16-526-cv
SEC v. Metter


                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                               SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

   At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley
Square, in the City of New York, on the 29th day of August, two thousand
seventeen.

PRESENT:
                PETER W. HALL,
                GERARD E. LYNCH,
                CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY,
                    Circuit Judges.


U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission, The Sullivan Lead
Plaintiff Group,
                     Plaintiffs-Appellees,

                v.                               No. 16-526-cv

Michael Metter,
                     Defendant-Appellant,
Spongetech Delivery Systems, Inc., RM
Enterprises International, Inc., Steven
Moskowitz, George Sperenza, Joel
Pensley, Jack Halperin,
                     Defendants,
BusinessTalkRadio.net, Inc., Blue Star
Media Group, Inc.,
                     Relief Defendants.


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SEC v. Metter




FOR APPELLANT:              MARANDA E. FRITZ (Tammy P. Bieber and Brian K.
                            Steinwascher, on the brief), Thompson Hine LLP, New
                            York, NY.

FOR APPELLEE:               MARTIN V. TOTARO, Senior Counsel (John W. Avery,
                            Deputy Solicitor, on the brief), for Robert B. Stebbins,
                            General Counsel, Securities and Exchange Commission,
                            Washington, DC.



   Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern

District of New York (Irizarry, C.J., Levy, M.J.).

   UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,

AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

   Defendant-Appellant Michael Metter challenges the district court’s imposition of

joint and several disgorgement liability in the amount of $52,236,995, plus

prejudgment interest, and a civil penalty in the amount of $6,133,540. We assume

the parties’ familiarity with the procedural history of this matter, the underlying

facts, and the issues on appeal.

   We review the district court’s disgorgement order for abuse of discretion. SEC v.

Contorinis, 

, 301 (2d Cir. 2014). We review the district court’s

imposition of a civil penalty for abuse of discretion. SEC v. Razmilovic, 

,

38 (2d Cir. 2013) (citing SEC v. Kern, 

, 153 (2d Cir. 2005)). We

determine de novo whether the district court’s disgorgement order or penalty

amount to an excessive fine in contravention of the Eighth Amendment, accepting



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SEC v. Metter


the district court’s underlying factual findings unless clearly erroneous. United

States v. Viloski, 

, 109 (2d Cir. 2016).

   I. Consent Judgment

   As an initial matter, we note that Metter entered into a consent judgment with

respect to liability in this matter. That consent judgment provides, in relevant part:

       In connection with the Commission’s motion for disgorgement, civil penalties and/or
       reimbursement, and at any hearing held on such a motion: (a) Defendant will be
       precluded from arguing that he did not violate the federal securities laws as alleged
       in the Complaint; (b) Defendant may not challenge the validity of the Consent or
       this Judgment; (c) solely for the purposes of such motion, the allegations of the
       Complaint shall be accepted as and deemed true by the Court; and (d) the Court may
       determine the issues raised in the motion on the basis of affidavits, declarations,
       excerpts of sworn deposition or investigative testimony, and documentary evidence,
       without regard to the standards for summary judgment contained in Rule 56(c) of
       the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Judgment as to Defendant Michael E. Metter, Doc. 255, at 10. Included in the

Amended Complaint were the following allegations:

       Defendant RM Enterprises International, Inc., is a Delaware corporation with its
       principal place of business in New York, New York. RM Enterprises is the majority
       shareholder of Spongetech and is controlled by Metter and Moskowitz. Metter and
       Moskowitz are the sole officers, serve as directors, and are currently the beneficial
       owners of two-thirds of RM Enterprises.

Amended Complaint at 7. Notwithstanding his agreement, Metter now claims on

appeal that he did not control RM Enterprises and that Moskowitz was the person

in control. In doing so, Metter violates the unambiguous terms of the consent

judgment. We are unmoved by Metter’s insistence that the relevant terms of the

consent judgment should apply only to the well-pleaded facts in the Complaint. As

the SEC correctly points out, under the terms of the consent judgment, it is


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SEC v. Metter


immaterial whether the Complaint complied with Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

8 and 9 or would have survived a motion to dismiss. Metter surrendered his right to

contest whether the factual allegations in the Complaint were well-pleaded when he

agreed to the consent judgment. Without prejudice to any additional means the

district court may deem appropriate to enforce its judgment, we elect simply not to

consider those contentions made by Metter on appeal that are in violation of the

judgment. This includes the Defendant’s claim of double jeopardy.

   II. Disgorgement

   “The district court has broad discretion not only in determining whether or not

to order disgorgement but also in calculating the amount to be disgorged. The

amount of disgorgement ordered need only be a reasonable approximation of profits

causally connected to the violation; any risk of uncertainty in calculating

disgorgement should fall on the wrongdoer whose illegal conduct created that

uncertainty.” SEC v. First Jersey Securities, Inc., 

, 1474–75 (2d Cir.

1996) (internal quotation marks, citations, and alteration omitted). We are

unconvinced by Metter’s assertion that the characterization of the breadth of the

district court’s discretion in First Jersey, 

to the circumstances of this

case.

   We find no abuse of discretion in the $52,236,995 amount of disgorgement

liability imposed. The evidence before the district court showed, and Metter does

not dispute, that $52,236,995 flowed into RM Enterprises as a result of the




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SEC v. Metter


fraudulent scheme.1 The Complaint alleges, and Metter cannot now deny, that he

controlled RM Enterprises.2

    III. Civil Penalty

    Metter objects to the district court’s imposition of a $6,133,540 civil penalty on

the grounds that the district court included in its computation thereof a $5 million

transfer from RM Enterprises to BusinessTalkRadio.net, Inc., an entity of which

Metter was president. This $5 million was used to discharge delinquent debt that

Metter had personally guaranteed and on which creditors had obtained judgments

against Metter personally. Under these circumstances, the district court did not

abuse its discretion when it included the $5 million transfer in its computation of

Metter’s personal enrichment. We likewise reject the Defendant’s argument that his

claim of financial hardship precluded the civil penalty imposed here.

    IV. Eighth Amendment

    In evaluating Metter’s claim that the district court’s disgorgement order violated


1 The SEC originally requested disgorgement in the amount of $52,356,995, which is consistent with

the documentary record. On appeal, neither party has noted the discrepancy between this higher
figure and the lower figure in the order and final judgment. The higher figure includes the lower one.
2 Metter argues that under the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Honeycutt v ,United States, 137 S.
Ct. 1626 (2017), disgorgement is appropriate only for the amount of money that he himself acquired
from the scheme. Honeycutt is not controlling here for two principal reasons. First, as a matter of
law, the decision applied to criminal forfeiture of the proceeds of controlled substance offenses under
21 U.S.C. § 853. 

. We decline Metter’s invitation to extend the
Honeycutt holding with respect to forfeiture under § 853 to the context of the equitable remedy of
disgorgement. Second, as a matter of fact, the defendant in Honeycutt was an employee who had “no
controlling interest in the store,” 

(internal quotation marks omitted), and thus had no
control over the proceeds of the offense, while Metter did have control of RM Enterprises, a fact that
he conceded in the consent judgment, and thus could control the distribution of proceeds. Even if the
rule of Honeycutt applied in the context of disgorgement, therefore, that rule, which protects
incidental figures from forfeiture of amounts far beyond what would be justified by their role in the
offense, would not compel reversal in this case.

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SEC v. Metter


the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment, the first step of our analysis

is determining whether the disgorgement was a “fine” within the meaning of the

Excessive Fines Clause. 

. For the purposes of this appeal, we

assume without deciding that, in light of the Supreme Court’s recent decision in

Kokesh v. SEC, 

, 1642–44 (2017), the disgorgement liability imposed

in this matter was essentially punitive in nature and thus was a fine within the

meaning of the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment.

   We proceed to consider whether the disgorgement ordered here was “grossly

disproportional” within the meaning of United States v. Bajakajian, 

,

334 (1998). In assessing whether a penalty is grossly disproportionate, we are

required to examine the four “Bajakajian factors:”

       (1) the essence of the crime of the defendant and its relation to other criminal
       activity, (2) whether the defendant fits into the class of persons for whom the statute
       was principally designed, (3) the maximum sentence and fine that could have been
       imposed, and (4) the nature of the harm caused by the defendant’s conduct.

(quoting United States v. George, 

, 122 (2d Cir.

2015)). In some cases, it may also be relevant whether the penalty effects a

deprivation of an individual’s livelihood. 

   With respect to the first enumerated factor, we are, of course, cognizant that this

penalty arises in the context of a civil enforcement action rather than a criminal

prosecution, but the essence of the proscribed act is no less relevant. Here, Metter

has admitted, for the purposes of the assessment of disgorgement liability, all of the

facts alleged in the Complaint. The nature and character of Metter’s actions as set


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SEC v. Metter


forth in the allegations of the Complaint amply justify the imposition of a harsh

penalty. This factor weighs against a finding of gross disproportionality.

   With respect to the second enumerated factor, the facts set forth in the

Complaint establish that Metter, as a managing officer of a publicly traded

company, is the precise type of person for whom the Securities Act, the Exchange

Act, and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act were designed. This factor also weighs against a

finding of gross disproportionality.

   We find the third enumerated factor inapposite in light of the absence of any

statutory maximum in the context of a disgorgement award.

   With respect to the fourth enumerated factor, we have not lost sight of the

reality that each dollar of ill-gotten benefit Metter and his associates extracted by

means of the illegal pump-and-dump scheme detailed in the Complaint flowed

ultimately from the pockets of investors. As a publicly traded company, Spongetech

had many such investors, but the harm caused by Metter’s conduct is no less serious

or severe for having been spread across multiple victims. This factor weighs against

a finding of gross disproportionality.

   With respect to whether the penalty effects a deprivation of Metter’s livelihood,

Metter, who bears the burden of showing the unconstitutionality of the district

court’s disgorgement order, 

has advanced no substantive argument as to

the future prospects of his livelihood under that order. This factor is thus of no aid




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SEC v. Metter


to Metter.3 See 

    On balance, we are satisfied that the district court’s imposition of disgorgement

liability in the amount of $52,236,995 was not grossly disproportional, and thus

effected no violation of Metter’s Eighth Amendment rights. Indeed, since the

disgorgement ordered almost precisely equaled the gains from the illicit conduct to

the entity controlled by Metter, the resulting financial penalty was directly keyed to

the scope of the wrongdoing.

    We have considered all of Metter’s remaining arguments and conclude that they

are without merit. The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

                                                FOR THE COURT:
                                                Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk




3 Though Metter’s failure to carry his burden is determinative of our analysis of this factor, we note
in passing that “a forfeiture that deprives a defendant of his livelihood might nonetheless be
constitutional, depending on his culpability or other circumstances.” 

.
Accordingly, even assuming that the disgorgement order did effectively deprive Metter of his future
ability to earn a living, it would be far from clear whether, under the circumstances of this case, the
Eighth Amendment would suffer any insult.



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