So.3d 954. Louisiana Revised Statute 6:333(B) sets forth the following general prohibition: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, ... no bank or its affiliate shall disclose any financial records to any person other than the customer to whom the financial records pertain, unless such financial records are disclosed" in accordance with the other provisions of the statute. (Emphasis added). Thus, the scope of protection provided by the statute is limited to the production of financial records to someone "other than the customer to whom the financial records pertain," meaning a third party. The statute then identifies three permissible methods for the disclosure of financial records: (1) a "disclosure demand," (2) a written request or authorization, and (3) as "otherwise permitted" by the statute. LSA-R.S. 6:333(B)(1)-(3).
A "disclosure demand" includes interrogatories and requests for production of documents. LSA-R.S. 6:333(A)(6). A bank may disclose financial records pursuant to a disclosure demand if certain requirements are satisfied, including personal service of the demand on the customer or his counsel at least fifteen days before the production, and no written notification to the bank thereafter that the customer has taken legal action to enjoin the disclosure. See LSA-R.S. 6:333(C).
Under the second authorized disclosure method, a bank may disclose a customer's financial records when the customer or his attorney authorizes the disclosure through a signed statement that, among other requirements, identifies the person to whom the disclosure may be made and reasonably
The third basis for disclosure of records, "as otherwise permitted" by the statute, is a reference to LSA-R.S. 6:333(F) which begins, "The following disclosures by a bank or any affiliate are hereby specifically authorized and, except as otherwise provided in this Subsection, nothing in this Section shall prohibit, restrict, or otherwise apply to...." (Emphasis added). This introductory language is then followed by a list of eighteen approved disclosures, ranging from disclosures to investors and regulatory agencies to disclosures to "any person having any ownership or joint interest in an account to which the financial records pertain, [or] any person directly or indirectly obligated to the bank on an extension of credit to which the financial records pertain." See LSA-R.S. 6:333(F)(9) This language again confirms that the statute does not "prohibit, restrict, or otherwise apply to" a bank's disclosure to an account holder of financial records that pertain to his own account. See Bryan v. Case Credit Corp., 37,256 (La.App. 2nd Cir. 6/25/03), 850 So.2d 954, 958 (former spouse who "had an ownership or joint interest" in a tractor that was the subject of a credit account was entitled to obtain financial information from the bank pertaining to that account pursuant to LSA-R.S. 6:333(F)(9)).
In support of its motion for protective order, BancorpSouth relies upon LSA-R.S. 6:333(I)(2), which provides:
The bank argues that it does not have to produce any financial records prepared by or for the bank "in connection with the bank's evaluation, analysis, or review of any loan or other extension of credit," which the bank construes to mean its "internal loan review documents." Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney counter that LSA-R.S. 6:333, when construed in its entirety, does not create a privilege that limits the disclosure of documents by the bank to its own customer. Alternatively, the defendants claim that if the statute does create a privilege, the bank waived it by producing documents subject to the privilege.
While the language of LSA-R.S. 6:333(I)(2) is broad and appears to preclude the discovery of all financial records prepared by or for a bank in the evaluation or review of a loan, the provision cannot be read in isolation and must be construed with the remainder of the statute. See Bays v. Bays, 00-1727 (La. 2/21/01), 779 So.2d 754, 757-758 (recognizing that statutory provisions should be construed along with the remainder of the statute in which it is contained). Construing LSA-R.S. 6:333 in its entirety, we find that the statute creates a duty of confidentiality in favor of a bank's customers and protects the bank from liability when the statutory
LSA-R.S. 6:333(A)(7) (emphasis added). This language is more than sufficient to include the information described in LSA-R.S. 6:333(I)(2).
Accordingly, construing these provisions together, we find that LSA-R.S. 6:333(I)(2) does not apply to a customer's request for financial records that pertain to the customer's account or loan. We find no error in the trial court's denial of BancorpSouth's motion for protective order and the granting of the motion to compel ordering the bank to produce all documents previously withheld or redacted by the bank under LSA-R.S. 6:333(I)(2), and we affirm those portions of the October judgment.
In assignments of error three, five, and six, BancorpSouth contends that the trial court erred in dismissing the bank's claims against Gladney and Kleinpeter Trace and striking its defenses to the defendants' reconventional demand as sanctions for violations of the October judgment and the January judgment, arguing that: (1) the actions in question occurred before the entry of the judgments and therefore cannot be in violation of the judgments, and (2) BancorpSouth did not willfully fail to comply with the judgments. We agree.
Louisiana law distinguishes between the sanctions available for failure to comply with discovery requests and sanctions for disobedience of court-ordered discovery. Horton v. McCary, 93-2315 (La. 4/11/94), 635 So.2d 199, 203; Walley v. Vargas, 12-0022 (La.App. 1st Cir. 9/21/12), 104 So.3d 93, 102. Under LSA-C.C.P. art. 1469(A)(4), a party may seek a court order compelling a response to discovery, and if the order is granted, the mover may recover the reasonable costs and attorney fees incurred in obtaining the order. However, if a party "fails to obey an order to provide or permit discovery," LSA-C.C.P. art. 1471(A) provides the court with the ability to impose more severe sanctions, including orders striking pleadings, dismissing the action or any part thereof, or rendering judgment by default against the
Although the trial court has wide discretion in imposing sanctions for failure to comply with discovery orders under article 1471, the Louisiana Supreme Court has cautioned that dismissal for a discovery violation is a draconian penalty that should only be applied in extreme circumstances. Hutchinson v. Westport Insurance Corporation, 04-1592 (La. 11/8/04), 886 So.2d 438, 440; Horton, 635 So.2d at 203. A sanction of dismissal involves property rights; therefore, such a sanction should be reserved for the most culpable conduct. Horton, 635 So.2d at 203; Lirette v. Babin Farm, Inc., 02-1402 (La.App. 1st Cir.4/2/03), 843 So.2d 1141, 1143. Dismissal is a sanction of last resort only to be imposed where a party has failed to comply with a court order of discovery and only after an opportunity to be heard has been afforded the litigant. Hutchinson, 886 So.2d at 440.
Before taking the drastic action of dismissal for a discovery violation, a court should consider the following four factors: (1) whether the violation was willful or resulted from inability to comply, (2) whether less drastic sanctions would be effective, (3) whether the violations prejudiced the opposing party's trial preparation, and (4) whether the client participated in the violation or simply misunderstood a court order or innocently hired a derelict attorney. Hutchinson, 886 So.2d at 440; Horton, 635 So.2d at 203. Dismissal is justified only if the record contains sufficient evidence of a party's (as opposed to counsel's) willful disobedience, bad faith, or fault. Lirette, 843 So.2d at 1143; In re Medical Review Panel, 99-2088 (La.App. 1st Cir. 12/22/00), 775 So.2d 1214, 1218.
Because only violations of court-ordered discovery will support the sanction of dismissal, each discovery order contained in the trial court's judgments must be analyzed.
The October judgment granted the defendant's initial motion to compel and ordered BancorpSouth to provide certain specified documents and information. The judgment first ordered BancorpSouth to produce the "identity and policies" of the bank's insurance carriers. Gladney and Kleinpeter Trace do not contend that BancorpSouth failed to comply with that order.
The judgment next ordered the production of "all documents previously withheld or redacted" by BancorpSouth under LSA-R.S. 6:333(I)(2). The record does not delineate which documents were "previously withheld or redacted" by the bank in reliance upon that statute, but the bank's first assertion of LSA-R.S. 6:333(I)(2) was in a letter dated April 24, 2012, from the bank's counsel to counsel for the defendants that sought the return of documents previously produced to the defendants. The record reflects that at least some of the information contained on the disk generated in connection with the second data search had been withheld in reliance on LSA-R.S. 6:333. However, the record also establishes that BancorpSouth delivered the entire disk to its counsel on May 3, 2012, approximately five months before the entry of the October judgment. Although BancorpSouth's counsel's earlier receipt of the disk was not disclosed until after the September 2012 hearing, the record contains no evidence that suggests that BancorpSouth instructed or directed its counsel not to disclose the entire disk.
To the contrary, the bank's counsel testified that his failure to disclose his receipt of the disk was due to his contention that the information on the disk was privileged and his mistaken belief that it contained very little, if any, new information relevant to the litigation. According to the bank's counsel, that mistaken belief was the result of his failure to properly access all of the files on the disk when he opened it, something he characterized as an "honest mistake." The trial court expressed "no doubt whatsoever" in counsel's veracity and accepted that there was "a simple breakdown by Mr. Carroll as to his review and his appreciation of what the disk contained." Therefore, the only evidence concerning the timing of the disclosure and production of information on the disk establishes that any failure in that regard was the fault of the bank's attorney rather than the bank. Those actions do not support the sanction of dismissal.
The October judgment next orders the production of the "documents referenced in Ms. Abreo's March 12, 2012 Affidavit," previously defined herein as the "Abreo file." The defendants' initial motion to compel acknowledges that BancorpSouth had disclosed several months before the October judgment that the Abreo file had been inadvertently destroyed. BancorpSouth's explanation for the loss of the file was later confirmed in the following answer to interrogatory forwarded on September 6, 2012:
This explanation was again confirmed by Scott Singletary at the December 2012 hearing, who stated that the box was never found.
While the destruction of the Abreo file supports the imposition of an adverse evidentiary presumption as discussed later in this opinion, it cannot support a finding that BancorpSouth intentionally or in bad faith violated the October judgment by failing to produce the file. The file was destroyed before the October judgment was rendered.
The judgment next orders the production of "Bagwell's complete files excluding his personnel file maintained" by BancorpSouth. Less than twenty-four hours before Bagwell's deposition in April of 2012, BancorpSouth delivered 475 pages of documents, which resulted in the cancellation of the deposition to allow Kleinpeter's counsel an opportunity to review the information. Several days later, BancorpSouth produced another 335 pages of documents. The defendants do not argue that "Bagwell's complete files" have not now been produced or that any other Bagwell files exist. Although the production of those files was delayed and resulted in the postponement of depositions, the production nevertheless occurred before it was ordered by the October judgment. Therefore, the delayed production does not support the sanction of dismissal.
The October judgment also ordered the "re-deposition of Mr. Larry Denison and other [BancorpSouth] employees." There is no evidence in the record that BancorpSouth willfully or in bad faith prevented the re-deposition of Denison or any other [BancorpSouth] employee.
The last order in the October judgment directed BancorpSouth to provide Kleinpeter "with specific information as to exactly what efforts BancorpSouth has made to obtain the backup electronic files and preserve electronic communications with a litigation hold." This language requires only "information" as to the "efforts" made by BancorpSouth to obtain and preserve information "with a litigation hold." Kleinpeter argues that BancorpSouth should be sanctioned because "a litigation hold has still never been implemented in this case." However, the judgment does not order that a litigation hold be "implemented," nor is there any evidence in the record that the failure to implement a litigation hold after the October judgment resulted in the loss of any information. Kleinpeter's arguments focus on BancorpSouth's failure to place a litigation hold on the relevant files when it was first notified of the potential bank fraud issues in this case, or at the latest on October 12, 2010, when suit was filed. The failure to implement a litigation hold at that time, at least two years before the October 23, 2012 judgment, cannot constitute a violation of the October judgment and, therefore, cannot support the sanction of dismissal.
The January judgment granted the renewed motion to compel discovery and ordered production of the following documents and information:
BancorpSouth had delivered the identified disk to its attorneys more than seven months earlier on May 3, 2012. The record contains no evidence that BancorpSouth prevented its attorneys from producing the entire disk to the court on or before December 21, 2012, or from producing all responsive, non-privileged electronic documents stored on the disk to Kleinpeter Trace on or before January 7, 2013. Neither do the defendants contend that the bank failed to deliver the entire disk to the court in a timely manner. In fact, their objection to the production that occurred on January 7, 2013, complained primarily of the bank's responses to discovery propounded after the December hearing that was not the subject of the January judgment. Accordingly, the record fails to establish that BancorpSouth willfully refused to comply with any order in the January judgment.
Citing statements made by the trial court at the December hearing, Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney argue that BancorpSouth was ordered to produce all information responsive to Kleinpeter's outstanding discovery on or before January 7, 2013. But that is a substantially broader mandate than the orders set forth in the written January judgment. The January judgment identifies both the hearing and the motion before the court and provides that the court, after considering the pleadings, memoranda, testimony of witnesses and argument of counsel "and for the reasons orally assigned, rendered its judgment as follows." (Emphasis added.) This language is followed by decrees granting the motion and ordering the production of the information on the disk. The judgment also contains a certification by BancorpSouth's counsel that the judgment was e-mailed to opposing counsel on December 21, 2012, in accordance with Rule 9.5 of the Louisiana Rules for Civil Proceedings in District Courts, and that counsel for Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney agreed to the form and content of the judgment. No objection to the judgment appears in the record, nor have the defendants contended that any objection was lodged.
The January judgment is the trial court's judgment for the renewed motion to compel. To the extent that it may vary from statements made by the trial court at the hearing, the written judgment controls. See Hebert v. Hebert, 351 So.2d 1199, 1200 (La.1977) ("[T]he notion that the substance of the judge's oral remarks should govern instead of the substance of the written judgment ... would destroy the integrity of written judgments as evidence and public record of the court's decree"); Slaughter v. Board of Supervisors of Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 10-1049 (La.App. 1st Cir.8/2/11), 76 So.3d 438, 459, writ denied, 11-2110 (La. 1/13/12), 77 So.3d 970 (recognizing that if there is any conflict between a written judgment and oral reasons for judgment, the language of the judgment controls). The defendants' contention that BancorpSouth was properly sanctioned for failing to respond to discovery that was not ordered by the written January judgment is without merit.
In its oral reasons given in support of the May 15, 2013 judgment of dismissal, the trial court referred to other information belatedly produced by BancorpSouth. Again, the information referred to by the trial court is not included in either the October judgment or the January judgment.
The trial court referred to the belated production of the Tanner/Denison email,
Similarly, neither the October judgment nor the January judgment ordered the production of the Stringer file. Although the October judgment ordered the production of all documents previously withheld or redacted under LSA-R.S. 6:333(I)(2), the record does not suggest that BancorpSouth withheld the "second" Stringer file in reliance upon LSA-R.S. 6333(I)(2). Rather, the bank contends that the additional documents were produced as a supplement to earlier discovery requests and were produced when the documents were discovered. Cf. LSA-C.C.P. art. 1428; Fidele v. Crescent Ford Truck Sales, Inc., 00-1934 (La.App. 5th Cir. 4/11/01), 786 So.2d 147, 152.
The parties do not dispute that documentation from Stringer's file was initially produced prior to his deposition in April of 2012. That discovery response was supplemented in January of 2013 with additional information in Stringer's possession, and counsel for BancorpSouth explained the delayed production as follows:
Although the defendants argue that Stringer "willfully concealed" this information, we note that they do not identify any prejudicial information in the supplemental production that might have motivated Stringer or any other bank employee to intentionally withhold those documents. In fact, other than generally referencing some "handwritten notes" included in the second production, the defendants have not identified any new information in that production that is probative of a contested issue in the case. The evidence does not reasonably support a finding that the "second" Stringer file was the subject of either the October judgment or the January judgment, or that BancorpSouth willfully
The record before us does not support the trial court's conclusion that the party, BancorpSouth, willfully or in bad faith failed to comply with the trial court's judgments. The trial court's oral reasons given for the May 15, 2013 judgment reflect that the dismissal rested on conduct that did not relate to court-ordered discovery and in most instances occurred prior to the first discovery order. While the trial court's hearings elucidated the extent of BancorpSouth's failures to respond to discovery requests, those failures do not, as a matter of law, support the ultimate sanction of dismissal of BancorpSouth's claims. For these reasons, we reverse the May 15, 2013 judgment to the extent it dismissed the claims of BancorpSouth against Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney and struck the defenses and exceptions asserted by BancorpSouth to the reconventional demand filed by Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney.
In the sixth assignment of error, BancorpSouth asserts that the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees and expenses in favor of Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney in the amount of $225,000.00. The May judgment does not indicate whether the sum was awarded as a sanction pursuant to LSA-C.C.P. art. 1471 or in connection with granting of the renewed motion to compel pursuant to LSA-C.C.P. art. 1469(4).
The October judgment granted the initial motion to compel and included an award of attorney fees in the amount of $750.00 for the preparation and filing of the motion. The January judgment granted the renewed motion to compel and awarded attorney fees and costs, but deferred a determination of the specific amount of the fees and costs associated with the motion until the subsequent hearing on the motion for sanctions. The January judgment also reserved any ruling on the motion for sanctions, including attorney fees, until that same hearing. At the conclusion of the May 2012 hearing on the motion for sanctions, the trial court found that Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney were entitled to an award of attorney fees and costs, but again deferred a ruling on the amount until a later date. The trial court then signed the May judgment that included an award for attorney fees and expenses in the amount of $225,000.00. The judgment does not specify whether that award was granted in connection with the renewed motion to compel, the motion for sanctions, or both.
While all counsel at oral argument indicated that a stipulation was reached concerning the amount of the attorney fees, they were not in agreement about the scope of any stipulation, and there is no stipulation in the record. Given the absence of a stipulation in the record and the ambiguity concerning the trial court's legal basis for the attorney fee award, we will review the propriety of the award under both LSA-C.C.P. arts. 1471 and 1469(4).
Article 1471(C) provides that in lieu of, or in addition to, any of the sanctions authorized by Subsections A and B of the article, the court shall require the party failing to obey the order or the attorney advising him or both to pay the reasonable expenses, including attorney fees, caused by the failure, unless the court finds that the failure was substantially justified or that other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust. Criteria to be considered in imposing any sanctions under article 1471 are the prejudice to the moving party and the willfulness of
As we have previously determined, the evidence in the record does not reasonably support a finding that BancorpSouth willfully failed to obey any orders set forth in the October judgment or the January judgment. Therefore, article 1471 does not authorize an award of attorney fees to Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney as a sanction against BancorpSouth. To the extent the award of attorney fees in the May judgment was imposed as a sanction under Article 1471, the trial court abused its discretion in making the award.
Under article 1469(4), when a motion to compel is granted, the court shall require the party whose conduct necessitated the motion to pay the moving party "the reasonable expenses incurred in obtaining the order, including attorney's fees, unless the court finds that the opposition to the motion was substantially justified or that other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust." The awardable expenses authorized by article 1469(4) are not as broad as the "panoply of sanctions" that may be imposed under article 1471. See MTU of North America, Inc. v. Raven Marine, Inc., 475 So.2d 1063, 1070 (La. 1985); Menzie Tile Company, Inc. v. Professional Centre, 594 So.2d 410 (La.App. 1st Cir.1991), writ denied, 600 So.2d 610 (La.1992). These rules, in effect, offer a built-in second chance for most recalcitrant parties to comply with discovery and pay motion costs and fees before becoming amenable to the more severe sanctions associated with disobedience of court-ordered discovery. MTU of North America, Inc., 475 So.2d at 1070.
In MTU of North America, Inc., the defendant filed a motion to compel after the plaintiff's counsel instructed two witnesses not to answer certain questions during their depositions. The trial court granted the motion and ordered the witnesses to answer the questions and that the depositions be retaken for that purpose at the plaintiff's expense, including travel costs and attorney fees totaling $29,357.00. MTU of North America, Inc., 475 So.2d at 1067. The Supreme Court reversed the award of expenses, explaining:
MTU of North America, Inc., 475 So.2d at 1066, 1067. The Supreme Court set aside the trial court's sanctions and remanded the matter for a determination of the reasonable costs, including attorney fees, incurred in obtaining the order. MTU of North America, Inc., 475 So.2d at 1071. See also Menzie Tile Company, Inc., 594 So.2d at 417 (holding that article 1469(4)
In the present case, the October judgment granted the initial motion to compel, and that judgment included an award of $750.00 for the attorney fees incurred to prepare and file that motion. That award was not appealed. The January judgment, in pertinent part, granted the renewed motion to compel, ordered the production of the disk, and awarded attorney fees and costs, but deferred a ruling on the amount of the fees and costs to the subsequent hearing on the motion for sanctions. Although the subsequent May judgment included a sentence that again "granted" the motion to compel, it did not include any additional orders compelling BancorpSouth to produce information or to otherwise respond to discovery. Rather, the substance of the May judgment concerns the sanctions and the attorney fee award.
We find that article 1469(4) authorizes an award for the reasonable attorney fees and expenses incurred by Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney to obtain the January judgment that compelled BancorpSouth to produce the disk; however, the trial court abused its discretion to the extent it awarded the sum of $225,000.00 for those fees and expenses. The amount of the award indicates that it includes fees and expenses that are not directly related to the filing and pursuit of the renewed motion to compel. Therefore, we vacate the award of $225,000.00 and remand the matter to the trial court for a determination of the reasonable expenses, including attorney fees, incurred in obtaining the January judgment. See MTU of North America, Inc., 475 So.2d at 1071.
In summary, the trial court abused its discretion to the extent it assessed attorney fees as a sanction under LSA-C.C.P. art. 1471. To the extent the award was rendered pursuant to LSA-C.C.P. art. 1469(4), the amount of the award was an abuse of discretion because it was not limited to the reasonable expenses and attorney fees incurred in obtaining the January judgment. Therefore, we vacate the award of $225,000.00 and remand the matter for a determination of the reasonable expenses, including attorney fees, incurred in obtaining the January judgment.
In its fourth assignment of error, BancorpSouth asserts that the trial court erred in creating an adverse presumption for the destruction of the Abreo file. Although the trial court imposed the adverse presumption in response to a motion to compel and impose sanctions, it is not clear whether the presumption was ordered as a sanction under LSA-C.C.P. art. 1471
Spoliation of evidence generally refers to an intentional destruction of evidence for the purpose of depriving opposing parties of its use.
Thus, as previously recognized by this court, when a litigant fails to produce
The appellate standard of review for a trial court's decision of whether an adverse presumption for spoliation of evidence should be imposed is whether the trial court abused its discretion. See Paradise, 22 So.3d at 1028; Acadian Gas Pipeline System v. Nunley, 46,648 (La. App. 2nd Cir. 11/2/11), 77 So.3d 457, 465, writ denied, 2001-2680 (La. 2/10/12), 80 So.3d 487.
After review of the record on appeal, we conclude that the evidence before us supports the trial court's obvious factual determination that the reason offered by BancorpSouth as to the destruction of the evidence was pretextual, and we find no manifest error as to that finding. In the instant case, not only did BancorpSouth have notice that the Abreo file, which was within its control, was relevant to the pending litigation, it attempted to refer this evidence in support of a motion for summary judgment through Abreo's affidavit, which referenced documents in her file. BancorpSouth's contention that it did not know what happened to the file, which it know to be relevant to this litigation, but that it may have inadvertently been destroyed does not constitute a reasonable explanation. See Salone v. Jefferson Parish Department of Water, 94-212 (La.App. 5th Cir. 10/12/94), 645 So.2d 747, 750-751. Moreover, in light of the foregoing, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's imposition of an adverse presumption that the destroyed evidence would have been detrimental to BancorpSouth. See Salone, 645 So.2d at 750-751.
We affirm the October 23, 2012 judgment to the extent it denied BancorpSouth's motion for protective order and granted the motion to compel ordering the production of all documents previously withheld or redacted by the bank pursuant to LSA-R.S. 6:333(I)(2). We affirm the January 8, 2013 judgment to the extent it ordered that an adverse presumption instruction shall be given to the jury as to the contents of Abreo's daily work file; and we reverse the May 15, 2013 judgment to the extent it: (1) dismissed the claims of BancorpSouth against Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney, and (2) struck the defenses and exceptions asserted by BancorpSouth to the reconventional demand filed by Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney. We vacate the attorney fee award of $225,000.00 in the May judgment and remand the matter for a determination of the reasonable expenses, including attorney fees, incurred in
KUHN, J. agrees in part & dissents in part with reasons.
CRAIN, J. agrees in part & dissents in part with reasons.
PETTIGREW, J. concur in part and dissents in part for the Reasons assigned by Judge WELCH. I would affirm the TRIAL COURT in all Respects.
WELCH, J. agrees in part and dissent in part and assign Reasons.
KUHN, J., agreeing in part, dissenting in part.
On the spoliation of evidence ruling, I disagree with the portion of the majority opinion affirming the trial court's determination that an adverse presumption instruction
For these reasons, I dissent from the portion of the majority opinion affirming the ruling that an adverse presumption jury instruction
WELCH, J., agreeing in part and dissenting in part.
I agree with the majority opinion insofar as it affirms the trial court's October 23, 2012 judgment denying the motion for protective order filed by BancorpSouth Bank ("the Bank") and granting Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Charles Wallace Gladney's motion to compel on the basis that La. R.S. 6:333(I)(2) did not establish a privilege in favor of the Bank. I also agree with the majority opinion to the extent that it affirms the trial court's January 8,
In reversing and vacating the May 15, 2013 judgment, the majority is excusing the conduct of the Bank and its attorneys during the discovery process, which the trial court found was so egregious that it warranted the imposition of the "draconian"
The trial court, in reaching the determination that the Bank had failed to comply with its previous discovery orders, noted that the Bank's initial search for relevant documents was admittedly inadequate and limited, that numerous e-mails and electronic documents between October 2010 and March 2012 were lost due to the failure of the Bank to follow its own policy with regard to document retention and to implement a litigation hold. The trial court also noted the inexplicable destruction of Ms. Abreo's daily work file, the late production of the March 28, 2007 email between Mr. Tanner and Mr. Denison, and the very late production of the files of James Stringer, the Bank employee who approved the loan on note four. The trial court also noted the Bank's representation to the trial court at the September 10, 2012 hearing on the motion to compel that "we can't produce what we do not have," yet was, nonetheless, in possession of a disk containing thousands of newly discovered documents that was not disclosed to the defendants and also the Bank's continual withholding and late production of documents as of the date of the hearing.
Notably, the record before us contains two discovery orders: the October 23, 2012 judgment and the January 8, 2013 judgment. In both judgments, the trial court granted the motion to compel filed by Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney, wherein they sought to compel the Bank to fully respond to their previous discovery requests. In the October 23, 2012 judgment, the Bank was "further" ordered to produce to Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney (1) the identity and policies for the Bank's insurance carriers; (2) any and all documents previously withheld or redacted by the Bank under La. R.S. 6:333(I)(2); (3) the documents referenced in Ms. Abreo's March 12, 2012 affidavit; and (4) the complete files of Mr. Bagwell that were maintained by the Bank. In addition, the Bank was further ordered to allow for the redeposition of Mr. Denison and other Bank employees and to "[p]rovide Kleinpeter [Trace] with specific information as to exactly what efforts [the Bank] has made to obtain the backup electronic files and preserve electronic information with a litigation hold."
In the January 8, 2013 judgment, the Bank was further ordered to deliver to the court a complete, unedited, un-redacted copy of the disk containing an estimated
According to the testimony and evidence in the record, on October 20, 2010, Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney propounded its first set of discovery to the Bank, which requested among other things, all documents, including emails, relating to loans by Mr. Tanner, Mr. Gladney, and Kleinpeter Trace, and their related entities. On October 25, 2010, the Bank made an attempt to locate and preserve documents, but the search was limited to documents in the custody of four individuals and resulted in very little information. The Bank subsequently admitted that this search was inadequate, and that as a result of the inadequate search, numerous documents in the custody of other bank employees were lost or destroyed.
On January 12, 2012, approximately sixteen months after this suit was filed and Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney had issued their initial discovery request, Mr. Denison was deposed. During this deposition, Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney were made aware of, for the first time, the existence of the March 28, 2007 email from Mr. Tanner to Mr. Denison, when Mr. Denison claimed that this email was Kleinpeter Trace's application for the loan associated with note four. A copy of the March 28, 2007 email from Mr. Tanner to Mr. Denison was provided to Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney the day after the deposition (January 13, 2012). Subsequently (on April 3, 2012) another copy of the March 28, 2007 email was provided to Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney; however, this second copy of the email was different than the first copy produced the day after Mr. Denison's deposition, and it included handwritten notations that were not on the first. No explanation for the two versions of the email have been provided
Mr. Stringer, the Bank employee who approved the loan on note four, was deposed on February 14, 2012. At his deposition, Mr. Stringer testified that all of his files had been produced; however, almost a year later, on January 14, 2013 (approximately twenty-six months after the initial discovery request), another copy of Mr. Stringer's desk file was produced to Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney. This copy of Mr. Stringer's desk file contained handwritten notes that were not previously produced and therefore, Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney did not have that information available to them during any of the depositions that they had previously taken.
In addition, on February 22, 2012, the Bank filed a motion for summary judgment with regards to note three and note four, and in that motion, relied on the affidavit of Ms. Abreo. Thereafter, Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney sought copies of the documents relied on by Ms. Abreo in her affidavit on the basis that their initial discovery request was broad enough to include such documents. However, before the Bank produced the documents, the file was inexplicably destroyed while in the custody of the Bank, which resulted in the trial court imposing an adverse presumption with regard to the contents of Ms. Abreo's daily work file.
The deposition of Mark Bagwell was scheduled for April 4, 2012. However, the day before his deposition, the Bank produced a significant number of new documents (including the second, but different copy of the March 28, 2007 email), and several days after that produced another set of new documents. Based on this belated production, Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney had to cancel the depositions of Mark Bagwell and other Bank employees so that they could adequately review the new documents produced.
On March 22, 2012, approximately seventeen months after the commencement of litigation, the initial discovery request by Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney, and the Bank's initial search for documents, the Bank, at the request of its counsel, expanded its search for additional documents and emails relating to the Kleinpeter Trace loans. On April 27, 2012, as a result of this expanded search, the Bank found additional and created a disk containing approximately 5.2 gigabytes of electronic documents, consisting mostly of emails and spreadsheets, or roughly 500,000 pages of documents. The Bank delivered the disk to its counsel on May 3, 2012; however, the Bank's counsel did not adequately ascertain the contents of the disk and the existence of the disk was not disclosed to either the trial court or Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney at the September 10, 2012 hearing on the motion to compel. Instead, at a conference between the counsels for the parties on October 25, 2012, the counsel for the Bank revealed that it had thousands of pages of documents that it had not produced, which was contrary to its representations at the September 10, 2012 hearing.
The Bank's IT director, Michael Murphy, and his assistant, Ian Foster, testified that the initial search for documents (on October 25, 2010) utilized narrow search terms, which resulted in reduced and delayed production of documents. Mr. Murphy and Mr. Foster also testified that the seventeen-month gap between the Bank's initial, limited search for documents (on October 25, 2010) and its second, expanded search for documents on March 22, 2012, resulted in the loss of and destruction of a significant number of documents and
Following the December 17, 2012 hearing, on January 7, 2013, the Bank produced approximately 10,000 pages of documents from the disk that purportedly contained 500,000 pages of documents, and on January 14, 2013 (after the deadline set forth by the trial court) the Bank produced an additional 10,000 pages of documents, including the second copy of Mr. Stringer's files. Pursuant to the trial court's January 8, 2013 judgment, it scheduled a hearing on sanctions for March 25, 2013. Approximately three days before that scheduled hearing, the Bank requested a continuance on the basis that it had recently retained a computer expert and that the expert had uncovered thousands of emails and documents that had not been produced. The Bank was granted additional time and the sanctions hearing was scheduled for May 7, 2013. During the time between when the continuance was granted and the sanctions hearing, the Bank did not produce a single document that the newly retained expert had uncovered.
Therefore, the record fully supports the trial court's determination that the Bank willfully failed to comply with the trial court's October 23, 2012 and January 8, 2013 judgments/discovery orders by failing to fully respond to the 2010 discovery requests of Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney, and further, that the Bank failed to comply with the October 23, 2012 judgment ordering it to "preserve electronic communications with a litigation hold" as the Bank had not instituted a litigation hold in this case at all. Accordingly, sanctions pursuant to La. C.C.P. art. 1471 were warranted.
With regard to the sanctions ultimately imposed by the trial court — dismissing the Bank's claims against Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney, striking the Bank's defenses to the reconventional demand of Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney, and the award of attorney's fees and costs to Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney — the trial court did not abuse its vast discretion. The record reflects that the Bank violated two discovery orders, that the Bank has still not fully responded to the 2010 discovery request by Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney, that the trial court provided the Bank with several opportunities to comply with the discovery requests and to avoid the sanctions that it ultimately imposed at the hearing on May 7, 2013, and that the trial court thoroughly considered the four factors set forth in Horton v. McCary, 93-2315 (La. 4/11/94), 635 So.2d 199, 203, before imposing the sanctions that it did.
The claims dismissed by the trial court were limited to the Bank's claims against
With regard to striking the Bank's defenses, the only defense that the record reveals that the Bank asserted in response to the reconventional demand of Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney was the peremptory exception raising the objection of prescription.
Insofar as the trial court awarded Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney attorney's fees in the amount of $225,000.00, for the same reasons I find that the sanctions imposed by the trial court in accordance with La. C.C.P. art. 1471(A) were appropriate and not an abuse of the trial court's discretion, I would also find that the trial court's award of attorney's fees was appropriate and not an abuse of the trial court's discretion. The trial court's award of attorney's fees in the amount of $225,000.00 was based on the affidavits of counsel for Kleinpeter Trace and Mr. Gladney. Although the Bank disputed that it even owed attorney's fees and costs, it apparently stipulated that if awarded, the sum of $225,000.00 was reasonable.
Lastly, I would grant Kleinpeter Trace and Gladney answer to appeal seeking an award of attorney's fees for this appeal.
Thus, I respectfully dissent in part.
CRAIN, J. dissents in part.
I agree with the majority opinion in all respects, except for affirming the trial
As recognized by the majority, a litigant's failure to produce evidence under his control raises an adverse presumption that the evidence would have been detrimental to his case; however, the presumption is not applicable if the party adequately explains his failure to produce the evidence. See Carlson v. Ewing, 219 La. 961, 977, 54 So.2d 414, 419 (1951); City of New Orleans v. Gauthreaux, 32 La. Ann. 1126, 1130 (La.1880); Raines v. Louisiana State Nursing Board, 12-1831 (La.App. 1 Cir. 6/7/13), 2013 WL 2488130, writ denied, 13-2048 (La. 11/15/13), 126 So.3d 471; Paradise v. Al Copeland Investments, Inc., 09-0315 (La.App. 1 Cir. 9/14/09), 22 So.3d 1018, 1027. A presumption is "an inference created by legislation that the trier of fact must draw if it finds the existence of the predicate fact unless the trier of fact is persuaded by evidence of the nonexistence of the fact to be inferred." La.Code Evid. art. 302(3) (emphasis added);
The essential "predicate fact" that must be found to apply the adverse presumption is the absence of an adequate explanation for the loss or destruction of the evidence. Whether a party's explanation is sufficiently adequate to preclude an adverse presumption is a factual determination requiring the weighing of evidence and credibility determinations related to a variety of issues, including but not limited to the following:
1. The party's motive for destroying or altering the evidence;
2. The party's awareness that litigation involving the destroyed or discarded object was pending or imminent;
4. Whether the other party was given a reasonable opportunity to inspect the evidence prior to its destruction;
5. The availability of other evidence to prove the pertinent fact in dispute;
6. Whether the loss or destruction of the evidence occurred for reasons beyond the party's control.
The resolution of these and other factual issues necessary to determine if the adverse presumption is appropriate is the function of the trier of fact.
For a discussion of the distinction between the evidentiary doctrine of adverse presumption for spoliation of evidence and the cause of action in tort, see Robertson, 7 So.3d at 673. See also Clavier v. Our Lady of the Lake Hospital Inc., 2012-0560 (La.App. 1st Cir. 12/28/12), 112 So.3d 881, 885-886, writ denied, 2013-0264 (La. 3/15/13), 109 So.3d 384, wherein one panel of this court cautioned that allowing a party to assert a separate cause of action for spoliation against a party to the underlying action, where other remedies such as an adverse presumption are available, would create "a plethora of problems." The Louisiana Supreme Court has not yet spoken as to the availability of a cause of action in tort based on spoliation of evidence. Robertson, 7 So.3d at 673.
