PER CURIAM.

In these consolidated cases, appellants Landowners1 and Charter Township of Oshtemo appeal as of right an order of the Michigan Public Service Commission (PSC) approving the application of Michigan Electric Transmission Company, LLC (METC), for a certificate of public convenience and necessity (CPCN) for construction of an overhead transmission line. We affirm in both cases and lift the stay imposed pending appeal of these cases.

I. BACKGROUND

The Legislature enacted the Electric Transmission Line Certification Act (Act 30), 1995 PA 30, MCL 460.561 et seq., effective May 17, 1995, to regulate the construction and location of certain electric transmission lines. Act 30 provides that if an electric utility with 50,000 or more residential customers plans to construct a major transmission line,2 the utility must submit a plan to the PSC and may not begin construction on the line until the PSC has issued a CPCN. MCL 460.565. A utility that wishes to construct a transmission line3 other than a major transmission line may, but is not required to, submit an application for a CPCN to the PSC. MCL 460.569(1). If the utility applies for a CPCN, the utility may not begin construction on the transmission line until the PSC has issued a CPCN. MCL 460.569(1). With one exception, "the provisions of [Act 30] that apply to applications and certificates for major transmission lines apply in the same manner to applications and certificates issued under [MCL 460.569]." MCL 460.569(2). The PSC proceeds in the same manner on both mandatory and voluntary applications. MCL 460.569(2). A CPCN takes "precedence over a conflicting local ordinance, law, rule, regulation, policy, or practice that prohibits or regulates the location or construction of a transmission line for which the commission has issued a certificate." MCL 460.570(1). In addition, Act 30 controls "in any conflict between this act and any other law of this state." MCL 460.563(2).

II. UNDERLYING FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

METC filed an application with the PSC seeking a CPCN "for the construction of two double-circuit 138 kilovolt (`kV') transmission lines on a 220-foot right-of-way running through Oshtemo Township, Kalamazoo County, and an electrical transmission substation in Almena Township, Van Buren County," which METC referred to collectively as the "Proposed Transmission Line." After METC proposed the new transmission line, however, Oshtemo Township amended its utility control ordinance to require METC to prove the necessity of the proposed line and receive Township approval before beginning construction of the line. In addition, the ordinance required METC to locate the proposed line underground in any area in which the line would come within 250 feet of a public right-of-way. METC asserted that the issuance of a CPCN would take precedence over any conflicting local ordinance.

Evidence produced at the evidentiary hearing showed that the parties had conflicting views regarding the efficacy of METC's proposed project. A witness for METC testified that the Kalamazoo area was served by three 345/138 kV transformers located at the Argenta substation. METC's proposal to add more lines and a new substation at Weeds Lake would enable METC to comply with national mandatory planning criteria.

METC's witness stated that METC had considered two alternative routes for the lines, but rejected them because they failed to meet planning criteria. METC had also considered the option of adding a fourth transformer at the Argenta substation, but rejected that option because it would not have protected against the risk that the entire substation could be disconnected from the 345 kV power source or the 138 kV transmission lines that served an area that included Kalamazoo and Battle Creek.

A witness for Oshtemo Township testified that the Township preferred two identified alternative routes over METC's preferred route because the alternative routes relied in part on public lands and an existing corridor and would impose less of a burden on private property owners.

A witness for the Landowners testified that the quantifiable and nonquantifiable benefits of the proposed project did not offset the detriments, including the cost of the project, the adverse impact caused by locating the project close to private residences, and the loss of woodlands and croplands. The witness maintained that the installation of a fourth transformer at the Argenta substation would cost less and would achieve results comparable to METC's proposed project. The witness also asserted that an alternative referred to as "B Avenue" was preferable to METC's Weeds Lake proposal because it required only one transmission line, and power flow control protectors could guard against unbalanced power flows.

The PSC issued an order granting METC a CPCN for the construction of METC's proposed transmission line along METC's preferred route. The PSC noted that the "most contentious issue in this case is whether METC sufficiently demonstrated that the quantifiable and nonquantifiable public benefits of the project justify its construction." The PSC found that "a formal benefit/cost analysis of the project is not strictly required; however, it appears that the most straightforward way to demonstrate that a project's benefits justify its construction, as the Commission must find under [MCL 460.568(5)(a)], is through the submission of at least some reasonable estimate of the value of benefits of the project."

The PSC found that the record established that two realistic proposals existed to address the contingency issue: (1) the Weeds Lake proposal, estimated by METC to cost $45 million, and (2) the B Avenue proposal put forth by the Landowners, and estimated to cost $37 to $47 million. The PSC stated:

The PSC agreed with METC's assertion that MCL 460.568(5)(b) did not require a finding that the proposed route was the best or most reasonable. The PSC also found that METC presented ample evidence that the I-94 route was not a realistic alternative to the Weeds Lake Project.

The PSC found that under MCL 460.563 and MCL 460.570, the grant of a CPCN to METC preempted Oshtemo's ordinance. In addition, the PSC found that Oshtemo Township, not METC, had the burden of demonstrating the cost and practicality of placing a portion of the transmission line underground and that the Township failed to carry its burden.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The standard of review for PSC orders is narrow and well defined. Under MCL 462.25, all rates, fares, charges, classification and joint rates, regulations, practices, and services prescribed by the PSC are presumed, prima facie, to be lawful and reasonable. Mich. Consol. Gas Co. v. Pub. Serv. Comm., 389 Mich. 624, 635-636, 209 N.W.2d 210 (1973). A party aggrieved by an order of the PSC has the burden of proving by clear and satisfactory evidence that the order is unlawful or unreasonable. MCL 462.26(8). To establish that a PSC order is unlawful, the appellant must show that the PSC failed to follow a mandatory statutory provision or abused its discretion in the exercise of its judgment. In re MCI Telecom. Complaint, 460 Mich. 396, 427, 596 N.W.2d 164 (1999). An order is unreasonable if it is not supported by the evidence. See Associated Truck Lines, Inc. v. Pub. Serv. Comm., 377 Mich. 259, 279, 140 N.W.2d 515 (1966) (O'HARA, J., dissenting).

A final order of the PSC must be authorized by law and be supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence on the whole record. Const. 1963, art. 6, § 28; Attorney General v. Pub. Serv. Comm., 165 Mich.App. 230, 235, 418 N.W.2d 660 (1987). We give respectful consideration to the PSC's construction of a statute that the PSC is empowered to execute, and we will not overrule that construction absent cogent reasons. In re Complaint of Rovas Against SBC Mich., 482 Mich. 90, 108, 754 N.W.2d 259 (2008). If the language of a statute is vague or obscure, the PSC's construction serves as an aid to determining the legislative intent and will be given weight if it does not conflict with the language of the statute or the purpose of the Legislature. Id. However, the construction given to a statute by the PSC is not binding on us. See id. Whether the PSC exceeded the scope of its authority is a question of law that we review de novo. In re Complaint of Pelland Against Ameritech Mich., 254 Mich.App. 675, 682, 658 N.W.2d 849 (2003). Issues of constitutional and statutory construction are also questions of law that we review de novo. City of Taylor v. Detroit Edison Co., 475 Mich. 109, 115, 715 N.W.2d 28 (2006).

IV. ANALYSIS

A. DOCKET NO. 317872

On appeal, the Landowners argue that the PSC did not follow the requirements of Act 30, and in particular MCL 460.568, in making its decision. According to the Landowners, METC was required to prove that the quantifiable and nonquantifiable benefits of its proposed Weeds Lake Project justified the construction of the project and that a new transmission line was needed; however, METC stated only that the line was needed to address a reliability issue that could arise if two of the three transformers at the Argenta substation became unavailable at the same time. Therefore, the Landowners argue, the PSC erred by granting METC's application for a CPCN. We disagree.

The PSC is required to issue a CPCN if it makes certain determinations. MCL 460.568(5) provides in part:

The Landowners argued that METC did not prove that the proposed transmission line was needed. However, MCL 460.568(5) does not specifically state that an applicant for a proposed transmission line must prove that the line is needed.4 Nevertheless, the PSC found that METC's proposed transmission line was needed to address a reliability issue.

The PSC's finding that the Landowners' alternative plan of installing a fourth transformer at the Argenta substation was not a viable solution was supported by the requisite evidence. The Landowners countered METC's assertion that installing a fourth transformer would increase loads on other circuits by demonstrating that the installation of power flow control reactors would address this issue. The PSC, however, concluded that the addition of a fourth transformer at the Argenta substation would not solve the reliability issue. Most of the power for the Kalamazoo area would continue to originate from a single substation; therefore, if two or three transformers ceased to be operational, the overload on other circuits could cause blackouts. Both METC and the Landowners presented expert testimony on the viability of the fourth-generator plan. The PSC was entitled to accept the testimony of METC's expert even though the testimony of the Landowners' expert contradicted it. See ABATE v. Pub. Serv. Comm., 192 Mich.App. 19, 27, 480 N.W.2d 585 (1991). The testimony of one expert constitutes substantial evidence in PSC cases. Id.

The PSC correctly concluded that METC was not required to do a cost-benefit analysis of the Weeds Lake project, even though that project was estimated to cost $32 million more than the fourth-transformer project. No statute required METC to perform a cost-benefit analysis, and the PSC was not required to make its judgment based solely on cost. The reliability issue was the primary reason for METC seeking a CPCN to install a transmission line, and the evidence showed that the fourth-transformer project would not solve the reliability issue. The PSC was entitled to accept METC's evidence on this issue. ABATE, 192 Mich.App. at 27, 480 N.W.2d 585.

The PSC did not err by concluding that METC's proposed route for the transmission line was feasible and reasonable, in spite of the fact that, in a route study METC performed, METC's proposed route did not get the highest score using METC's own scoring methods. MCL 460.568(5)(b) required only that the PSC find that METC's proposed route was feasible and reasonable, not that it was more feasible and more reasonable than any other route proposed by any party. Although the Landowners suggested that METC could have used alternatives such as a quad circuit or a tapping variant to address right-of-way concerns, the PSC did not err by finding that those alternatives were not as reliable as METC's Weeds Lake project.

Next, the Landowners argue that the PSC's approval of METC's application for a CPCN allowed METC to violate municipal zoning ordinances and to take private property from landowners without due process. We disagree.

A person cannot be deprived of property without due process of law. U.S. Const. Am. V; Const. 1963, art. 1, § 17. In an administrative proceeding, due process requires that a person "be afforded notice, an opportunity to be heard, and a written statement of findings." Mich. Elec. Coop. Ass'n. v. Pub. Serv. Comm., 267 Mich.App. 608, 622, 705 N.W.2d 709 (2005).

The METC applied for a CPCN under MCL 460.569, and held public meetings on its proposal as required by MCL 460.566(1). Moreover, the PSC conducted a contested-case hearing on the METC's application and the Landowners intervened in the proceeding, as was their right under MCL 460.568(2). The Landowners fully participated in the case and were not deprived of due process during the proceedings before the PSC. Mich. Elec. Coop. Ass'n., 267 Mich.App. at 622, 705 N.W.2d 709.

Furthermore, we reject the Landowners' argument that the PSC's act of granting a CPCN is not subject to review and therefore denies them due process. A PSC order granting a CPCN is appealable as of right to this Court. MCL 460.575(1); MCL 462.26(1). A CPCN is "binding as to the public convenience and necessity for that transmission line" in "an eminent-domain or other related proceeding arising out of or related to a transmission line for which a certificate is issued[.]" MCL 460.570(3). This Court does not conduct eminent-domain proceedings; a CPCN is not binding on this Court.

In order to grant a CPCN to the METC, the PSC was required to find that "[t]he quantifiable and nonquantifiable public benefits of the proposed major transmission line justify its construction." MCL 460.568(5)(a). Logically, to make such a finding, the PSC would have to conclude that the proposed transmission line would fulfill a public purpose. As noted, a CPCN is "binding as to the public convenience and necessity for that transmission line" in an eminent-domain case. MCL 460.570(3). Thus, the requisite showing of a public purpose would have been made before the commencement of any subsequent condemnation proceeding.

The Separation of Powers Clause of the Michigan Constitution states: "The powers of government are divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. No person exercising powers of one branch shall exercise powers properly belonging to another branch except as expressly provided in this constitution." Const. 1963, art. 3, § 2. The Landowners' argument that the PSC's decision violates the Separation of Powers Clause because it allows the METC to ignore Oshtemo Township's ordinance requiring that a portion of the transmission line be placed underground is without merit. The Legislature enacted statutes providing that a CPCN granted by the PSC preempts the Township's ordinance regarding the placement underground of transmission lines, MCL 460.570(1), and that Act 30 controls if it conflicts with any other law of this state, MCL 460.563(2). Because the PSC's actions were authorized by statute, they did not violate the separation-of-powers doctrine.

The Landowners have not demonstrated that the PSC erred or abused its discretion by granting METC's application for a CPCN.

B. DOCKET NO. 317893

The appeal by Oshtemo Township and the briefs of amici curiae Michigan Townships Association and Michigan Energy Providers Group5 present the question whether a local ordinance can prevail over a conflicting CPCN issued by the PSC under Act 30.

The Michigan Constitution grants a municipality the right to control its public places. Const. 1963, art. 7, § 29 provides:

The provisions of the Michigan Constitution and state laws concerning local governments are to be liberally construed in favor of those entities. Const. 1963, art. 7, § 34. But the grant of authority in Const. 1963, art. 7, § 29 is not absolute. Const. 1963, art. 7, § 22 provides:

In City of Taylor, 475 Mich. 109, 715 N.W.2d 28, our Supreme Court considered whether the plaintiff's ordinance requiring the defendant to bear the cost of relocating the defendant's transmission lines underground conflicted with the PSC's authority over cost allocation in this area. The Taylor Court, citing Const. 1963, art. 7, § 29, stated that "the authority reserved to local units of government to exercise reasonable control over the enumerated subject areas is explicitly made subject to the other provisions of the Constitution." Taylor, 475 Mich. at 116, 715 N.W.2d 28. The Taylor Court identified Const. 1963, art. 7, § 22 as one such provision. Id. The Taylor Court reasoned that a local unit of government could exercise reasonable control "to regulate matters of local concern, but only in a manner and to the degree that the regulation does not conflict with state law." Taylor, 475 Mich. at 117-118, 715 N.W.2d 28, citing People v. McGraw, 184 Mich. 233, 150 N.W. 836 (1915).6

In City of Lansing v. State of Michigan, 275 Mich.App. 423, 737 N.W.2d 818 (2007), this Court considered whether MCL 247.183(2), which permits a utility to construct transmission lines "longitudinally within limited access highway rights-of-way and under any public road, street, or other subsurface that intersects any limited access highway" without obtaining the consent of the governing municipality, was unconstitutional because it eliminated the requirement in Const. 1963, art. 7, § 29 that a utility must first obtain such consent. The plaintiff asserted that Const. 1963, art. 7, § 29 gave a municipality "the absolute right to refuse to consent to the use of" its streets by a utility. Lansing, 275 Mich.App. at 429, 737 N.W.2d 818. This Court disagreed, noting that the grant of authority in Const. 1963, art. 7, § 29 "is not absolute." Id. at 432, 737 N.W.2d 818. In addition, this Court reasoned that because, as stated in Const. 1963, art. 7, § 22,

This Court concluded that because MCL 247.183(2) limited a local government's authority in a narrow manner, the statute was "a proper exercise of the Legislature's authority to limit the manner and circumstances under which a city may grant or withhold consent under § 29." Id. at 433-434, 737 N.W.2d 818.

Oshtemo Township enacted an ordinance that required a utility seeking to construct a transmission line to place the line and all related facilities "underground within the public road right-of-way and to a point within 250 feet either side of said public right-of-way." Oshtemo Ordinances, 230.004(b). The CPCN issued by the PSC allowed METC to construct an overhead transmission line. The PSC ruled that the CPCN preempted the ordinance.

Oshtemo Township argues that the PSC erred as a matter of law by failing to determine whether the ordinance conflicted with state law. Oshtemo Township asserts that the ordinance does not conflict with any state law or regulations7 because it does not regulate the construction or location of the proposed line, even though it might impose additional requirements (i.e., location of a portion of the proposed line underground).

Contrary to arguments made by Oshtemo Township and its supporting amici, the PSC did not hold that Act 30 preempted all local regulation by the Township and did not eliminate the authority granted to Oshtemo Township by Const. 1963, art. 7, § 29 to control its roads and rights-of-way. The arguments that Act 30 preempted Oshtemo Township's ordinance and is unconstitutional ignore the clear language of the Constitution, MCL 460.570(1), and binding precedent.

Const. 1963, art. 7, § 29 makes a utility's use of public places and rights-of-way subject to local approval. A local government is authorized to enact resolutions and ordinances relating to such matters; however, those enactments are "subject to the constitution and law." Const. 1963, art. 7, § 22.

METC used Act 30 to apply for a CPCN to build a new transmission line. In making its application, METC was required to include any zoning ordinance that would affect, i.e., regulate the location or construction of, the proposed route. MCL 460.567(2)(d). Oshtemo Township's relevant ordinance, if applicable, would require METC to locate a portion of its proposed transmission line underground. The ordinance did not provide any exceptions to this requirement. METC determined that locating a portion of the proposed line underground would be prohibitively expensive, and so sought a CPCN for a line to be constructed entirely above ground. The PSC was entitled to accept METC's evidence regarding the cost and preferability of constructing a line above ground, notwithstanding the fact that the record also contained contradictory evidence. See Great Lakes Steel Div. of Nat'l Steel Corp. v. Pub. Serv. Comm., 130 Mich.App. 470, 481-482, 344 N.W.2d 321 (1983). The PSC issued a CPCN allowing METC to construct a transmission line that was entirely above ground. The PSC could have found that METC was required to comply with Oshtemo Township's ordinance. However, once the PSC issued a CPCN allowing METC to build a line above ground, Oshtemo Township's ordinance conflicted with the CPCN. Under the plain language of MCL 460.570(1), that certificate took precedence over Oshtemo Township's conflicting ordinance that required that a portion of the transmission line be constructed underground.

MCL 460.570(1) is not an unconstitutional blanket usurpation of Oshtemo Township's ability to pass regulations and ordinances regarding its municipal affairs. The Legislature has the authority to enact laws that limit the way in which a local government can exercise the power granted to it under Const. 1963, art. 7, § 29. See Lansing, 275 Mich.App. at 433, 737 N.W.2d 818; see also Const. 1963, art. 7, § 22. The argument that the PSC's analysis was required to expand beyond the conclusion that the CPCN took precedence over Oshtemo Township's conflicting local ordinance, and that the PSC was required to determine whether the ordinance conflicted with some state law as well as with the CPCN, finds no support in the language of any portion of Act 30, particularly not MCL 460.570(1), or in any caselaw.

"The legislative power of the State of Michigan is vested in a senate and a house of representatives." Const. 1963, art. 4, § 1. In Michigan Elec. Coop. Ass'n. this Court stated:

Act 30 is not an unconstitutional delegation of power. The evaluation of an application for a CPCN requires the PSC to consider a multitude of factors, including any conflicting local zoning ordinances. MCL 460.567(2)(d). Each application presents its own unique facts and circumstances. The Legislature could not have specified with any practicality or feasibility what routes or configurations the PSC would be required to consider in each case. The standards set out in MCL 460.568(5) are as reasonably precise as the subject matter permits. See, e.g., Kent Co. Aeronautics Bd. v. Dep't of State Police, 239 Mich.App. 563, 588, 609 N.W.2d 593 (2000). Moreover, the PSC can grant a CPCN only if it finds that the applicant has made the required showings set out in MCL 460.568(5). Neither Oshtemo Township nor its supporting amici has established that Act 30 is an unconstitutional delegation of power from the Legislature to the PSC.

V. CONCLUSION

The issues raised by appellants and amici in these consolidated cases are without merit and do not warrant reversal of the PSC's order granting METC's application for a CPCN.

We affirm and lift the stay. No taxable costs pursuant to MCR 7.219, a question of public policy being involved.

OWENS, P.J., and MARKEY and SERVITTO, JJ., concurred.