RESCRIPT

The defendant, Luis Fernando Rivera, Jr., was convicted on two indictments charging murder in the first degree and one indictment charging unlawful carrying of a firearm. See Commonwealth v. Rivera, 424 Mass. 266 (1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 934 (1998). After we affirmed the convictions, a Superior Court judge denied the defendant's motion for a new trial, and a single justice of this court, on December 14, 2004, denied his application for leave to appeal, pursuant to G. L. c. 278, § 33E. In May, 2014, the defendant filed a motion in the county court asking the same single justice to reconsider his 2004 ruling and, on reconsideration, to recuse himself and to assign the matter to a different justice. The single justice allowed the motion to reconsider, denied the request for recusal, and, on reconsideration, again denied the application for leave to appeal. The defendant appealed.

In an unpublished order, we allowed this appeal to proceed as to the recusal issue only. We stated that it would be incumbent on the defendant to demonstrate that his request for recusal was timely, and that the single justice abused his discretion in denying the request.1

Appealability of recusal ruling. A single justice's denial of an application for leave to appeal pursuant to the gatekeeper provision of G. L. c. 278, § 33E, is "final and unreviewable." See Commonwealth v. Companonio, 472 Mass. 1004, 1005 (2015), and cases cited ("It cannot be appealed to the full court; it is not subject to review under G. L. c. 211, § 3; and it cannot be collaterally attacked"). In very limited circumstances, however, involving certain types of motions that are ancillary to the gatekeeper application and "intended to enhance the likelihood that a single justice ..., acting as gatekeeper, would allow [the defendant] to appeal from the denial ... of his ... motion for a new trial," we have allowed the single justice's rulings to be reviewed on appeal. Fuller v. Commonwealth, 419 Mass. 1002, 1003 (1994). See Parker v. Commonwealth, 448 Mass. 1021, 1023 n.3 (2007). The defendant's request that the single justice recuse himself is such a motion. If it were otherwise, a defendant whose application was denied by a single justice who ought to have been disqualified from ruling on the application would have no recourse. As in all matters, a defendant who applies for leave to appeal is entitled to a ruling from a fair and impartial judge. See S.J.C. Rule 1:22 (c), 458 Mass. 1301 (2010) ("Recusal rulings in single justice cases are, and will continue to be, reviewable in the regular course on appeal from any adverse final judgment in the single justice case").

Background. The basis for the defendant's disqualification claim is that, in 1993, the single justice, who was a Superior Court judge at that time, allowed a codefendant's motion to dismiss the indictments against him. The codefendant, Jose Pacheco, had testified as an eyewitness for the Commonwealth against the defendant at the defendant's trial. See Rivera, 424 Mass. at 267 n.2 (describing Pacheco's testimony that "he was an unwilling participant who drove the vehicle on pain of threat to his and his family's safety"). Subsequently, at a brief nonevidentiary hearing on Pacheco's motion to dismiss, the Commonwealth conceded that he had acted under duress when he participated in the murders, which was consistent with its position at the defendant's trial. Concluding that duress was a defense to murder — under the law as it was at that time2 — the single justice dismissed the indictments against Pacheco on the ground that the Commonwealth would be unable to disprove duress at trial.3

Years later, in 2003, the defendant moved for a new trial in the Superior Court, claiming that Pacheco had recanted his testimony and now denied being an eyewitness to the murders. The defendant also alleged errors in the instructions on reasonable doubt and ineffective assistance of counsel. The judge who presided over the defendant's trial (not the single justice) denied the motion without an evidentiary hearing, stating that he had a "fairly clear memory" of the testimony and that he did not believe Pacheco's alleged recantation. The defendant then applied in the county court for leave to appeal from that ruling, pursuant to G. L. c. 278, § 33E. The single justice denied the defendant's gatekeeper application in 2004. In 2014, the defendant moved for reconsideration of the single justice's ruling, raising for the first time his claim that the single justice ought to have recused himself because of his ruling, as a Superior Court judge, allowing Pacheco's motion to dismiss in 1993.

Discussion. A judge's decision not to recuse himself is reviewable for abuse of discretion. See Haddad v. Gonzalez, 410 Mass. 855, 862 (1991). When presented with "a question of his capacity to rule fairly, the judge [must] consult first his own emotions and conscience." Lena v. Commonwealth, 369 Mass. 571, 575 (1976). Implicit in the single justice's ruling in this case is that he was satisfied that he could act "fairly and impartially." Haddad, supra at 862. See King v. Grace, 293 Mass. 244, 247 (1936). In addition, a judge must "attempt an objective appraisal of whether this was a proceeding in which `his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.'" Haddad, supra, quoting S.J.C. Rule 3:09, Canon 3 (C) (1) (a), 386 Mass. 811 (1981). In this case, the defendant contends that because the single justice, as a Superior Court judge in 1993, had dismissed indictments against Pacheco, the single justice's impartiality in ruling on the defendant's gatekeeper application in 2004 could be questioned. We disagree.

The single justice, in the case against Pacheco in the Superior Court, made neither credibility determinations nor factual findings. His order was based on a legal ruling that the Commonwealth was estopped from denying Pacheco's claim that he acted under duress — because it consistently had supported that testimony during the prosecution of the defendant (and other codefendants) — and his ruling that duress was a defense to murder. As the single justice in the defendant's case in 2004, he was not called on to review his 1993 order or the legal principles on which it was based.4 Information acquired by a judge in his or her judicial role in earlier proceedings, as opposed to from some extrajudicial source, "weighs heavily in favor of the judge's decision not to disqualify himself." Haddad, 410 Mass. at 863, quoting Commonwealth v. Dane Entertainment Servs., 18 Mass.App.Ct. 446, 450 (1984). See Lena, 369 Mass. at 574. Presiding over a proceeding involving a codefendant is not necessarily a ground for disqualification. See Commonwealth v. Adkinson, 442 Mass. 410, 415 (2004) (recusal not required where judge previously heard and denied codefendant's suppression motion on basis that both defendant's and codefendant's testimony not credible); Commonwealth v. Campbell, 5 Mass.App.Ct. 571, 587 (1977). Additionally, the "passage of time certainly can be a factor leading to a conclusion that any concerns about a judge's impartiality would be unreasonable." Commonwealth v. Morgan RV Resorts, LLC, 84 Mass.App.Ct. 1, 12 (2013).

All of these considerations combine in this case to persuade us that there is no reasonable basis to question the single justice's impartiality. The single justice presided over a nonevidentiary hearing involving a codefendant years before the defendant's gatekeeper application was filed, and he made a strictly legal determination that the Commonwealth would not be able to sustain its burden at trial against the codefendant.

Furthermore, the defendant failed to raise this recusal issue with the single justice for years after he admittedly became aware of the single justice's involvement in Pacheco's case.5 Although he appears to have raised the issue (unsuccessfully) in the Federal court during that time, in a habeas corpus action, he did not bring it to the single justice's attention. In these circumstances, the single justice properly could have denied the motion because it was untimely. See Commonwealth v. Gunter, 456 Mass. 1017, 1018 (2010), S.C., 459 Mass. 480, cert. denied, 132 S.Ct. 218 (2011) (defendant may "file a timely motion for reconsideration" of denial of gatekeeper petition with single justice); Demoulas v. Demoulas, 432 Mass. 43, 50 (2000) (posttrial recusal motions presumptively untimely). As we have said, "parties seeking disqualification of a judge ... have an obligation to move at the earliest possible opportunity after learning of the grounds for the judge's recusal." Demoulas, supra at 52.

Conclusion. The single justice's order declining to recuse himself is affirmed, and, consequently, the defendant's appeal from the single justice's order denying the application pursuant to G. L. c. 278, § 33E, must be dismissed. See note 1, supra.

So ordered.