OPINION

McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge.

This is a case about identity theft and apparently reflects the axiom that no good deed should go unpunished. The issue presented is whether a corporation violates the Fair Credit Reporting Act when it obtains a "consumer report" in the name provided by an imposter in order to verify a consumer's identity and eligibility for a business service. As we determine that Dish Network's conduct complied with the Fair Credit Reporting Act, we AFFIRM the district court's grant of summary judgment on the related claims. We also AFFIRM the district court's entry of judgment on Dish's counterclaim for abuse of process.

I. FACTS

On October 7, 2009, American Satellite, an independent, third party retailer of satellite television services for Dish Network ("Dish"), received a phone call from a potential consumer interested in obtaining satellite television. For reasons that are not clear from the record, the initial caller, Patrice Louis, was unable to open an account. She then placed her "cousin," who purportedly resided in the same household, on the phone. This second person, who identified herself as "Gregina Dickley,"1 provided the American Satellite representative with what she claimed to be her social security number. In actuality, the number belonged to Gregory Bickley, the plaintiff in the present case. Dickley was an identity thief, and Bickley would have been the victim, but for the actions taken by American Satellite.

The American Satellite representative then inputted Dickley's name and social security number into an interface that connects to three credit reporting agencies: Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion. The agencies followed a "waterfall" process as they attempted to cross-verify that the information matched. The basic process was as follows: the first agency assessed whether the social security number corresponded to the consumer's name. If a match was found, in this instance by Equifax, it would inform American Satellite that the person was "Approved;" but if the search revealed a "Declined No Hit" response, Equifax would send the consumer's information to a second agency, Experian, to run the information through a similar cross-verification process. If this second search also returned a "Declined No Hit" response, Experian would forward the information to a third credit agency, TransUnion, which would run the information through its databases. If TransUnion also returned a "Declined No Hit" response, it would forward this final determination to the requesting company.

In the present case, TransUnion responded to the American Satellite representative with "Declined No Hit." This indicated that, following the "waterfall" process, all three credit agencies — Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion — had been unable to find a positive match based on the information provided. After receiving the TransUnion notification, American Satellite informed Dickley that her attempt to open a new account had been declined. This short conversation between an identity thief attempting to open an account using fraudulent information and the American Satellite representative provides the humble origins for the present litigation.

On October 20, 2009, Bickley received a credit report indicating that "Dish" had purportedly made an inquiry of some kind under his name. Whether Dish actually made the inquiry or whether the credit report indicated that Dish had made the inquiry because American Satellite contacted the credit agencies using Dish's credit-agency interface is disputed. Regardless, shortly after Bickley learned about the "Dish" inquiry, Dish contacted him and informed him that someone had attempted to open an account in his name. Dish even provided Bickley with a recording of the phone conversation between the American Satellite representative and the identity thief, Dickley.

Almost a year after learning about the "Dish" inquiry, and despite knowing that the inquiry had prevented the theft of his identity, on November 3, 2010, Bickley filed a complaint initiating the present litigation. The complaint alleged that Dish wilfully and negligently violated the Fair Credit Reporting Act ("Fair Credit Act"), 15 U.S.C. § 1681b, by requesting and using his credit report without having a "permissible purpose." Despite this allegation, or perhaps precisely because this allegation hinges on the existence of a "permissible purpose," neither the complaint nor the amended complaint make any mention of the attempted identity theft. When asked at his deposition whether the identity theft, which triggered the credit inquiry in the first place, was an important aspect to this case, Bickley responded, "Possibly. I'm not too sure." R. 36-2, Bickley Dep. at 87, PageID # 306. We are not so lukewarm, and find the conspicuous underdevelopment of this key factual detail in Bickley's complaint and in the briefs bordering on deceitful.

Not content with merely alleging a statutory violation, Bickley also contended in the complaint that Dish intentionally inflicted emotional distress through its conduct. That is, Bickley alleged that, despite having more than one dozen other credit inquiries on his report, he "suffer[ed] severe mental and emotional distress, anguish, humiliation, and loss of privacy"2 because Dish allegedly received a consumer report that enabled it to prevent the theft of Bickley's identity.

Following Bickley's complaint, Dish filed a counterclaim for abuse of process. Dish contended that Bickley lacked good faith in bringing his Fair Credit Act claim because he knew that the credit score inquiry had actually been undertaken by American Satellite, not Dish, and that any indication that Dish had made the inquiry was due to the fact that American Satellite contacted the credit agencies using Dish's credit-agency interface. Dish also argued that Bickley had brought suit against it, instead of American Satellite, which was then defunct, in order to extort settlement money. Dish subsequently moved for summary judgment on all of Bickley's claims and further requested that the district court enter a default judgment in its favor or, in the alternative, grant summary judgment on its counterclaim because Bickley had failed to answer or respond. Bickley contested the motion for summary judgment and, in turn, moved for judgment on the pleadings with regard to Dish's counterclaim.

The district court granted Bickley's motion for judgment on the pleadings with regard to the abuse of process claim, as well as Dish's motion for summary judgment on the Fair Credit Act claims. Bickley then moved the court to reconsider, and after granting an extension of time for additional discovery, the district court affirmed the original grant of summary judgment for Dish on the Fair Credit Act claims. Bickley now appeals the grant of summary judgment, and Dish has cross-appealed the entry of judgment on the pleadings as to Dish's abuse of process counterclaim.

II. ANALYSIS

We review the district court's grant of summary of judgment de novo. Newell Rubbermaid, Inc., v. Raymond Corp., 676 F.3d 521, 526 (6th Cir.2012). When reviewing such a grant, we draw all inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and assess whether the "record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). In other words, summary judgment is appropriate "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 56(a).

The Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970, 15 U.S.C. § 1681, is designed to accomplish dual goals: "to promote efficiency in the Nation's banking system and to protect consumer privacy." TRW Inc. v. Andrews, 534 U.S. 19, 23, 122 S.Ct. 441, 151 L.Ed.2d 339 (2001); see also 15 U.S.C. § 1681(a)(4). Towards this end, the Fair Credit Act regulates the permissible uses of "consumer reports," which summarize credit history and credit worthiness, see 15 U.S.C. § 1681b, and creates a private right of action allowing injured consumers to recover for negligent and willful violations of the Fair Credit Act. See 15 U.S.C. § 1681n (willful violations); 15 U.S.C. § 1681o (negligent violations).

Bickley has brought claims against Dish under both 15 U.S.C. § 1681n and § 1681o. To maintain a claim for improper use of a credit report, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant acted with the specified level of culpability.3 The plaintiff must also show three elements: "(i) that there was a `consumer report' within the meaning of the statute; (ii) that the defendant used or obtained it; and (iii) that the defendant did so without a permissible statutory purpose." Godby v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 599 F.Supp.2d 934, 937 (S.D.Ohio 2008); Phillips v. Grendahl, 312 F.3d 357, 364 (8th Cir.2002) abrogated on other grounds by Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. Burr, 551 U.S. 47, 127 S.Ct. 2201, 167 L.Ed.2d 1045 (2007). If Bickley fails to demonstrate any element of this analysis, the Fair Credit Act claim must fail. We address each element in turn.

1) Was there a "consumer report" within the meaning of the statute?

The district court sustained Dish's motion for summary judgment after determining that Bickley had failed to show enough evidence that Dish received a "consumer report" under the Fair Credit Act. A "consumer report" is defined as the following:

15 U.S.C. § 1681a(d)(1) (emphasis added). Bickley contests the district court's determination that Dish did not receive a "consumer report." Although there is compelling evidence that American Satellite contacted the credit agencies using Dish's credit-agency interface, and that Dish only accessed Bickley's "consumer report" when it investigated and provided discovery responses in the present case, "at the summary judgment stage the judge's function is not himself to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).

Bickley points to several different pieces of evidence as proof that Dish obtained a "consumer report." (1) Bickley's "credit report" from Equifax indicates that "Dish Network" made an "inquiry"4 on October 7, 2009.(2) Internal records from Equifax vaguely indicate that Dish made an "identification inquiry" and a "credit report inquiry" on October 7, 2009.(3) An email from counsel for Equifax indicates that Dish received only "header" information on October 7, 2009.(4) A report produced by Dish during discovery and titled the "Decision Detail Report," which was purportedly created on October 7, 2009, shows Bickley's Echostar Risk number, which is discussed further infra. (5) On the motion to reconsider the grant of summary judgment, Bickley presented to the district court an interrogatory response from Equifax, which provides, "[o]n or about October 7, 2009, Dish Network requested a consumer report from Equifax for an individual that Dish Network identified as Crgringrina Dickley.... Equifax provided Dish Network with a copy of Plaintiff's credit file because the file contained a matching social security number and address."

While we agree with the district court that the credit inquiries resulting in a "Declined No Hit" response (1 & 2) and that the ambiguously termed "Header Information" (3) are not "consumer reports," the Decision Detail Report (4) appears to be a consumer report. Both parties acknowledge that the Decision Detail Report contains an "Echostar Risk" number, which is "based on the number of consumer initiated inquiries in the past 12 months, length of time bank revolving accounts have been opened, length of time accounts have been opened, and the percent of accounts opened in the past 24 months versus total accounts reported in the past 12 months." R. 42-2, Decision Detail Report, PageID # 471. The Echostar Risk number clearly has bearing on a consumer's credit worthiness, and therefore is a "consumer report" as defined under 15 U.S.C. § 1681(d).5 As to when Dish allegedly received the report, under the "Summary Section," the document states, "Date Created 10/07/2009." This is the same date that Dickley attempted to fraudulently open a Dish account. In addition to the Decision Detail Report, Equifax's admission (5) that it "provided Dish Network with a copy of Plaintiff's credit file" also suggests that Dish might have been provided a "consumer report." See R. 37-1, Picchione Dep. at 35-36, PageID # 360-61.

Taken altogether, there is sufficient evidence for a rational trier of fact to find that there was a "consumer report" within the meaning of the statute, meaning that Bickley has satisfied the first element of his claim for improper use of a credit report.

2) Did Dish "use or obtain" the "consumer report"?

We next turn to the "use or obtain" element. This is more easily disposed of. The district court found that Dish "use[d] or obtain[ed]" a "consumer report." See R. 56, Op. & Order, at 7 n. 7, PageID # 578. Dish does not contest this allegation on appeal, see Def. Br. at 17, and even if it did, the aforementioned evidence in the record creates a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Dish obtained Bickley's "consumer report" on October 7, 2009. Thus, the second element is also established.

3) Did Dish use the "consumer report" without a permissible statutory purpose?

The final and dispositive question presented is whether Dish used the alleged "consumer report" without a permissible statutory purpose.6 Under the Fair Credit Act, any consumer reporting agency may furnish a "consumer report" to a person that it has reason to believe will use the information for one of several permissible purposes detailed in 15 U.S.C. § 1681b. One such "permissible purpose" arises when the person "otherwise has a legitimate business need for the information... in connection with a business transaction that is initiated by the consumer." 15 U.S.C. § 1681b(a)(3)(F)(i). Accordingly, we first look into whether there was a legitimate business need, and second whether it was in connection with a business transaction initiated by the consumer.

i. Was there a legitimate business need?

Dish contends that it had a legitimate need: "verifying the identity and qualification of the caller for satellite television service." Def. Br. at 20. While this is an issue of first impression before this circuit, like the district court, we are persuaded that verifying the identity of a consumer and assessing his eligibility for a service is a "legitimate business need," and therefore constitutes a permissible statutory purpose. It also seems beyond dispute that a "legitimate business need" exists to prevent identity theft.

Bickley presents multiple arguments on appeal as to why Dish did not have a "legitimate business need." 15 U.S.C. § 1681b(a)(3)(F)(i). None of them are compelling, nor are they supported by the case law. Beginning with the statutory terms, the term "legitimate business needs" refers to the person who has requested the report — in this instance, it refers to Dish — not to the consumer. See Pappas v. City of Calumet City, 9 F.Supp.2d 943, 949 (N.D.Ill.1998); Fernandez v. Retail Credit Co., 349 F.Supp. 652, 654-55 (E.D.La.1972). We thus review whether Dish had a "legitimate business need" for the information.

The case law makes clear that a company has a "legitimate business need" when it assesses a consumer's eligibility for a business service. See Smith v. Bob Smith Chevrolet, Inc., 275 F.Supp.2d 808, 816-17 (W.D.Ky.2003) ("Congress primarily envisioned consumer reports being disseminated for the purposes of assessing `eligibility.'"); Godby, 599 F.Supp.2d at 940-41 (similar); FTC Informal Staff Opinion Letter, William Haynes (Mar. 2, 1998) (similar). For example, in Estiverne v. Sak's Fifth Avenue, the Fifth Circuit held that a retail store had a "legitimate business need" when it requested a credit report to determine whether or not to accept or reject a consumer's check. 9 F.3d 1171, 1173 (5th Cir.1993); accord Ewing v. Wells Fargo Bank, No. CV11-8194-PCT-JAT, 2012 WL 1844807, *5 (D.Ariz. May 21, 2012); Williams v. AT & T Wireless Services, Inc., 5 F.Supp.2d 1142, 1152 (W.D.Wash. Feb. 23, 1998). Just as the retailer in Estiverne had a legitimate business interest in attempting to avoid being defrauded, other service providers, like Dish, have a legitimate interest in confirming that prospective consumers are who they claim to be and are eligible for services. This prevents the corporation from providing services that might not be reimbursed and protects innocent consumers like Bickley whose identity might otherwise be stolen. The case law, thus, points to one inescapable conclusion: Dish had a "legitimate business need" when it allegedly obtained the Bickley's consumer report.

Bickley does not address any of these cases, though many were relied upon by the district court, preferring instead to draw this court's attention to dicta in Andrews v. TRW Inc., 225 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir.2000), reversed on other grounds, 534 U.S. 19, 122 S.Ct. 441, 151 L.Ed.2d 339 (2001). Andrews focused on whether a credit agency had "reasonable grounds" under 15 U.S.C. § 1681b(a)(3)(A) for providing a credit report to an imposter, claiming to be the plaintiff. We are concerned here with whether a business, not a credit agency, had a "legitimate business interest" in requesting and obtaining a report under 15 U.S.C. § 1681b(a)(3)(F). Not only are these distinct statutory sections, but they also contain distinct standards on the basis that a credit reporting agency, unlike a regular business, provides a gatekeeper function for sensitive credit information. See R. 68, Op. & Order at 7 n. 5, PageID # 749. Bickley's attempt to recharacterize the Andrews holding as focusing on "the legitimate business need" standard is clearly belied by the fact that the words "legitimate business need," or any combination thereof, are never used in the opinion, nor is there any discussion on the point. As Andrews addressed a different standard and credit-agency focused issues, which are not raised here, we do not find the court's dicta to be persuasive or relevant to the present inquiry.

Finally, Bickley argues that once Dish received the "Declined No Hit" response, it no longer had any need to request his credit report. But this broadly overstates the case. A "Declined No Hit" response is not the same as a "Fraud Alert" response, which raises the immediate specter of identity theft. From Dish's perspective, it was still dealing with a potential consumer. This is why after receiving the "Declined No Hit" response, the American Satellite representative still discussed other promotions with Dickley; there was not yet a reason to suspect identity theft. We are left then with an initial inquiry and an alleged subsequent request for a "consumer report" that were made on the same day and were for the same purpose. As both requests were prompted by legitimate business needs — specifically, the need to clarify the consumer's identity and to ascertain his eligibility for service — the alleged request for a "consumer report" was supported by a permissible statutory purpose.

In sum, on October 7, 2009, at the time Dish allegedly accessed Bickley's credit report, it believed that he was a potential consumer. Following the relevant case law, Dish had a "legitimate business need" to request his consumer report. We reject the contention that a company, dealing with an imposter purporting to be the consumer, should be held liable when the company attempts in good-faith to verify the consumer's identity and eligibility for commercial services. To hold otherwise would twist the underlying purpose of the statute and punish companies for preventing identity theft.7 The Fair Credit Act was not intended to be used as a sword against businesses protecting consumers' identities, and we decline to grant such a weapon to a party as litigious and seemingly insensible of the benefit that he has received as Bickley.

ii. Was this business transaction initiated by the consumer?

Bickley next contends that he did not "initiate" the business transaction with Dish, and therefore, that it cannot be said that Dish "otherwise ha[d] a legitimate business need for the information — in connection with a business transaction that is initiated by the consumer." 15 U.S.C. § 1681b(a)(3)(F)(i). We reject such a hollow argument. Bickley is suggesting that Dish violated the statute when it attempted to verify that it was in compliance with the statute by ensuring that the transaction had in fact been initiated by the consumer. This cannot be accurate, which is perhaps why there is, unsurprisingly, no case law to support the position. The requirement that a consumer "initiate" a business transaction is designed to protect a consumer's privacy and credit-related data by preventing companies from running credit checks that are unrequested by the consumer. It is readily apparent that such malfeasance did not occur in the present case. To the contrary, by executing a cross-verification process, Dish safeguarded the integrity of Bickley's data and identity.

Bickley's reading of the statute blithely ignores that a consumer did initiate the transaction, and that Dish believed in good faith that Bickley was "the consumer." It also overlooks that Dish's alleged conduct conferred a benefit to Bickley. He did not become the victim of identity theft precisely because of Dish's precautions. Other courts have noted that it is reasonable to "infer the consumer's implicit waiver or consent" where the business' conduct "is exactly the sort of thing the Fair Credit Act seeks to promote." Trans Union Corp. v. F.T.C., 81 F.3d 228, 234 (D.C.Cir. 1996); see also Smith, 275 F.Supp.2d at 817 ("Congress intended to allow access to a consumer report either when that access would benefit a consumer or would facilitate the collection of a pre-existing debt."). Here, Dish's alleged conduct is perfectly consonant with the underlying purpose of the consumer-initiated business transaction. Dish attempted to protect a consumer, while simultaneously providing a service that is permitted by the Fair Credit Act.

As Dish reasonably believed the transaction was initiated by the consumer, and as Dish's subsequent conduct was undertaken to protect the consumer and pursue a legitimate business need, we conclude that Dish had a "legitimate business need" for the information and a "permissible purpose" to obtain Bickley's "consumer report." Thus, we AFFIRM the district court's grant of summary judgment on the Fair Credit Act claims.

4) Did the District Court err in entering judgment on the pleadings as to Dish's counterclaim for abuse of process?

The final question presented is whether the district court erred in entering a judgment on the pleadings as to Dish's abuse-of-process counterclaim. Dish alleges that Bickley lacked good faith in bringing his Fair Credit Act claim and that it was entitled to either a default judgment because Bickley failed to respond, or alternatively, to summary judgment. The district court addressed Dish's counterclaim on the pleadings, not on a motion for summary judgment or on a motion for default. R. 54, Op. & Order at 5, PageID # 570 ("IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Bickley's Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings is SUSTAINED.") On appeal, our jurisdiction is limited to the "final decisions of the district court of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We therefore limit our analysis to whether the district court properly granted Bickley's Rule 12(c) motion to dismiss.

We review a district court's motion for judgment on the pleadings de novo. Commercial Money Ctr., Inc. v. Illinois Union Ins. Co., 508 F.3d 327 (6th Cir.2007). In assessing the pleadings, we take as true "all well-pleaded material allegations." United States v. Moriarty, 8 F.3d 329, 332 (6th Cir.1993). "The motion [for judgment on the pleadings] is granted when no material issue of fact exists and the party making the motion is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Paskvan v. City of Cleveland Civil Serv. Comm'n, 946 F.2d 1233, 1235 (6th Cir.1991).

Under Kentucky law, "[t]he essential elements of an action for abuse of process are (1) an ulterior purpose and (2) a willful act in the use of the process not proper in the regular conduct of the proceeding." Simpson v. Laytart, 962 S.W.2d 392, 394 (Ky.1998). In its counterclaim, Dish formulaically repeated these same elements without any additional explanation. "Plaintiff had an ulterior purpose, lacking good faith, for filing this groundless action against Dish Network. In filing an action against Dish Network which he knew was meritless, the Plaintiff acted wilfully and intentional in the use of process not proper in the regular conduct of legal proceedings." R. 34, First Amended Counterclaim, at 8, PageID # 211. The district court rejected Dish's counterclaim after determining that it "consist[ed] of a recitation of the language comprising the essential elements of the tort of abuse of process without further divulgence of any factual allegations or inferences that tend to prove the existence of those elements." R. 54, Op. & Order at 7, PageID # 569. We agree. It is not enough to allege an ulterior purpose without explaining what that purpose actually was. Dish now contends that Bickley's ulterior purpose was to extort money from it by abusing the legal process, but this allegation was not clear from Dish's complaint.

"Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice" in pleading a claim. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). As Dish has offered only a formulaic recitation of the elements of the cause of action, we AFFIRM the district court's dismissal of the counterclaim on the pleadings.

Although we dismiss Dish's claim for abuse of discretion, we want to make clear that we are not addressing the propriety of Rule 11 sanctions. Whether Bickley's suit and then subsequent motion for reconsideration and then subsequent appeal following a well-considered district court judgment were intended for an impermissible purpose, such as to extort settlement money from Dish Network, or whether Bickley's claims constituted frivolous arguments because they were unsupported by any case law, or whether Bickley's mischaracterization or omission of key factual contentions were intended to purposefully mislead the court, are not properly before us.

III. CONCLUSION

For the aforementioned reasons, we AFFIRM the district court's grant of summary judgment on the Fair Credit Act claims, and we also AFFIRM the district court's entry of judgment on the pleadings for the abuse of process claim.