DANNY C. REEVES, District Judge.
This matter is pending for consideration of Defendant Commonwealth of Kentucky, Kentucky Authority for Educational Television's ("KET") motion to dismiss the plaintiff's complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. [Record No. 2] KET argues that there is an insufficient factual basis for the claims asserted in the complaint. Additionally, it contends that several of the claims against it should be dismissed for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. For the reasons explained below, the Court will grant KET's motion, in part. However, the motion will be denied with respect to the plaintiff's claims of age and disability discrimination.
Plaintiff Thomas Boone ("Boone") is a resident of Franklin County, Kentucky. [Record No. 1-1 ¶ 1] He was born on September 30, 1947, and he is a Caucasian male. [Id. ¶ 5; Record No. 2-1, p. 1] In 2004, Boone began working at KET as a Master Control Operator/Engineer. [Record No. 1-1 ¶ 4] He alleges that, during his time at KET, he experienced a "pattern and practice of racial discrimination by an African-American manager/supervisor against Caucasian employees in his offices." [Id. ¶ 10] Additionally, he reports that he was pressured to "abandon employment" with KET due to his age. [Id. ¶ 11] This conduct, according to Boone, "created an offensive and hostile working environment." [Id.] Boone alleges that, during his employment with KET, he reported "numerous incidents to his supervisors" concerning his co-workers' activities and misdeeds. [Id. ¶ 6] As a result of those reports, KET "began taking retaliatory or harassing action" against him. [Id. ¶ 15] Boone was furloughed on September 2, 2010, and terminated on September 9, 2010. [Id. ¶¶ 7-8] He maintains that, after his termination, KET "retained individuals performing his duties who were substantially younger . . . and lacked the qualifications for the job duties" that he performed. [Id. ¶ 22] Boone filed a Charge of Discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") on December 20, 2010. [Record No. 2-1, p. 2] In his charge,
Boone filed suit against KET on November 8, 2011, in the Franklin Circuit Court. [Id., p. 1] KET removed the action to this Court on November 29, 2011. [Record No. 1] In his complaint, Boone asserts claims for racial discrimination, retaliation, hostile work environment, age discrimination, intentional infliction of emotional distress ("IIED"), and disability discrimination.
Under Title VII, an employer may not "discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). Under the Kentucky Civil Rights Act ("KCRA"), an employer may not "fail or refuse to hire, or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against an individual with respect to compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of the individual's race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age . . . [or] because the person is a qualified individual with a disability." KRS § 344.040 (1)(a). The same analysis generally applies to discrimination claims under Title VII and the KCRA. See Jefferson Cnty. v. Zaring, 91 S.W.3d 583, 590 (Ky. 2002).
KET asserts that Boone's complaint should be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. It contends that Boone's claims for retaliation, hostile work environment, and disparate treatment should be dismissed based on his failure to exhaust administrative remedies. KET also argues that the complaint lacks sufficient factual allegations to support any of Boone's claims.
Several of the claims raised by Boone's complaint must be dismissed for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. "As a general rule, a Title VII plaintiff cannot bring claims in a lawsuit that were not included in his EEOC charge." Younis v. Pinnacle Airlines, Inc., 610 F.3d 359, 365 (6th Cir. 2010). Because the EEOC Charge of Discrimination Form contains a section in which the complainant can check a box to indicate the claim asserted, the failure to check the appropriate box on the charge can preclude an employee from later asserting that claim in a civil suit. See id. at 363 (affirming grant of summary judgment on claim of retaliation because employee did not mark the box to "indicate that he was alleging retaliation"). However, "because aggrieved employees — and not attorneys — usually file charges with the EEOC, their pro se complaints are construed liberally, so that courts may also consider claims that are reasonably related to or grow out of the factual allegations in the EEOC charge." Id. at 362 (citing Randolph v. Ohio Dep't of Youth Servs., 453 F.3d 724, 732 (6th Cir. 2006)). If the employee pleads facts in his charge that "`would prompt the EEOC to investigate a different, uncharged claim, the plaintiff is not precluded from bringing suit on that claim.'" Id. (quoting Davis v. Sodexho, 157 F.3d 460, 463 (6th Cir. 1998)).
In his EEOC charge, Boone marked the "race," "age," and "disability," boxes. [Record No. 2-2, pp. 1-2] He did not mark the box for "retaliation" or "other." Thus, the Court must look to the facts alleged in the charge to determine whether Boone has exhausted his administrative remedies with regard to his claims of: (1) retaliation; (2) hostile work environment; and (3) disparate treatment. In his filing, Boone made the following statement:
[Record No. 2-2, p. 1]
Based on the facts alleged in the EEOC charge, Boone's retaliation claim must fail. In Count II of his complaint, he asserts a claim for "unlawful retaliation . . . under KRS 344.040." [Record No. 1-1 ¶ 16] Yet there is nothing in the narrative portion of the charge that "would have put the EEOC or the employer on notice that [Boone] was alleging retaliation." Younis, 610 F.3d at 363. The charge contains an allegation that he filed "two complaints about the harassment," but does not include any facts to suggest that he was retaliated against for filing those complaints. [Record No. 2-2, p. 1] Moreover, the retaliation claim outlined in Boone's complaint is based on different facts altogether. In Count II, Boone alleges retaliation for his actions in reporting "his co-workers['] time issues and alleged theft," and not the filing of complaints to complain about harassment. [Record No. 1-1 ¶ 15] In short, Boone has not satisfied the requirement that he exhaust administrative remedies with regard to a claim for retaliation.
Boone also attempts to bring a claim against KET for hostile work environment.
Boone's claim of disparate treatment also fails.
When evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court must determine whether the complaint alleges "sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). The plausibility standard is met "when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). Although a complaint need not contain "detailed factual allegations" to survive a motion to dismiss, "a plaintiff's obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted).
KET seeks to dismiss Boone's complaint because the "few facts he alleges concerning time sheets and complaints he made about co-workers do not state a plausible claim for relief under Title VII, ADEA, KCRA, . . . or the ADA." [Record No. 2-1, p. 23] Unfortunately, Boone's response is almost entirely based on a misunderstanding of the pleading requirements after the Supreme Court's decisions in Twombly and Iqbal. He asserts repeatedly that "what a party may plead is different than what one must prove." [Record No. 3, p. 10] This is true. However, the Supreme Court has made it clear that to survive a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff must include sufficient factual content in his complaint to render it plausible that he will be able to prove his claim at a later stage in the action. In other words, Rule 8 "does not unlock the doors of discovery for a plaintiff armed with nothing more than conclusions." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79. To state a plausible claim, Boone must provide "more than a sheer possibility" that KET has acted unlawfully. Id. at 678.
Boone argues that the cases cited by KET merely "lay[] out the requirements to prove the merits of the Plaintiff's claims . . . [but] certainly did not lay out what must be pled." [Record No. 3, p. 7] However, the elements of a given claim are more instructive than Boone seems to realize. What must be pleaded is "factual content that allows the [C]ourt to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Thus, to "survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain either direct or inferential allegations respecting all the material elements to sustain a recovery under some viable legal theory." Hunter v. Sec'y of U.S. Army, 565 F.3d 986, 992 (6th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Boone alleges that he suffered reverse racial discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 due to KET's failure to "take appropriate required action to eliminate a general and consistent pattern and practice of racial discrimination by an African-American manager/supervisor against Caucasian employees in its offices." [Record No. 1-1 ¶ 10; see id. ¶ 13] Generally, to establish a prima facie case of race discrimination, a plaintiff must demonstrate that: (1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he was qualified for the position; (3) he "experienced an adverse employment action"; and (4) he was "replaced by a person outside the protected class." Myers v. Cuyahoga Cnty., 182 F. App'x 510, 517 (6th Cir. 2006). In the context of a reverse discrimination case, the first prong of this test is modified so that the plaintiff must "demonstrate `background circumstances [to] support the suspicion that the defendant is that unusual employer who discriminates against the majority.'" Zambetti v. Cuyahoga Cmty. Coll., 314 F.3d 249, 255 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting Murray v. Thistledown Racing Club, Inc., 770 F.2d 63, 67 (6th Cir. 1985)). A plaintiff may meet this "requirement through a variety of background circumstances: statistical evidence or employment policies showing a history of unlawful consideration of race by the employer, evidence that the person responsible for the employment decision was a minority, or evidence of ongoing racial tension in the workplace." Treadwell v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 447 F. App'x 676, 678 (6th Cir. 2011) (internal citations omitted). In other words, Boone can establish a suspicion that KET discriminates against the majority by alleging facts that tend to show KET "treated differently employees who were similarly situated but not members of the protected group." Zambetti, 314 F.3d at 255 (internal quotation marks omitted).
To support his assertion that "the manager/supervisor treats the African-American employees differently than he does Caucasian employees," [Record No. 1-1 ¶ 10], Boone alleges the following acts:
[Record No. 1-1 ¶ 11] These facts are sufficient at the pleading stage to create a "suspicion that [KET] is that unusual employer who discriminates against the majority." Murray, 770 F.2d at 67; see Treadwell, 447 F. App'x at 678. Therefore, Boone has pleaded factual content to support the first element of his claim.
However, as KET points out, Boone does not "say that the alleged more lenient treatment of African American employees for various infractions had any effect on the terms and conditions of his employment." [Record No. 4, p. 10 (emphasis omitted)] Rather, he alleges that these acts "constituted a continuing pattern of conduct which created an offensive and hostile working environment and interfered with the plaintiff's ability to perform his assigned duties."
The Age Discrimination Enforcement Act ("ADEA") "prohibits an employer from discharging an individual "because of such individual's age." 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1). A plaintiff "may establish a violation of the ADEA by either direct or circumstantial evidence." Geiger v. Tower Auto., 579 F.3d 614, 620 (6th Cir. 2009). To state a claim based on circumstantial evidence, the plaintiff must allege "(1) membership in a protected group; (2) qualification for the job in question; (3) an adverse employment action; and (4) circumstances that support an inference of discrimination." Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 510 (2002) (citing McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973)). An allegation that the plaintiff was replaced by a younger individual supports an inference of discrimination. See Geiger v. Tower Auto., 579 F.3d 614, 620 (6th Cir 2009).
In Swierkiewicz, the Supreme Court held that the elements laid out above create "an evidentiary standard, not a pleading requirement." 534 U.S. at 510. However, the Court specifically stated that "the ordinary rules for assessing the sufficiency of a complaint apply." Id. As a result, the Court will consider Boone's factual allegations, in light of the prima facie case for age discrimination, to determine whether he has stated a plausible claim for relief. See Kasten v. Ford Motor Co., No. 09-11754, 2009 WL 3628012, at *3-4 (E.D. Mich. Oct. 30, 2009).
In his complaint, Boone alleges that he is "over forty (40) years of age," he is qualified for the position at KET, and that KET "retained individuals performing his duties who were substantially younger than [Boone]." [Record No. 1-1 ¶ 20-22] Although these allegations contain little factual development, they are sufficient to make out a prima facie case of age discrimination. See Britton v. Ferro Corp., 2010 WL 3515619, at *3 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 1, 2010) (finding similar allegations sufficient to plead a claim for age discrimination). The allegations give KET fair notice of the cause of action under which Boone seeks to proceed. And although the facts concerning this claim are sparse, there is little else that could be included at this stage that would provide further support for the claim. Therefore, the motion to dismiss will be denied regarding Boone's age discrimination claim.
Boone also asserts a common law claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress ("IIED"). He alleges that KET's conduct "was intentional and/or reckless, and exceed[ed] the generally accepted standards of decency and morality, and as such, constitutes conduct which is intolerable in society." [Record No. 1-1 ¶ 24] KET correctly notes, however, that this claim fails as a matter of law because "Kentucky law makes clear that IIED claims arising from the same facts as KCRA claims are pre-empted." [Record No. 2-1, p. 18] Boone's claim for IIED arises from the same conduct that underlies his KCRA claim. It is, therefore, barred. See Kroger Co. v. Buckley, 113 S.W.3d 644, 647 (Ky. Ct. App. 2003) (finding that a "KRS Chapter 344 claim preempts a common law IIED/outrageous conduct claim" where the plaintiff relies on the same facts for both claims); see also Buckner v. Commonwealth, No. 3:10-36-DCR, 2010 WL 3168089, at *4 (E.D. Ky. Aug. 10, 2010).
Even if it were not preempted by the KCRA, however, this claim fails because the complaint lacks any factual content that would give rise to a colorable IIED claim. To establish an IIED claim under Kentucky law, the plaintiff must prove the following four criteria: "(1) the wrongdoer's conduct must be intentional or reckless, (2) the conduct must be outrageous and intolerable, (3) there must be a causal connection between the conduct and the emotional distress, and (4) the emotional distress must have been severe." Wilson v. Lowe's Home Ctr., 75 S.W.3d 229, 238 (Ky. Ct. App. 2001) (citing Craft v. Rice, 671 S.W.2d 247, 249 (Ky. 1984)). Count IV contains merely "a formulaic recitation of the elements" of an IIED claim, with no factual support for Boone's conclusory statements. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. Looking to the rest of the complaint, there are no allegations of conduct on the part of KET that would constitute "outrageous and extreme acts." [Record No. 1-1 ¶ 25] Even if true, none of the conduct alleged in this complaint was "`so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.'"
Finally, Boone asserts a claim for discrimination on the basis of his disability. Specifically, he alleges that he "is disabled due to his medical conditions . . . including a heart condition[], high-blood pressure and panic attacks." [Record No. 1-1 ¶ 29] He maintains that "[d]ue to [KET's] actions, the Plaintiff has suffered adverse employment actions . . . and said conduct constitutes disability discrimination." [Id. ¶ 30] To state a claim under the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), a plaintiff must establish that: (1) he is disabled; (2) he "is otherwise qualified for the job, with or without `reasonable' accommodation"; (3) he experienced an adverse employment action; (4) "the employer knew or had reason to know of his . . . disability"; and (5) after his termination, "the disabled individual was replaced." Monette v. Electronic Data Sys. Corp., 90 F.3d 1173, 1185 (6th Cir. 1996)).
Count V of Boone's complaint is virtually devoid of any factual support. He alleges only the bare legal conclusions that he is disabled and KET engaged in disability discrimination. [Record No. 1-1 ¶¶ 28, 30] However, when read together with the facts alleged in his EEOC charge, Boone's complaint is sufficient to state a claim for disability discrimination. See Amini, 259 F.3d at 503. KET asserts that the disability claim should be dismissed "for failure to plead facts showing that . . . KET knew of the conditions he now claims are disabling, or that KET terminated his employment because of those conditions." [Record No. 4, p. 10 (emphasis omitted)] However, in his EEOC charge, Boone alleged that he "made management aware of [his] disability" and that he was "ultimately fired due to [his] disability." [Record No. 2-2, p. 1] The complaint also alleges that he was replaced, albeit with regard to his claim for age discrimination. [See Record No. 1-1 ¶ 22] Therefore, Boone has sufficiently pleaded a claim for disability discrimination under the ADA. KET's motion to dismiss will be denied regarding this claim.
Boone requests leave to amend his complaint in the event that the Court grants KET's motion. [Record No. 3, p. 13] The Court notes that plaintiffs generally are "not entitled to an advisory opinion from the district court informing them of the deficiencies of the complaint and then an opportunity to cure those deficiencies." Winget v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 537 F.3d 565, 573 (6th Cir. 2008). Under Iqbal, plaintiffs should not be permitted to conduct discovery in order to fix factually deficient complaints, even where the necessary information is within the defendant's exclusive possession. New Albany Tractor, Inc. v. Louisville Tractor, Inc., 650 F.3d 1046, 1051 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1954). Rather, in such cases, dismissal with prejudice is proper. See id. at 1053. However, because Boone originally filed his complaint in state court, the Court finds that dismissal without prejudice will better serve the interests of justice with regard to his claims for race discrimination and IIED.
Boone's claims for retaliation, hostile work environment, and disparate treatment are barred for failure to administratively exhaust. Additionally, Boone has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted for race discrimination or IIED. Therefore, these claims will be dismissed, leaving only his claims for age and disability discrimination. Accordingly, it is hereby
1. Defendant Commonwealth of Kentucky, Kentucky Authority for Educational Television's Motion to Dismiss [Record No. 2] is
2. Plaintiff Thomas Boone's claims for disparate treatment (Count I), retaliation (Count II), and hostile work environment (Count II) are
3. Plaintiff Thomas Boone's claims for race discrimination (Count I) and intentional infliction of emotional distress (Count IV) are