J.Q.
As we explain below, we conclude the trial court erred in ruling it did not have jurisdiction to award spousal support until after it found whether T.B. abused J.Q., and the court did not abuse its discretion in concluding J.Q. failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence T.B. abused her. Because of our holding, we decline T.B.'s request to address the merits of his cross-appeal.
J.Q. and T.B. met online in September 2009. J.Q. lived in Wuhan, China, and T.B. lived in Orange County; they corresponded via e-mail.
Less than two months later, on March 5, 2012, J.Q. sought and obtained an emergency protective order against T.B. In her application for a domestic violence restraining order, J.Q. alleged T.B. abused her on March 4, 2012. She also asserted, however, that T.B.'s abusive behavior began almost immediately upon her arrival in the United States. T.B. was arrested on March 5, 2012. A complaint charged T.B. with two misdemeanors: corporal injury on a spouse (Pen. Code, § 273.5, subd. (a)), and disturbing the peace (Pen. Code, § 415, subd. (1)) (People v. T.B. (Super. Ct. Orange County, 2012, No. 12CM* * * * *),
On March 7, 2012, J.Q. filed the following ex parte requests: (1) Judicial Council Form DV-110 application for a temporary restraining order and (2) Judicial Council Form DV-100 application for domestic violence restraining order.
In her form DV-100 application for a domestic violence restraining order, J.Q. alleged the following: On the morning of March 4, 2012, T.B. demanded J.Q. have sexual intercourse with him. During the sexual intercourse, T.B. held her legs high in the air and when he penetrated her, her head hit the headboard. J.Q. was in a lot of pain, and she asked him to put her legs down. When T.B. became unsatisfied, he threw her legs down, got out of bed, threw things, yelled at her, and left. When T.B. returned, J.Q. asked him to have dinner with her, but he yelled at her and told her to leave. T.B.
J.Q. also claimed T.B. had abused her on other occasions. After explaining T.B. did not let her go anywhere by herself, call anyone, let her learn English, give her any money, or buy her a cellular telephone, J.Q. claimed the following past abuse: T.B. demands "rough sex" with her every day. He "shov[ed] her around" and "hit [her] hard on [her] body but [he did] not leave any bruises except for the first beating around the beginning of February." T.B. threatened to have J.Q. deported if she told anyone he hit her. She also filed an income and expense declaration. Judge Beatriz M. Gordon granted the temporary restraining order effective until a hearing on March 27, 2012.
T.B. filed a response. In his response, T.B. attributed their misunderstandings to language, cultural, and legal differences. T.B. said J.Q. "has made many false statements in regards to [his] relations with her." T.B. explained that a few days before J.Q. arrived in the United States, his house burned down. He claimed J.Q. was impatient with him on a variety of issues, including finding a new church, having a child, and managing the family's finances. He also claimed she verbally attacked him concerning child support payments, his friends, and his spirituality. T.B. denied threatening her with deportation or violence. T.B. opined J.Q. does not understand the seriousness of the charges she has made.
With regard to the night of March 4, 2012, T.B. stated J.Q. began arguing with him when he did not have dinner with her. T.B. explained that to escape "her constant verbal assaults," he went upstairs but she followed him upstairs and began to argue with him again. T.B. claimed he again tried to escape by walking out of the bedroom and J.Q. followed him. T.B. said he quickly tried to "jump[] back into the room and attempted to close" the door but "[J.Q.] quickly turned and threw herself between the door and the jamb to prevent [him] from closing it." T.B. believed this is what caused her injuries. T.B. said he let go of the door because he did not want to injure her. T.B. said that when J.Q. continued to verbally attack him, he told her that he was going to
At the March 27, 2012, hearing, Judge Gordon found there was good cause to continue the matter and the temporary restraining order because of the pending criminal case. Judge Gordon continued the matter to May 15, 2012, and denied J.Q.'s oral motion for financial support. On April 23, 2012, J.Q. amended her form DV-100 request for a domestic violence restraining order to request spousal support.
One week later, J.Q. amended her form DV-100 application for a domestic violence restraining order a second time to clarify some translation inaccuracies in the original petition and supplement the petition with information concerning the criminal case. J.Q. added that items not discussed in the amendment "remain true and correct." J.Q. alleged the following: On the morning of March 4, 2012, T.B. demanded J.Q. have sexual intercourse with him and forcefully began to have sex with her. During sexual intercourse, T.B. held her legs high in the air and when he penetrated her, her head hit the headboard. J.Q. said that when she asked T.B. to put down her legs because she was in pain, he threw her legs down, got out of bed, yelled at her, threw things, and left. When T.B. returned later that evening, J.Q. asked T.B. to have dinner with her. T.B. became angry, told her to leave, closed the blinds and turned off the lights, grabbed her collar, and repeatedly threw her on the floor. After T.B. went upstairs, she followed him to try to talk with him. J.Q. claimed T.B. verbally attacked her, telling her she was a bad wife and she did not satisfy him sexually. After T.B. turned off the lights and closed the blinds, he threw her to the floor, against the walls, and onto the bed. J.Q. grabbed the bed, and T.B. broke the bed. T.B. grabbed her by the legs and dragged her out of the bathroom. J.Q. had visible injuries, and she was so frightened she went to her church seeking help. J.Q. again claimed T.B. would not afford her any independence or social interactions, and threatened to "kick [her] out of the house" if she did not satisfy his sexual needs or if she reported him to the police. J.Q. claimed T.B. abused
At the hearing on May 15, 2012, T.B.'s counsel moved to continue the case until the criminal matter was resolved; the next hearing in the criminal matter was scheduled for July 9, 2012. J.Q.'s counsel objected and renewed J.Q.'s request for spousal support. Judge Gordon again found good cause to continue the matter and the temporary restraining order, denied J.Q.'s request for spousal support, and ordered T.B. to file an income and expense declaration 30 days before the next court hearing, which was scheduled for July 24, 2012.
On July 17, 2012, T.B.'s counsel filed an ex parte motion to continue the order to show cause (OSC) hearing regarding the domestic violence restraining order to September 25, 2012. Counsel moved to continue because the criminal matter previously scheduled for July 9, 2012, was continued to August 2, 2012. T.B. did not move to continue the OSC hearing regarding spousal support calendared for July 24, 2012. J.Q.'s counsel requested the matter be adjudicated as expeditiously as possible and requested spousal support.
At a hearing on July 17, 2012, before Judge Glenn R. Salter, the trial court continued the OSC hearing regarding domestic violence restraining order until September 25, 2012, because of T.B.'s pending criminal case. The court stated the parties could address the issue of whether he had jurisdiction to order spousal support at the hearing on July 24, 2012. The court ordered T.B.'s counsel to provide T.B.'s income and expense declaration on July 24, 2012. The court reissued the temporary restraining order until September 25, 2012.
At the hearing on July 24, 2012, the trial court explained the sole issue was whether it had jurisdiction to order spousal support before a hearing on the merits on the application for a domestic violence restraining order. After the trial court and counsel engaged in a thorough discussion concerning the relevant legal authorities and legal issues (J.Q.'s counsel also submitted points and authorities and J.Q.'s declaration in support of her request), the court concluded it did not have jurisdiction to order spousal support before a hearing on the OSC regarding domestic violence restraining order under the Domestic Violence Prevention Act (the Act) (Fam. Code, § 6200 et seq.).
On September 4, 2012, the corporal injury on a spouse charge was dismissed, and T.B. pleaded guilty to disturbing the peace and was granted a deferred entry of judgment. T.B. did not file his income and expense declaration until September 12, 2012.
Trial commenced on September 25, 2012. J.Q. testified there were factual inaccuracies in her March 7, 2012, form DV-100 request for a domestic violence restraining order because the translator's Chinese was not very good. J.Q. claimed her April 30, 2012, amended petition was factually accurate but it omitted much information. J.Q. explained she and T.B. were a good "match" for each other because they were both looking for "Christian" spouses. She said T.B. was a "gentleman" until a few days after she arrived in the United States.
J.Q. testified that on the evening of Saturday, January 14, 2012, J.Q. and T.B. had returned home from T.B.'s church when T.B. asked her how she felt about his church. J.Q. responded, "[she] couldn't feel the [Holy] Spirit and [she] couldn't understand what they were talking about" because of the language barrier. J.Q. claimed T.B. began cursing at her and used his hand to point at her face. She said T.B.'s children were so frightened they ran upstairs. J.Q. stated she was very scared as T.B. continued to curse at her. J.Q. stated T.B. "threw that translation device to me."
J.Q. testified T.B. was a "gentleman" in public and introduced her to everyone as his wife but at home he was "a completely different person." J.Q. repeatedly attributed T.B.'s nastiness to her inability to satisfy his considerable sexual needs. J.Q. testified that when T.B. repeatedly denied her request to take an English class, she went to one class, and when she returned, T.B. cursed at her and "bit [her] on [her] body."
J.Q. testified that on Monday, January, 23, 2012, they went to a store and a child's birthday party. J.Q. stated that as they drove T.B. continually cursed at her and used his hand to point at her. She claimed T.B. used his hand to pound the center console until the cover fell off. She added that T.B. would frequently tell her that she must follow his instructions and hammer the table with his hand as if to warn her of the consequences if she was not obedient.
J.Q. testified she sent T.B. an e-mail on February 24, 2012, to explain to him how unhappy she was. In her e-mail, J.Q. stated she moved to the United States for T.B. and now that she had been living with him for one month, she believed he was a hypocrite. She said, "See your anger, see your terrible, to see your violent behavior. I can't believe my eyes, I don't believe that. [¶] I miss the previous [T.B.], hundreds of letters, full of love, full of affection. He told me, he loved [G]od, love life, love the wife, compassionate heart. Love Christ family." She added, "I tell you my dear husband, no matter how you abuse me. [¶] I never leave the house, I do not divorce." She stated, "We need to calm down, we need to solve the problem. [¶] No relationship, if you hate me, you can curse in rage me, hit me, [I] never [s]trike back." Finally, she suggested they go to marriage counseling so they could have a harmonious family and set a good example for the children. T.B. replied in an e-mail the next day. In his e-mail, he asked where "the old [J.Q.] is." T.B. stated that she promised to honor and obey him, "but now she accuses, judges, argues with great impatience." He added, "She provokes her husband to anger with her continues [sic] nagging and complaining." T.B. claimed he only gets angry "when [she] provoke[s] [him] to anger." T.B. concluded with the following: "I do not mind if you share what is on your heart. Then you must listen to me and then you must be silent. If you continue nagging, it will begin to anger me. If you do not stop after I tell you to stop, I will become angry."
J.Q. testified T.B. returned home a few times that afternoon, but things began to escalate when T.B. returned home at dinnertime. J.Q. stated she told T.B. she had made dinner, but he refused to eat and left again. J.Q. said that he returned later that night when she was calling her church in China. J.Q. claimed T.B. cursed at her, grabbed the telephone away from her, and smashed it. J.Q. testified she told T.B. that he should not treat her badly, and T.B. grabbed her throat and tried to throw her. J.Q. said T.B. went upstairs to take a bath. J.Q. explained she went upstairs to speak with T.B. and in the bathroom they continued to argue. J.Q. claimed T.B. closed the window blinds and turned off the lights so he could beat her. J.Q. stated T.B. asked her to leave, but she would not. J.Q. alleged T.B. grabbed the coat around her neck and tried to throw her out. J.Q. said T.B. threw her to the ground, threw her against the wall, and pushed her onto the bed. J.Q. stated she grabbed onto the bed.
On cross-examination, J.Q. admitted she took T.B.'s computer, guns, and driver's license. A longtime friend of T.B. testified that when he asked J.Q. whether she knew what happened to T.B.'s driver's license, J.Q. admitted she took the driver's license. When he told J.Q. that she needed to return it, the friend testified J.Q. became angry.
T.B. testified sexual relations with J.Q. were difficult because of their size difference but she never told him she wanted to cease sexual activities with him. T.B. explained that a couple of days after J.Q. arrived in the United States, they began arguing about church, English classes, and a cellular telephone. T.B. said J.Q. complained he did not give her enough money, and she wanted to control the family's finances. With respect to March 4, 2012, T.B. explained he woke up and initiated sexual relations with J.Q. and they began to have sexual intercourse. When J.Q. complained it hurt, T.B. lifted her legs because that had helped in the past. T.B. stated J.Q. continued to complain and he put her legs down. T.B. said he tossed a bottle of lubricant onto the nightstand and left. T.B. testified he did not return home until dinnertime, and when he grabbed a snack, J.Q. was upset because he did not eat the dinner she prepared and they argued about several issues, including finances.
On cross-examination, T.B. admitted he had five guns. After his arrest, T.B. learned not all the guns were properly registered.
Calvary Chapel Pastor Will Lynn (Will), a former police officer, testified J.Q. arrived at the church on the evening of March 4, 2012. Will stated that when J.Q. arrived, "her face was puffed up, red around her cheeks and she seemed to be kind of in a daze." Will said "at some point [he] recognized her as a wom[a]n" who had come to the church two to three weeks before for marriage difficulties, and he got his wife to speak with J.Q.
Pamela Lynn (Pamela) testified that when she met J.Q., she looked "sad and distraught." Pamela believed J.Q. may have been in a car accident because "her face appeared — it looked swollen and red on one side." Pamela said after she found an interpreter and J.Q. told her what had happened, Pamela called the police. Pamela explained the crime scene investigators took photographs of J.Q. approximately two to three hours after she arrived at the church.
On October 1, 2012, the trial court heard and considered counsel's arguments. The trial court began its oral statement of decision with an overview of what the court described as an atypical family law case. The court explained that on the day J.Q. testified, the court-certified interpreter appeared to have difficulty understanding the difference between "yelling" and "cussing," and "to" and "at." As to the remote control, the court stated the following: "The only thing we can all agree on is that the testimony was the remote control was thrown. It did not hit [J.Q.] The court is going to accept the translation of — the interpreter's translation as accurate. It will simply reflect that when it's on the record or in court listening to it, it was difficult to follow. I'm not sure how accurate it was."
Next, the trial court discussed the parties. The court described J.Q.'s testimony in Mandarin as "emphatic" and "almost aggressive in her demeanor." The court opined J.Q. had difficulty answering questions, recognizing perhaps she was merely trying to provide "her story her way." The court noted that during T.B.'s testimony J.Q. interrupted and emphatically said in English, "Not true. Not true." The court described T.B.'s demeanor as calm, "almost too calm." The court noted though that at times T.B.'s facial expressions indicated he was angry. The court discussed the interpreter and the parties to ensure its reasoning was preserved in the record.
Contrary to counsel's closing arguments, the trial court opined there were "cultural issues at play[]" and there is "a language problem[]" because a language's nuances are lost in translation. The court stated that for example, J.Q. wanted to control the family's finances, and in Japanese culture it is common for the wife to control the money. The court said that if Chinese culture is consistent with Japanese culture, the court would not be surprised if J.Q. made such a request. The court stated that although American culture is changing, many American men are unwilling to cede control of the family's finances, especially to a non-English speaker.
The trial court noted that although the parties had been married for a couple of years, they lived together for only two months, and the problems began immediately upon J.Q. arriving in the United States. The court did not believe T.B.'s theory their problems could be attributed to sexual incompatibility, and in any event, such incompatibility did not give T.B. the right to physically or verbally abuse J.Q.
With respect to the court's jurisdiction, the court said both J.Q. and T.B. "wanted a Christian partner, but [the court] [was] not sure that either side showed a lot of Christian attitude about it." Nevertheless, the court accepted the parties' representation they were married.
With respect to whether there was domestic violence, the trial court stated the following: "The court finds that [J.Q.] has not shown by a preponderance of the evidence that there was domestic violence. There are certainly some indications that there were events which occurred. There are indications that the events have a different meaning. That is to say, [J.Q.] g[a]ve her statement and her explanation as to what happened. [T.B.] g[a]ve his statement and explanation as to what happened. [¶] Unfortunately, the evidence that we have is consistent with both of them factoring in the court's having seen the parties in court; having listened to their testimony; having observed them in court, the court does not feel [J.Q.] has made the necessary showing that there was domestic violence. [¶] But even if there were domestic violence, it's not often or it's often the case that some times domestic violence is situational. There was certainly an event which occurred, a sexual encounter which was not going well. [¶] The court is of the opinion that ... T.B. did stop when he was asked to stop even though the testimony was conflicting. But clearly whether he did or did not immediately stop this was clearly situational from the court's perspective. [¶] The parties were at an impasse. They had been having problems. The problems came to a head on this particular night and so whatever did occur if there was any form of domestic violence it was situational and on that basis the court will deny the request."
When J.Q.'s counsel requested a ruling on her spousal support request, there was a brief discussion concerning the court's concern the marriage was a "sham." After J.Q.'s counsel offered to produce their marriage certificate, the court accepted the fact they were married and ruled that because it concluded T.B. had not committed domestic violence, it could not award
J.Q. filed an appeal from the orders denying her request for spousal support and the court's finding T.B. did not abuse her. T.B. filed a cross-appeal from the order requiring him to make debt payments.
Relying on section 6341, equity, and public policy, J.Q. argues the trial court erred in denying her request for spousal support pending resolution of her application for a domestic violence restraining order. T.B. responds the court properly denied J.Q.'s request because a trial court can award spousal support under the Act only after notice and a hearing, a point J.Q. agrees with. The issue before us then is "notice and hearing" of what? J.Q. asserts notice and hearing on the issue of spousal support. T.B. counters notice and hearing first on whether domestic violence occurred and, if it did, notice and hearing on spousal support. As we explain below, we agree with J.Q. Because we conclude J.Q.'s statutory contention has merit, we limit our discussion to section 6341, although policy considerations of course inform our conclusion.
As relevant here, section 6341, subdivision (c), states: "If the parties are married to each other and no spousal support order exists, after notice and a hearing, the court may order the respondent to pay spousal support in an amount, if any, that would otherwise be authorized in an action pursuant to Part 1 (commencing with [s]ection 3500) or Part 3 (commencing with [s]ection 4300) of Division 9.[
Based on a plain reading of section 6341, subdivision (c), we conclude a trial court may award spousal support to an applying party prior to concluding domestic violence has occurred. Section 6341, subdivision (c)'s first sentence is couched in terms of spousal support and does not mention or impose a requirement a trial court find domestic violence occurred before ordering spousal support. Giving the words their ordinary meaning, the first sentence authorizes the court to order the respondent to pay the applicant spousal support if the parties are married to each other and no spousal support order exists after notice and a hearing, to determine the amount, if any, that would otherwise be authorized in an action pursuant to Part 1 (commencing with [s]ection 3500) or Part 3 of the Act (commencing with [s]ection 4300) of division 9. By its plain language, section 6341, subdivision (c), does not impose the requirement a trial court must find domestic violence occurred before awarding spousal support.
Our interpretation of section 6341, subdivision (c), is supported by the Act's purpose, which is codified in section 6220. Section 6220 states, "The
The Act's legislative history also supports our conclusion the Legislature was concerned with a victim's inability to live apart from a batterer due to a lack of financial resources. The Senate Committee on Judiciary analysis of the Act provides insight in this regard. After stating that the bill, Assembly Bill No. 2148 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.), would specify the factors a court must consider in determining whether to award spousal support under the Act, and that any spousal support award was made without prejudice in any dissolution or nullity of marriage, or legal separation action, the analysis explained why the bill was necessary. "[D]omestic violence victims are often forced to return to the batterer out of economic necessity because their inability to participate in custody and support proceedings due to inadequate resources results in them not securing the child or spousal support that would provide
Finally, Article 2, the same article that includes section 6341, includes other statutory provisions that support our conclusion a finding domestic violence occurred is not a prerequisite for awarding spousal support under the Act. As we explain above, Part 4 of the Act governs protective orders and other domestic violence prevention orders, and Chapter 2 of Part 4 governs the issuance of orders. Chapter 2 includes the following three articles: Article 1-ex parte orders; Article 2-orders issuable after notice and a hearing; and Article 3-orders included in judgments. The three articles govern the issuance of orders at different stages of a domestic violence proceeding. Section 6341 is included in Article 2, orders issuable after notice and a hearing. Sections 6342 and 6343, both of which are also included in Article 2, require a notice and hearing, but which by their plain language contemplate a finding of abuse.
T.B. argues the trial court should not award spousal support without notice and a hearing. We agree. The trial court here never conducted a hearing on whether and in what amount T.B. should pay J.Q. spousal support because the court concluded it did not have jurisdiction to award J.Q. spousal support until it concluded domestic violence occurred. We do note, however, T.B. was certainly on notice the court was considering making such an order on July 17, 2012, when the court ordered him to produce his income and expense declaration at the next hearing on July 24, 2012. T.B. did not comply with that order as he did not file the declaration until September. Thus, on remand, the trial court should conduct a noticed hearing to determine whether a spousal support award is proper, and consider all relevant issues before making an award.
T.B. also complains the trial court erred in ordering him to make debt payments pursuant to section 6324 because there was no evidence J.Q. would incur any liens or encumbrances that were to come due. Section 6324 states, "The court may issue an ex parte order determining the temporary use, possession, and control of real or personal property of the parties and the payment of any liens or encumbrances coming due during the period the order is in effect." The court certainly had the power to award the temporary use of the family dwelling to either T.B. or J.Q. When J.Q. indicated she did not want to disrupt T.B.'s children's routine, the court properly ordered T.B. to pay J.Q. $1,600 over two months to cover J.Q.'s future living expenses pursuant to section 6324.
The July 24, 2012, and September 5, 2012, orders denying spousal support are reversed. The October 1, 2012, order finding T.B. did not abuse J.Q. is affirmed. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.
Rylaarsdam, J., and Thompson, J., concurred.
