MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

KATHRYN H. VRATIL, District Judge.

Plaintiffs BAC Local Union 15 Welfare Fund, et al., bring suit against Williams Restoration Company, Inc. and Fox Holdings, Inc. Plaintiffs are trust funds under the Labor Management Relations Act, as amended, Section 302, 29 U.S.C. § 186, and employee benefit plans under Section 3 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 29 U.S.C. § 1003 ("ERISA"). Plaintiffs seek to collect unpaid contributions to an employee benefit plan under a collective bargaining agreement with Williams Restoration. Pretrial Order (Doc. #152) filed March 14, 2019 at 5-6. Plaintiffs also contend that Fox Holdings is a successor to Williams Restoration and is thus bound and liable for unpaid contributions. Id. This matter is before the Court on Plaintiffs' Motion For Partial Summary Judgment Against Defendant Fox Holdings, Inc. (Doc. #139) filed February 11, 2019, which seeks to hold Fox Holdings liable as a matter of law on a theory of successor liability. For reasons stated below, the Court overrules plaintiffs' motion.

Legal Standards

Summary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986); Hill v. Allstate Ins. Co., 479 F.3d 735, 740 (10th Cir. 2007). A factual dispute is "material" only if it "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248. A "genuine" factual dispute requires more than a mere scintilla of evidence in support of a party's position. Id. at 252.

The moving party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of any genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986); Nahno-Lopez v. Houser, 625 F.3d 1279, 1283 (10th Cir. 2010). Once the moving party meets this burden, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to demonstrate that genuine issues remain for trial as to those dispositive matters for which the nonmoving party carries the burden of proof. Applied Genetics Int'l, Inc. v. First Affiliated Sec., Inc., 912 F.2d 1238, 1241 (10th Cir. 1990); see Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87 (1986). To carry this burden, the nonmoving party may not rest on the pleadings but must instead set forth specific facts supported by competent evidence. Nahno-Lopez, 625 F.3d at 1283.

The Court views the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Deepwater Invs., Ltd. v. Jackson Hole Ski Corp., 938 F.2d 1105, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991). It may grant summary judgment if the nonmoving party's evidence is merely colorable or is not significantly probative. See Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 250-51. In response to a motion for summary judgment, a party cannot rely on ignorance of facts, speculation or suspicion, and may not escape summary judgment in the mere hope that something will turn up at trial. Conaway v. Smith, 853 F.2d 789, 794 (10th Cir. 1988); Olympic Club v. Those Interested Underwriters at Lloyd's London, 991 F.2d 497, 503 (9th Cir. 1993). The heart of the inquiry is "whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to the jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law." Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 251-52.

Factual Background

For purposes of summary judgment, the following facts are either uncontroverted or where controverted, the contentions of each party are noted.1

Williams Restoration is in the business of waterproofing, concrete and masonry restoration and roofing. Jeffery Williams is its president and owner. Fox Holdings is in the business of commercial and industrial waterproofing and concrete and masonry restoration. Jordan Fox is its president and owner.

I. Williams Restoration's Agreement With Plaintiffs

On July 10, 2013, Williams Restoration and BAC Local Union 1 executed an agreement, effective through May 31, 2016 "and thereafter from year to year unless changed in accordance with Article XVIII of this Agreement." Agreement at 1, Exhibit 5 to Index Of Exhibits (Doc. #142) filed February 11, 2019 at 1.2 Among other things, the agreement obligates Williams Restoration to contribute to the union's health, welfare, pension, training and education and promotion funds. Id. at 11. Article XVIII states that the agreement will expire on May 31, 2016 and that "[e]ither party desiring changes in provisions of this Agreement shall notify the other party in writing at least ninety (90) days prior to May 31, 2016 and this Agreement than [sic] shall be opened for discussion relative to such change or changes." Id. at 17. In addition, Article XIV provides as follows:

Id. at 15. Williams Restoration never notified plaintiffs of any proposed sale or transfer of assets.

At some point between July and September of 2014, BAC Local Union 1 notified Williams that it had merged with BAC Local Union 15. Williams Restoration agreed to an amendment, effective November 1, 2014, which acknowledged the merger, changed the identity of BAC Local Union 1 to BAC Local Union 15, and changed where Williams Restoration directed its benefit payments. See id. at 18.

II. Asset Purchase Agreement Between Williams Restoration And Fox Holdings

Williams Restoration engaged Sunbelt Business Advisors, Inc. to solicit a sale of its assets. In early September of 2014, Williams Restoration and Fox Holdings began negotiating an Asset Purchase Agreement ("APA"). On November 6, 2014, they executed the final APA by which Fox Holdings purchased assets and equipment from Williams Restoration.

The record reveals a genuine issue of material fact whether, during the course of negotiations, Williams disclosed to Fox Holdings the agreement of July 10, 2013 or its successor provision.3 The parties also dispute whether Williams Restoration and Fox Holdings specifically revised the APA to address disclosure of the collective bargaining agreement or any other union contracts.4

III. Business Of Fox Holdings Post-Sale

On the advice of Small Business Administration loan officers, Fox Holdings did not make any changes during the six months immediately after the asset purchase. After the sale, Fox Holdings performed the same type of work as Williams Restoration, conducted business as Williams Restoration had performed, retained the same non-supervisory employees and used the same primary material suppliers, telephone number, mailing address and principal place of business as Williams Restoration. Until April of 2015, when it gave raises, Fox Holdings also maintained the same wages for employees.

The parties dispute the extent to which Fox Holdings retained the same supervisory employees and customers. Plaintiffs assert that Fox Holdings assumed the contracts of Williams Restoration and performed work on union-only projects, but Fox Holdings asserts that it has never signed a contract to work on a union-only project. Fox Holdings also asserts that it employed additional management employees after the sale, including Fox, Dickie Roberson and Linda Roberson.

During a slow work period, at least two employees attended union training which they believed was mandatory. Fox Holdings did not pay for this training.

IV. Fox Holdings's Payment To Plaintiffs

For a few months after the asset sale, Fox Holdings continued to remit benefit fund contributions to plaintiffs. Initially, it did not withhold union dues because it did not know that Williams Restoration had done so. After the first payroll, however, an employee complained and claimed (inaccurately) that his health insurance would immediately terminate if Fox Holdings did not pay union dues. During the same time, Fox Holdings tried to obtain group health insurance for all employees. To ensure that no employee lost health insurance coverage in the interim, Fox Holdings determined that it should keep contributing to the union funds. After March of 2015, however, Fox Holdings determined that it should not continue to contribute to the union funds and ceased to do so. Fox Holdings had only contributed to the funds to preserve health insurance for employees who had it.

After Fox Holdings ceased to pay union dues and contributions, a few union member employees elected to resign or drop out of the union and continue working for Fox Holdings, under its terms of employment. Since at least May of 2015, Fox Holdings has not knowingly employed any members of the BAC Local Union 15 and no employee has requested that it pay benefits to the union's pension, training, health and welfare, or any other fund of the union.

V. Fox Holdings's Interaction With Union Representatives

Within the first weeks of when Fox Holdings took over Williams Restoration, union representative Jared Skaff visited Fox Holdings and urged Fox to sign a union contract. Skaff never disclosed that Williams Restoration had a union contract or that the union viewed Fox Holdings to be bound by any such contract. In May of 2015, Craig Hydeman, president of the BAC Local 15, visited Fox Holdings and represented that the Williams Restoration contract was enforceable against Fox Holdings. As evidence, Hydeman showed a blank, unsigned contract to Fox. Fox Holdings did not sign a contract with the union.

That same month, plaintiffs sent a letter to Williams Restoration, demanding it pay delinquent contributions and permit an audit of company payroll records.

VI. Post-Sale Assets Of Williams Restoration

Williams Restoration has not conducted any business since the asset sale to Fox Holdings Williams Restoration does not have any non-cash assets and Williams is its only officer and shareholder. As of April, May and June of 2018, Williams Restoration had a bank account balance of $427.90, Williams Restoration received a cash payment of $1.9 million from the asset sale, and Fox Holdings asserts that Williams distributed it to his personal account. Fox Holdings continues to make asset sale payments of $6,351.75 per month (which shall continue through 2021), and lease payments of $3,800 per month.

VII. NLRB Proceeding

BAC Local Union 15 filed a charge with the National Labor Relations Board ("NLRB"), alleging that by its conduct, Fox Holdings adopted the agreement between Williams Restoration and the union. On June 26, 2015, the Acting Regional Director of the NLRB Naomi L. Stuart determined that Fox Holdings did not have an obligation to abide by Williams Restoration's agreement and dismissed the charge.

Analysis

Plaintiffs assert that Fox Holdings is liable for delinquent contributions based on the following theories: (1) successor liability under federal common law; (2) successor liability under the agreement dated July 10, 2013 between plaintiffs and Williams Restoration; and (3) adoption of the agreement by Fox Holdings.5 Genuine issues of material fact preclude summary judgment on any of these theories.

I. Successor Liability Under Federal Common Law

Plaintiffs assert that Fox Holdings is liable under the federal common law doctrine of successor liability.

Under the general common law rule, asset purchasers do not assume the liabilities of the seller corporation. See Upholsterers' Int'l Union Pension Fund v. Artistic Furniture of Pontiac, 920 F.2d 1323, 1325-26 (7th Cir. 1990) (describing common law rule). Beginning with Golden State Bottling Co. v. NLRB, 414 U.S. 168 (1973), however, when necessary to protect important employment-related policies, federal courts have developed a common law exception to this rule. See Einhorn v. M.L. Ruberton Const. Co., 632 F.3d 89, 94 (3rd Cir. 2011). In Golden State, the Supreme Court held that under the National Labor Relations Act, a successor could be held liable for its predecessor's unlawful discharge of an employee where the successor had notice of the unfair practice and "continued, without interruption or substantial change, the predecessor's business operations." Golden State, 414 U.S. at 425. Applying this reasoning, the Seventh Circuit in Artistic Furniture, held that to vindicate important federal statutory policy, a successor may be liable for its predecessor's delinquent ERISA fund contributions where the buyer had notice of the liability prior to the asset sale and engaged in "continuity of operations."6 920 F.2d at 1329. Since then, many courts of appeals have embraced the reasoning of Artistic Furniture to impose successor liability for unpaid pension contributions. See Einhorn, 632 F.3d at 99 ("No court of appeals, to our knowledge, has rejected the holding in Artistic Furniture.") (footnote omitted). The Tenth Circuit has not explicitly embraced Artistic Furniture,7but in Trujillo v. Longhorn Mfg. Co., 694 F.2d 221 (10th Cir. 1982), it considered a successor's liability under Title VII for discriminatory practices of its predecessor. See Walker v. Faith Technologies, 344 F.Supp.2d 1261, 1267 (D. Kan. 2004).

In Trujillo, the Tenth Circuit endorsed the Sixth Circuit nine-factor approach to determining successor liability in EEOC v. MacMillan Bloedel Containers, Inc., 503 F.2d 1086 (6th Cir. 1974).8 Later decisions distilled the nine MacMillan factors into a three-part test: (1) whether the successor had prior notice of the claim against the predecessor; (2) whether the predecessor is able, or prior to the purchase was able, to provide the relief requested; and (3) whether the predecessor and successor engaged in continuous business operations. Walker, 344 F. Supp. 2d at 1267; see Chao v. Concrete Mgmt. Res., L.L.C., No. 08-2501-JWL, 2009 WL 564381, at *2 (D. Kan. Mar. 5, 2009) (citing Trujillo, 694 F.2d at 224); Spears v. Mid-America Waffles, Inc., No. 11-2273-CM, 2011 WL 6304126 *4 (D. Kan. Dec. 16, 2011).

Applying the three-part test, the Court first notes genuine issues of material fact whether Fox Holdings had actual or constructive knowledge of the agreement between plaintiffs and Williams Restoration. The record also reveals a genuine issue of material fact whether Fox Holdings and Williams Restoration engaged in substantial continuity of business operations, and whether Williams Restoration can pay the delinquent contributions. See Memorandum In Opposition (Doc. #157) at 36. In other words, plaintiffs have not established that as a matter of law, Fox Holdings is liable under the federal common law of successor liability.

II. Successor Provision In Agreement Between Williams Restoration And Plaintiffs

Plaintiffs assert that at the time of the asset sale, Williams Restoration was bound to a collective bargaining agreement and that by its terms, Fox Holdings is bound as successor to Williams Restoration. Plaintiffs rely on Article XIV, which states as follows:

Agreement at 15. Fox Holdings asserts that it did not know about the agreement between plaintiffs and Williams Restoration, and did not agree to or assume it. See Memorandum In Opposition (Doc. #157) at 20.

In NLRB v. Burns Int'l Sec. Svcs., Inc., 406 U.S. 272, 274 (1972), the Supreme Court considered whether the NLRB could order a successor employer to observe the terms of a collective bargaining agreement between the union and its predecessor. In Burns, the successor had notice of the predecessor's collective bargaining agreement but did not consent to be bound by it, and nothing in its actions indicated that it had assumed its obligations. Id. at 287. The Supreme Court held that while the successor was obligated to recognize and bargain with the incumbent union, it was not bound by the substantive provisions of the agreement which the predecessor had negotiated and to which the successor had not consented.9 Id. at 281-82; see Borden, Inc. v. NLRB, 19 F.3d 502, 509 (10th Cir. 1994); NLRB v. Tricor Prod., Inc., 636 F.2d 266, 269 (10th Cir. 1980). It further held that while in some cases the NLRB might properly find that as a matter of fact the successor had assumed the obligations under the old contract, such a duty does not "ensue as a matter of law from the mere fact that an employer is doing the same work in the same place with the same employees as his predecessor." Burns, 406 U.S. at 291. Here, Fox Holdings may or may not have known about the collective bargaining agreement, and it did not explicitly consent to be bound by it. Accordingly, the question is whether its actions indicated that it had assumed the obligations of the agreement.

Plaintiffs assert that Fox Holdings manifested an intent to be bound, in that it remitted contributions to plaintiffs during the first five months of its ownership, withheld dues from union members, paid union-scale wages, held itself out as a union company to perform work on certain projects and utilized employee training that one plaintiff offered. See Suggestions In Support (Doc. #140) at 25. Fox Holdings disagrees. It presented evidence that it only withheld union dues to prevent employees from losing health insurance while it made decisions regarding employee health insurance. Fox Holdings presented evidence that it kept wages the same while it figured out how to set wages, not because it agreed to a union-scale or prevailing wage. See Memorandum In Opposition (Doc. #157) at 37. It also presented evidence that rebuts plaintiffs' assertions that it held itself out as a union company and "utilized" union training. Fox Holdings also notes that the NLRB has already dismissed plaintiffs' claim that by its conduct, Fox Holdings assented to the collective bargaining agreement.

Genuine issues of material fact prevent the Court from determining as a matter of law that through its conduct, Fox Holdings manifested an intent to be bound by the agreement between plaintiffs and Williams Restoration.

Conclusion

Viewing the record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, Fox Holdings has demonstrated genuine issues of material fact whether it is liable as successor to Williams Restoration. Plaintiffs are not entitled to partial summary judgment on this issue.

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Plaintiffs' Motion For Partial Summary Judgment Against Defendant Fox Holdings, Inc. (Doc. #139) filed February 11, 2019 is OVERRULED.