MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

AUDREY G. FLEISSIG, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.

This matter is before the Court upon review of the parties' briefs, invited by the Court, as to whether the Court should reconsider its December 22, 2015 Amended Memorandum Opinion on liability ("Liability Opinion") in light of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit's decision in Karsjens v. Piper, 845 F.3d 394 (8th Cir. 2017).1 At the request of Plaintiffs, the Court held oral argument on this issue on June 23, 2017.

In its Liability Opinion, the Court found that Missouri's civil commitment statute for sexually violent predators ("SVP Act"), Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 632.480-632.525, was unconstitutional as applied to the Missouri Department of Mental Health's ("DMH") Sex Offender Rehabilitation and Treatment Services ("SORTS") facilities. In Karsjens, the Eighth Circuit rejected a substantially similar challenge to the SVP civil commitment statute and treatment program in Minnesota. With some reluctance, in light of the extensive proceedings to date, the Court finds that Karsjens compels reconsideration of the Liability Opinion and entry of judgment in favor of Defendants, as Defendants request in their brief.

BACKGROUND

The approximately 225 Plaintiffs in this class action are civilly committed residents of SORTS, who have been declared sexually violent predators under Missouri's SVP Act. Plaintiffs filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and named as Defendants various executives and employees of SORTS and the DMH, solely in their official capacities. In their Fifth Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs asserted that the SVP Act was unconstitutional as written and as applied to SORTS, and that the reimbursement sought by the state from SORTS residents was also unconstitutional.2

On September 30, 2011, the Court certified this case as a class action under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(2). After extensive informal and formal discovery, the Court, on December 19, 2014, granted Plaintiffs' uncontested motion to bifurcate the trial into two phases: liability and remedy. ECF No. 358. The Court held an eight-day bench trial on the issue of liability only, beginning on April 21, 2015.

The only claims remaining for trial were that the SVP Act on its face and as applied to SORTS, as well as the reimbursement sought by the state from SORTS residents, violated Plaintiffs' substantive due process rights. In their as-applied challenge to the SVP Act, Plaintiffs claimed that (1) particular modalities of treatment at SORTS were inadequate due to staff and funding shortages, and (2) the entire SORTS treatment program was a sham because, in its 16 years of operation, SORTS had neither established the risk assessment and release procedures contemplated by the SVP Act, nor successfully treated and released any residents back into the community following such treatment.

In its Liability Opinion, the Court denied relief on Plaintiffs' facial challenge to the SVP Act, Plaintiffs' claim challenging the state's reimbursement scheme, and Plaintiffs' as-applied challenge regarding the adequacy of SORTS' treatment modalities. However, the Court concluded that the SVP Act was unconstitutional as applied to SORTS with respect to certain discrete aspects of risk assessment and release.

The first constitutional deficiency the Court found was the manner in which Defendants conducted annual assessments of the mental condition of Plaintiffs, known as "annual reviews." The evidence at trial showed that annual reviews were the primary tool that the state courts used to evaluate whether a civilly committed person continued to satisfy the statutory criteria for commitment. The Court concluded that SORTS officials responsible for conducting annual reviews were not consistently applying the correct legal standard for evaluating Plaintiffs' risk level under the statutory criteria. The Court held that the improper application of the annual review mechanism contributed to the continued confinement of Plaintiffs beyond the time constitutionally justified. ECF No. 501 at 53-54.

The second constitutional deficiency the Court found was with respect to the release portion of the SORTS treatment program and the lack of any community reintegration program. The Court concluded that Defendants' stated goal of treating and safely reintegrating Plaintiffs back into the community was observed in theory but not in practice, and that the release portion of SORTS was a sham. Id. at 54-55. In particular, the Court found that SORTS undisputedly had residents who, because of their age and physical infirmity or because of their treatment progress, had reduced their risk below the standard required for commitment, but that Defendants consistently opposed the release of such residents and had not designed any procedures for their community reintegration.

The final constitutional deficiency the Court found was with respect to the release procedures at SORTS. The Court concluded that the Director of the DMH had effectively abdicated his statutory duty under Mo. Rev. Stat. § 632.501, which provides that "[i]f the director of the [DMH] determines that the person's mental abnormality has so changed that the person is not likely to commit acts of sexual violence if released,3 the director shall authorize the person to petition the court for release."4 The Court found that the Director had not authorized a single person committed under the SVP Act to petition for conditional release, and that Defendants were instead stalling or blocking Director authorization even when SORTS treatment providers and annual reviewers concluded that a resident qualified for conditional release.

In arriving at these conclusions, the Court held that the standard of review for a substantive due process challenge to civil commitment statutes was not strict scrutiny, as Plaintiffs advocated. Rather, the Court applied the standard set forth by the United States Supreme Court in Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715, 738, 92 S.Ct. 1845, 32 L.Ed.2d 435 (1972), which held that "[a]t the least, due process requires that the nature and duration of commitment bear some reasonable relation to the purpose for which the individual is committed." Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715, 738, 92 S.Ct. 1845, 32 L.Ed.2d 435 (1972). Moreover, to the extent that Plaintiffs' as-applied claim required a further finding that the constitutional violation was conscience-shocking, as Defendants had argued, the Court found that Defendants' conduct with respect to risk assessment and release as described above did indeed shock the conscience. ECF No. 501 at 57.

The Court held that Plaintiffs' prayers for injunctive relief with respect to the constitutional violation found by the Court would be addressed in a second phase of trial, the "Remedies Phase," initially set for March 30, 2016. However, before trial was held in the Remedies Phase, the parties jointly moved to stay all proceedings in order to engage in settlement negotiations. After extensive negotiations with the assistance of Retired United States Magistrate Judge Mary Ann Medler, a proposed settlement was reached.

Approximately 175 of the 225 of the class members (more than 75% of the class), including all of the class representatives, objected to the proposed settlement and were represented by appointed counsel. Although the Court permitted class members to file letters in support of the proposed settlement, only one class member did so. The objectors, through appointed counsel, stated in their briefs and at a fairness hearing before this Court that they understood that the proposed settlement would eliminate the significant risk associated with an appeal of this case, and/or of an adverse decision in the then-pending appeal of Karsjens. But the objectors nevertheless opposed the settlement because it did not fully address the violations found in the Court's Liability Opinion. On November 23, 2016, after careful consideration of the settlement's terms and objections thereto, the Court denied the motion to approve the proposed settlement. The Remedies Phase trial was thereafter scheduled for June 12, 2017.

Meanwhile, on January 3, 2017, the Eighth Circuit issued its opinion in Karsjens. The district court in Karsjens had found that the Minnesota civil commitment statute was unconstitutional on its face and as applied, and applied strict scrutiny to both types of claims. Karsjens v. Jesson, 109 F.Supp.3d 1139, 1166, 1170 (D. Minn. 2015). The district court concluded that the statute was facially unconstitutional in a number of respects primarily related to deficiencies in risk assessment and release procedures, which the court found authorized "prolonged commitment, even after committed individuals no longer pose a danger to the public," and "result[ed] in a punitive effect and application contrary to the purpose of civil commitment." Id. at 1168-70.

The district court in Karsjens also concluded that the statute was unconstitutional as applied to Minnesota's treatment program ("MSOP") for reasons again largely related to risk assessment and release, and which also resulted in the plaintiffs "being confined to MSOP beyond such a time as they either meet the statutory reduction in custody criteria or no longer satisfy the constitutional threshold for continued commitment." Id. at 1170.

In its findings of fact, the district court specifically found that "MSOP knows that there are Class Members who meet the reduction in custody criteria or who no longer meet the commitment criteria but who continue to be confined at the MSOP," and that "[d]espite its knowledge that individuals have met the criteria for release, the MSOP has never petitioned on behalf of a committed individual for full discharge." Id. at 1164. The district court then concluded that the Minnesota statute was unconstitutional as applied for the following reasons:

Id. at 1173-74. As with the facial violation, the district found that the as-applied constitutional violation resulted in "a punitive effect and application contrary to the purpose of civil commitment." Id. at 1174. The district court entered injunctive relief to remedy these deficiencies.

The Eighth Circuit reversed. In doing so, the Eighth Circuit first held that the district court applied the wrong standard of scrutiny to the plaintiffs' facial and as-applied substantive due process claims. Karsjens, 845 F.3d at 407. In particular, the Eighth Circuit held that "[a]lthough the Supreme Court has characterized civil commitment as a significant deprivation of liberty, it has never declared that persons who pose a significant danger to themselves or others possess a fundamental liberty interest in freedom from physical restraint." Id. (citing Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 425, 99 S.Ct. 1804, 60 L.Ed.2d 323 (1979) and Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71, 116, 112 S.Ct. 1780, 118 L.Ed.2d 437 (1992) (Thomas, J., dissenting)).

The Eighth Circuit relied on Jackson v. Indiana's "reasonable relation" test, as did this Court, and held that the proper standard of scrutiny to be applied to the plaintiffs' facial due process challenge was whether the statute "bears a rational relationship to a legitimate government purpose." Id. at 407-08. The Eighth Circuit concluded that the Minnesota statute, on its face, survived this highly deferential reasonable relationship review. Id. at 409.

With respect to the as-applied challenge, the Eighth Circuit held that the proper standard was to require the plaintiffs to demonstrate "both that the state defendants' conduct was conscience-shocking, and that the state defendants violated one or more fundamental rights that are deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition, and implicit in the concept of ordered liberty, such that neither liberty nor justice would exist if they were sacrificed." Id. at 408 (quoting Moran v. Clarke, 296 F.3d 638, 651 (8th Cir. 2002) (en banc) (Bye, J., concurring and writing for a majority on this issue)). To shock the conscience, the Eighth Circuit held that "the alleged substantive due process violations must involve conduct so severe[,] so disproportionate to the need presented, and so inspired by malice or sadism rather than a merely careless or unwise excess of zeal that it amounted to a brutal and inhumane abuse of official power literally shocking to the conscience." Id. (citing Moran, 296 F.3d at 647) (quoting In re Scott Cty. Master Docket, 672 F.Supp. 1152, 1166 (D. Minn. 1987)).

The Eighth Circuit held that the grounds upon which the district court relied in finding an as-applied due process violation could not satisfy the conjunctive standard applicable to such a claim. Accordingly, the Eighth Circuit denied relief on the as-applied claim. Id. at 410-411.

In their briefs now before the Court, the parties dispute the effect Karsjens has on this Court's finding of liability with respect to Plaintiff's as-applied claim challenging risk-assessment and release.5 Plaintiffs assert that Karsjens has no effect on the Court's Liability Opinion because the Court found that Defendants' conduct was conscience-shocking. Plaintiffs characterize the Eighth Circuit's statement that as-applied substantive due process claims require both a violation of a fundamental liberty interest and conscience-shocking conduct as dicta. In any event, Plaintiffs argue that Karsjens did not foreclose a finding that "the use of lifetime, punitive detention" implicates a fundamental liberty interest. ECF No. 764 at 8-9.

At oral argument, Plaintiffs also insisted that the Court is free to disregard the Eighth Circuit's conclusion that the Minnesota defendants' conduct did not shock the conscience. According to Plaintiffs, the Eighth Circuit's decision in this respect was contrary to the United States Supreme Court's decisions in County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 118 S.Ct. 1708, 140 L.Ed.2d 1043 (1998) and other cases, because the Eighth Circuit appeared to incorporate an intent-to-harm requirement into the shocks-the-conscience standard, notwithstanding that the state defendants had time to deliberate prior to taking action.

Defendants argue that Karsjens compels reconsideration of the Liability Opinion to the extent it granted relief on Plaintiffs' as-applied claim. Defendants argue that under Karsjens, Plaintiffs' as-applied claim is subject to a conjunctive standard requiring conduct that both violates a fundamental liberty interest and shocks the conscience. Defendants contend that, like the Minnesota plaintiffs in Karsjens, Plaintiffs here cannot satisfy the first prong because "the Eighth Circuit held that persons committed pursuant to sexually-violent predator statutes do not possess a fundamental liberty interest in being free of confinement." ECF No. 765 at 14. Defendants insisted at oral argument that, in light of this holding, even if the state defendants continued to confine civilly committed individuals whom the defendants knew were no longer mentally ill or dangerous, such conduct would not give rise to a substantive due process violation. Rather, Defendants argued, such civilly committed individuals would have to seek relief in the state courts using the procedures available under the state civil commitment statute or assert that such procedures are insufficient in terms of procedural due process.

Defendants further argue that even if a fundamental liberty interest were at stake, the Liability Opinion's findings with respect to risk-assessment and release "mirror closely the putative deficiencies in the Minnesota program that the Eighth Circuit held to be categorically insufficient to satisfy the conscience-shocking test." Id. at 17-18. At oral argument, Defendants maintained that the Eighth Circuit's holding with respect to the shocks-the-conscience test is consistent with prior Eighth Circuit precedent and is binding on this Court. For these reasons, Defendants argue that the Court should reconsider the Liability Opinion and enter judgment in favor of Defendants.

DISCUSSION

A "district court has the inherent power to reconsider and modify an interlocutory order any time prior to the entry of judgment." K.C.1986 Ltd. P'ship v. Reade Mfg., 472 F.3d 1009, 1017 (8th Cir. 2007). In particular, reconsideration may be justified in light of an intervening development in the controlling law. See Westinghouse Elec. Co. v. United States, No. 4:03CV861 CDP, 2009 WL 881605, at *4 (E.D. Mo. Mar. 30, 2009); see also Conrod v. Davis, 120 F.3d 92, 95 (8th Cir. 1997) ("Where the district court believes that an earlier decision was reached in error, it may revisit the decision to avoid later reversal.") (citation omitted).

The Court believes that reconsideration is required here in light of Karsjens. The Eighth Circuit clearly held that "to maintain an as-applied due process challenge, the class plaintiffs have the burden of showing the state actors' actions were conscience-shocking and violate a fundamental liberty interest." Karsjens, 845 F.3d at 410 (emphasis added).6 The Eighth Circuit further held that claims substantially similar to the ones alleged here do not implicate a fundamental liberty interest. Although these holdings raise troubling questions as to whether civil commitment statutes can ever be challenged on as-applied substantive due process grounds, they are binding on this Court. And they end the Court's inquiry because, according to Karsjens, without a fundamental liberty interest, Plaintiffs' as-applied claim fails no matter how shocking the state defendants' conduct.

In any event, the Court cannot distinguish Defendants' conduct with respect to risk assessment and release from the conduct of the state defendants in Karsjens, which the Eighth Circuit definitively held was not conscience-shocking. Applying the standard used by the Eighth Circuit in Karsjens,7 the Court may have still held that, at the least, continuing to confine the aged and infirm who are undisputedly no longer dangerous shocks the conscience. But Karsjens precludes such a holding. There, too, the district court found that the state defendants continued to confine individuals known to no longer meet the criteria for commitment, but according to the Eighth Circuit, neither this nor any of the other actions taken by the state defendants was enough to shock the conscience.

The Supreme Court has held that "substantive due process demands an exact analysis of circumstances" before determining whether conduct shocks the conscience. Lewis, 523 U.S. at 850, 118 S.Ct. 1708. And as Plaintiffs correctly note, in Lewis, relied heavily upon by the Eighth Circuit in Karsjens, the Supreme Court distinguished circumstances in which "actual deliberation is practical," such as a "custodial prison situation," from those in which "decisions [are] necessarily made in haste, under pressure, and frequently without the luxury of a second change," such as a prison riot or high-speed chase. Id. at 852-53, 118 S.Ct. 1708. The Supreme Court held that, in the former circumstance, "deliberate indifference can rise to a constitutionally shocking level," whereas in the latter, a "purpose to cause harm" is needed to shock the conscience. Id. at 852-53, 118 S.Ct. 1708.

The Karsjens opinion did not discuss this distinction when determining that the Minnesota defendants' conduct with respect to risk assessment and release of civilly committed individuals did not shock the conscience. Id. at 411. Nevertheless, the opinion "is controlling until overruled by [the Eighth Circuit] en banc, by the Supreme Court, or by Congress." M.M. ex rel. L.R. v. Special Sch. Dist. No. 1, 512 F.3d 455, 459 (8th Cir. 2008).

CONCLUSION

Accordingly,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Court's December 22, 2015 Amended Memorandum Opinion (ECF No. 501) is VACATED in part, to the extent that it granted Plaintiffs' claims in part, and Plaintiffs' claims are hereby DENIED.

All claims against all parties having been resolved, a separate Judgment shall accompany this Memorandum and Order.