Filed: Dec. 18, 2018
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: 17-2857 (L) United States ex rel. Five Star Elec. Corp. v Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. 17-2857 (L) United States ex rel. Five Star Elec. Corp. v Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT
Summary: 17-2857 (L) United States ex rel. Five Star Elec. Corp. v Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. 17-2857 (L) United States ex rel. Five Star Elec. Corp. v Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT F..
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17-2857 (L)
United States ex rel. Five Star Elec. Corp. v Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.
17‐2857 (L)
United States ex rel. Five Star Elec. Corp. v Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE
OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A
SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE
FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A
PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED
BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 18th day of December, two thousand eighteen.
PRESENT: ROBERT D. SACK,
BARRINGTON D. PARKER,
DENNY CHIN,
Circuit Judges.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FOR THE USE
AND BENEFIT OF FIVE STAR ELECTRIC CORP.,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v. 17‐2857, 18‐1423
LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY,
CAULDWELL‐WINGATE COMPANY, LLC,
Defendants‐Appellees.
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FOR PLAINTIFF‐APPELLANT: ANDREW L. RICHARDS, Kaufman, Dolowich
& Voluck, LLP, Woodbury, New York.
FOR DEFENDANTS‐APPELLEES: DAVID ROSENBERG (Michael T. Contos, on
the brief), Marcus Rosenberg & Diamond LLP,
New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Swain, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the orders of the district court are AFFIRMED in
part and VACATED in part, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.
Plaintiff‐appellant Five Star Electric Corp. (ʺFive Starʺ), a subcontractor on
a federal construction project, appeals from the district courtʹs orders dated August 28,
2017 and April 19, 2018, denying its motions for leave to amend its complaint and for
reconsideration. Five Star commenced this action under state law and the Miller Act, 40
U.S.C. § 3133, for payments alleged to be due on the project for breach of contract and
unjust enrichment. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts,
procedural history, and issues on appeal.
The following facts are drawn from the proposed Second Amended
Complaint (the ʺComplaintʺ) and are presumed to be true. In April 2009, Cauldwell‐
Wingate Company, LLC (ʺCWCʺ) contracted with the General Services Administration,
on behalf of the federal government, in connection with the renovation of the Thurgood
Marshall U.S. Courthouse, New York, New York. CWC, as the projectʹs general
contractor, subsequently entered into the subcontract at issue with Five Star for the
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performance of electrical work for the project. The subcontract was for the specified
sum of $43,100,000, and Five Star admits to having been paid $55,899,500.64 for its
work.
Five Star alleges that it performed additional work, at CWCʹs request, not
within the subcontractʹs original scope, and that it is entitled to $13,476,658.69 above the
original subcontract amount, of which $677,158.05 remains unpaid. Further, due to
delays and inefficiencies allegedly caused by CWCʹs mismanagement of the project,
Five Star also claims to have incurred an additional $19,694,447 in damages due to labor
and other general extension costs (exclusive of any markups Five Star asserts
entitlement to under the subcontract). While the subcontract did not specify an
anticipated completion date, Five Star expected to complete its obligations by October
2011, but instead was unable to finish work until October 2014 as a result of the delays.
The district court gave Five Star three opportunities to plead its claims. In
June 2015, Five Star filed the instant action asserting claims based on the Miller Act,
breach of contract, and quantum meruit against CWC and its surety, Liberty Mutual
Insurance Company. On November 1, 2016, the district court dismissed Five Starʹs
original complaint for failure to state a claim. Subsequently, Five Star moved for leave
to file a proposed amended complaint; the district court denied the motion on futility
grounds on August 28, 2017. Five Star then moved for reconsideration of the denial of
leave and, in the alternative, requested leave to file a second proposed amended
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complaint, the Complaint. On April 19, 2018, the district court denied the motion, again
on futility grounds, and found that the Complaint failed to cure the pleading
deficiencies. This appeal followed.1
We review a district courtʹs denial of leave to amend on the basis of
futility de novo, see Nielsen v. Rabin, 746 F.3d 58, 62 (2d Cir. 2014), and denial of
reconsideration for abuse of discretion, Johnson v. Univ. of Rochester Med. Ctr., 642 F.3d
121, 125 (2d Cir. 2011). Upon such review, we conclude that (1) the district court erred
in holding that Five Star failed to plausibly allege a claim for the purported deficiency
of $677,158.05, and (2) the district court correctly dismissed the claims for additional
damages.
I. The Claim for the Deficiency in Payment
We conclude that the Complaint sufficiently alleges a breach of contract
claim for the underpayment of $677,158.05. The Complaint charges that the subcontract
was for the specified price of $43.1 million, and acknowledges that Five Star was paid
more than $55 million. The Complaint also asserts that CWC agreed to certain
additional work to be performed by Five Star, and specifies a number of change orders
ʺagreed to by CWC and performed by Five Starʺ totaling $13,476,658.69.2 The original
1 Five Star appeals only the August 28, 2017 and April 19, 2018 orders. It does not appeal
the district courtʹs initial order granting defendants‐appelleesʹ motion to dismiss.
2 While the allegedly agreed‐upon change orders set forth in paragraph 10 only amount to
$13,285,169.54, this miscalculation ultimately does not affect our analysis.
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contract price of $43,100,000 plus the purportedly agreed‐upon changes of
$13,476,658.69 equals $56,576,658.69. As the Complaint alleges that CWC paid only
$55,899,500.64, a deficiency of $677,158.05 is allegedly still owed. To this extent, the
Complaint states a claim, as Five Star alleges a meeting of the minds as to the change
orders set forth in paragraph 10 of the Complaint, for which payment was not made in
full.3
Similarly, Five Starʹs Miller Act claim for the underpayment for the
accepted change orders in paragraph 10 also survives as Five Star has plausibly alleged
that it performed work provided for in a contract for which a payment bond was
furnished and it ʺhas not been paid in fullʺ for such work. See U.S. ex rel. Hallenbeck v.
Fleisher Engʹg & Constr. Co., 107 F.2d 925, 927 (2d Cir. 1939).
Therefore, we vacate the district courtʹs order and remand with
instructions for the district court to grant Five Star leave to file the Complaint to the
extent of its claim for the alleged $677,158.05 deficiency in payment.
II. The Claims for Additional Damages
To the extent Five Star seeks damages for additional work, we agree that
the Complaint fails to state a plausible claim.
3 At oral argument, counsel for defendants‐appellees essentially conceded that the
Complaint plausibly states a breach of contract claim for these purportedly agreed‐upon
changes.
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In connection with Five Starʹs demand for compensation for its extended
general condition costs, there are only allegations that Five Star submitted proposed
change orders in paragraph 24 ‐‐ and no allegations that CWC ever approved or
accepted these proposed change orders. Five Star has not identified a meeting of the
minds on what or how it was to be paid for work beyond that originally contemplated
by the subcontract and the change orders listed in paragraph 10. Even assuming Five
Star underestimated the number of hours the work would require, the subcontract
called for a set price and was not based on the number of hours performed. While there
was some agreement, as CWC in fact paid an additional $12.8 million, Five Star has not
explained the contractual basis for the alleged shortage beyond that relating to the work
covered by paragraph 10. Five Starʹs wish for more money is not a basis for a breach.
Additionally, Five Starʹs claim that CWCʹs incompetent supervision
caused delays and cost overruns is barred by the subcontractʹs ʺno‐damages‐for‐delayʺ
clause, which specifically provides that any delays caused by CWC in Five Starʹs work
is excused with its sole remedy being time extension for completion. While New York
law recognizes ʺuncontemplated delaysʺ as an exception to such a clauseʹs
enforceability, see Corinno Civetta Constr. Corp. v. City of New York, 67 N.Y.2d 297, 309‐10
(1986), Five Starʹs factual assertions ʺamount[] to nothing more than inept
administration or poor planning,ʺ delays that were foreseeable at the time of contract
and therefore are unactionable, see Commercial Elec. Contractors, Inc. v. Pavarini Constr.
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Co., 856 N.Y.S.2d 46, 47 (1st Depʹt 2008); see also Corinno Civetta Constr. Corp., 67 N.Y.2d
at 313‐14 (noting that a contractorʹs ʺordinary, garden varietyʺ poor performance and
failure of coordination are within the partiesʹ contemplation and thus fall within the
scope of a ʺno‐damages‐for‐delayʺ clause).
Further, because Five Star has not plausibly alleged that ʺit has not been
paid in fullʺ for the work performed, as agreed to by the parties, in connection to the
delays and proposed change orders in paragraph 24, Five Starʹs Miller Act claim must
also fail as to these claims. See U.S. ex rel. Hallenbeck, 107 F.2d at 927 (noting that the
Miller Act requires a subcontractor to establish that it has ʺnot been paid in fullʺ for the
work performed for recovery under the bond).
We also identify no error in the district courtʹs denial of leave to amend as
to Five Starʹs quantum meruit claim because the parties do not dispute the subcontractʹs
validity or enforceability. See Mid‐Hudson Catskill Rural Migrant Ministry, Inc. v. Fine
Host Corp., 418 F.3d 168, 175 (2d Cir. 2005) (ʺNew York law does not permit recovery in
quantum meruit . . . if the parties have a valid, enforceable contract that governs the same
subject matter as the quantum meruit claim.ʺ); see also Air Atlanta Aero Engʹg Ltd. v. SP
Aircraft Owner I, LLC, 637 F. Supp. 2d 185, 195 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (ʺCourts have permitted
pleading [quantum meruit] in the alternative in the face of a written agreement . . . when
there is a dispute as to the agreementʹs validity or enforceability.ʺ). Moreover, the
Complaint makes clear that the unjust enrichment claim is simply duplicative of Five
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Starʹs breach of contract claims. See Appʹx at 261 ¶¶ 48‐49 (ʺAt the special instance and
request of CWC, Five Star performed certain electrical work at the [p]roject,ʺ ʺ[t]he fair
and reasonable value of [which is] . . . in excess of the sum of $70 [million].ʺ). Under
these circumstances, we agree that Five Star cannot plead an unjust enrichment claim in
the alternative to its breach of contract claims.
Therefore, because Five Star failed both in the district court and on appeal
to specify how amendment would allow it to cure the pleading deficiencies as to its
claims for additional damages, leave to amend these claims would be futile. See Health‐
Chem Corp. v. Baker, 915 F.2d 805, 810 (2d Cir. 1990) (ʺ[W]here, as here, there is no merit
in the proposed amendments, leave to amend should be denied.ʺ). We likewise
conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying reconsideration,
as such a motion ʺis not a vehicle for relitigating old issues, presenting the case under
new theories, securing a rehearing on the merits, or otherwise taking [another] bite at
the apple.ʺ Analytical Surveys, Inc. v. Tonga Partners, L.P., 684 F.3d 36, 52 (2d Cir. 2012)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, here, as the district court considered all
three iterations of the complaint, Five Star essentially had three bites at the apple to
plausibly allege its additional damages claims and failed to do so.
* * * * *
We have considered Five Starʹs remaining arguments and find them to be
without merit. Accordingly, the orders of the district court are AFFIRMED in part and
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VACATED in part, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent
with this ruling.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine OʹHagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
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