BECKERING, J.

Defendant, city of Lansing, appeals as of right the trial court's order granting summary disposition in favor of plaintiff, Associated Builders and Contractors, under MCR 2.116(C)(10). We reverse and remand.

I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Defendant enacted a prevailing wage ordinance and plaintiff challenged the ordinance as an unconstitutional and ultra vires act. The ordinance at issue provides as follows:

In deciding whether the ordinance was valid, the trial court cited Attorney General, ex rel. Lennane v. Detroit, 225 Mich. 631, 196 N.W. 391 (1923), and determined that defendant did not have the authority to enact the ordinance. The trial court reasoned that it was bound by Lennane despite defendant's "compelling arguments," and granted summary disposition to plaintiff.1

II. MUNICIPAL POWERS AND A CITY'S POLICE POWER

We review de novo a trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition. Innovative Adult Foster Care, Inc. v. Ragin, 285 Mich.App. 466, 475, 776 N.W.2d 398 (2009). Summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) is appropriate when the moving party is able to demonstrate that there are no genuine issues of material fact. Coblentz v. City of Novi, 475 Mich. 558, 568, 719 N.W.2d 73 (2006).

A. LENNANE

In Lennane, 225 Mich. at 633-634, 196 N.W. 391, our Supreme Court considered whether the city of Detroit could, consistent with the Constitution of 1908 and the home rule act,2 enact a minimum prevailing wage ordinance similar to the ordinance in the case at bar. The ordinance at issue in Lennane provided as follows:

In ruling that the ordinance at issue was invalid, the Lennane Court examined the authority granted to cities at that time and considered whether the ordinance exceeded that authority. Id. at 636-641, 196 N.W. 391. In interpreting the authority granted to cities under the Michigan Constitution, the Court, id. at 637-638, 196 N.W. 391, relied on §§ 20 and 21 of Article 8 of the Constitution of 1908, which provided:

The Court concluded that neither the Constitution nor the home rule act granted cities the general exercise of police power. Rather, the Court concluded that "[t]he police power rests in the State." Lennane, 225 Mich. at 638, 196 N.W. 391. The Court explained that "[u]nless delegated in some effective way the police power remains in the State." Id. The Court also noted "a popular misunderstanding" about home rule cities and "a widely spread notion that lately, in some way, cities have become possessed of greatly enlarged powers, the right to exercise which may come from mere assertion of their existence and the purpose to exercise them." Id. at 639, 196 N.W. 391 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The Court reasoned that cities possessed a very narrow scope of inherent police power, but beyond that narrow scope, "the police power, like any other power conferred on a municipality, must be expressly delegated by the Constitution or legislature of the State." Id. at 639-640, 196 N.W. 391 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

Nevertheless, despite characterizing the notion that cities possessed broad authority as a "popular misunderstanding," the Court assumed, without deciding, that a city "may fix a public policy applicable to its matters of local and municipal concern...." Id. at 636, 196 N.W. 391 (emphasis added). See also id. at 641, 196 N.W. 391. The Court then framed the issue in the case as whether "the power of the city to declare a public policy appli[es] to matters of State concern." Id. at 636, 196 N.W. 391 (emphasis added). The Court concluded that the defendant's attempt to set wage rates in that case was impermissible because it was an attempt by the defendant to interfere with a matter of state concern. Id. at 641, 196 N.W. 391. In reaching this conclusion, the Court noted:

Therefore, the Court concluded that even if the defendant had a broad grant of authority to legislate with regard to matters of local concern, its actions in that case were invalid because it attempted to exercise police power over matters of state concern. Id. at 641, 196 N.W. 391. In pertinent part, the Court explained:

Consequently, the crux of the Court's holding in Lennane was its conclusion that setting wage rates was a matter of state concern, and that a city, even assuming it had broad authority to legislate on matters of local concern, did not possess the authority to exercise the police power over a matter of state concern. Id. Significantly absent from the Court's decision was any discussion as to why the setting of wage rates was a matter of state concern. Further, the Court provided little analysis and cited no authority for its conclusion that the setting of wage rates was a matter of state concern into which the city could not intrude.

In the case at bar, the trial court concluded that Lennane addressed the validity of a prevailing wage ordinance that was similar to the ordinance at issue and found that Lennane was binding and that it compelled the result in this case. The rule of stare decisis requires this Court to follow the decisions of the Michigan Supreme Court. Tenneco Inc. v. Amerisure Mut. Ins. Co., 281 Mich.App. 429, 447, 761 N.W.2d 846 (2008). For the reasons discussed later in this opinion, because we find that the reasoning employed in Lennane has subsequently been rejected by amendments of our Michigan Constitution and by changes in our caselaw, we find that Lennane is inapplicable to the case at bar.

B. SUBSEQUENT LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION OF AUTHORITY GRANTED TO CITIES

Since the Supreme Court's decision in Lennane, our Constitution and our courts have interpreted the authority granted to cities in a much more liberal manner. Notably, in 1963, our Constitution was revised to provide:

The convention comment to this section states that this provision is a revision of Const. 1908, art 8, § 21, and that it "reflect[ed] Michigan's successful experience with home rule. The new language is a more positive statement of municipal powers, giving home rule cities and villages full power over their own property and government, subject to this constitution and law." 2 Official Record, Constitutional Convention 1961, p. 3393. The broad authority granted to cities is further illustrated by Const. 1963, art 7, § 34, which provides:

In accordance with this constitutional provision, this Court has recognized that we are to liberally construe statutes and constitutional provisions that grant authority to cities, townships, municipalities, and villages. Hughes v. Almena Twp., 284 Mich.App. 50, 61-62, 771 N.W.2d 453 (2009).

In light of these subsequently enacted constitutional provisions and the liberal construction of a city's authority, our Courts have consistently recognized the broad grant of authority given to cities. See, e.g., AFSCME v. Detroit, 468 Mich. 388, 410, 662 N.W.2d 695 (2003) (quotation marks and citation omitted) ("We have held that home rule cities enjoy not only those powers specifically granted, but they may also exercise all powers not expressly denied."); Rental Prop. Owners Ass'n of Kent Co. v. Grand Rapids, 455 Mich. 246, 270, 566 N.W.2d 514 (1997) (recognizing that both the Michigan Constitution and the HRCA provide a broad grant of authority to cities); Mich. Coalition for Responsible Gun Owners v. Ferndale, 256 Mich.App. 401, 406-407, 662 N.W.2d 864 (2003). This broad grant of authority is subject only to certain restrictions enumerated in statutes or the Michigan Constitution. Rental Prop. Owners Ass'n, 455 Mich. at 253, 566 N.W.2d 514; Detroit v. Walker, 445 Mich. 682, 690, 520 N.W.2d 135 (1994). As explained in City of Taylor v. Detroit Edison Co., 475 Mich. 109, 116, 715 N.W.2d 28 (2006), quoting Const. 1963, art 7, § 22:

The recognition of this broad authority differs significantly from the manner in which the Court in Lennane viewed the authority granted to cities in light of the law at that time. Indeed, as previously discussed the Court in Lennane took a much more conservative view of the authority possessed by cities and found that the authority granted to cities had to be expressly granted by statute or constitution.

C. RECOGNITION OF A CITY'S EXPANDED POLICE POWER

In addition to recognizing a broad grant of authority to cities, our courts have, after the issuance of Lennane, recognized an expansion in the police power granted to cities that is contradictory to the limited view of a city's police power on which the holding in Lennane rested. Our Supreme Court has continued to recognize that the state's police power permits the Legislature to enact regulations concerning wages. See, e.g., Western Mich. Univ. Bd. of Control v. Michigan, 455 Mich. 531, 536, 565 N.W.2d 828 (1997) (explaining that the Legislature, through the exercise of the police power, has the authority to regulate wages and conditions of employment); People v. Murphy, 364 Mich. 363, 368, 110 N.W.2d 805 (1961) ("The police power relates not merely to the public health and public physical safety but, also, to public financial safety."). However, in a significant contradiction to the reasoning employed in Lennane, our courts have recognized that unless expressly limited by statute or our Constitution, the police power possessed by cities is of the same scope as the police power possessed by the state. See, e.g., Belle Isle Grill Corp. v. Detroit, 256 Mich.App. 463, 481, 666 N.W.2d 271 (2003). As explained in People v. Sell, 310 Mich. 305, 315, 17 N.W.2d 193 (1945):

This conclusion is directly antithetical to the approach adopted by the Court in Lennane, which held that a city's police power was not of the same scope as the state's police power. The conclusion that our courts now recognize an expanded view of a city's police power different from the view espoused in Lennane is buttressed by cases that have upheld a city's authority to enact ordinances pertaining to wages. See, e.g., Brimmer v. Village of Elk Rapids, 365 Mich. 6, 12-13, 112 N.W.2d 222 (1961) (declaring that salaries paid by municipalities are a matter of local concern); Gildersleeve v. Lamont, 331 Mich. 8, 12, 49 N.W.2d 36 (1951); Kane v. City of Flint, 342 Mich. 74, 77-78, 69 N.W.2d 156 (1955); Olson v. Highland Park, 312 Mich. 688, 695, 20 N.W.2d 773 (1945).3

Consequently, our review of relevant post-Lennane caselaw reveals a fundamentally different framework with which our courts now evaluate the authority granted to cities and the scope of a city's ability to enact ordinances pursuant to its police power. Consistent with the recognition of the broad authority granted to cities by statute and the Michigan Constitution, our Supreme Court has adopted the following test for determining whether an action taken by a city is a valid exercise of the city's authority:

As explained in Detroit v. Qualls, 434 Mich. 340, 361-362, 454 N.W.2d 374 (1990), quoting 56 Am. Jur. 2d, Municipal Corporations, § 374, pp. 408-409:

D. LENNANE'S REASONING HAS BEEN REJECTED

In light of these changes to our Constitution and our caselaw, we find that the reasoning employed in Lennane has been rejected. Regarding changes to our Constitution, Const. 1963, art 7, § 34 now requires this Court to construe the law concerning cities "liberally ... in their favor." Such a provision did not exist at the time the Court decided Lennane. Moreover, as already discussed, our courts have, after Lennane, declared that a city's police powers are consistent with those of the state, unless limited by the Constitution or statute. Sell, 310 Mich. at 315, 17 N.W.2d 193; Belle Isle Grill Corp., 256 Mich.App. at 481, 666 N.W.2d 271. Therefore, the reasoning employed in Lennane, i.e., that the city could not exercise its police power to enact a prevailing wage ordinance because wages owed to employees are purely a matter of state concern, is no longer valid. Thus, contrary to Lennane and consistent with Sell, 310 Mich. at 315, 17 N.W.2d 193, we conclude that "the police power of [Lansing] as a home rule city is of the same general scope and nature as that of the State." Further, our Supreme Court has, after the issuance of Lennane, found that cities have the authority to regulate wages. See, e.g., Brimmer, 365 Mich. at 13, 112 N.W.2d 222, citing Gildersleeve, 331 Mich. at 12, 49 N.W.2d 36 (emphasis added) ("In upholding the salaries paid, this Court was, of course, treating with a matter of purely local character."); Kane, 342 Mich. at 77-78, 69 N.W.2d 156; Olson, 312 Mich. at 695, 20 N.W.2d 773. The view espoused in Brimmer and Gildersleeve, that salaries paid by municipalities are a matter of local concern, is directly contradictory to the linchpin of Lennane's holding. Consequently, the foundation upon which Lennane stood has been rejected by our Supreme Court. We find that the reasoning employed in Lennane should not be applied in the case at bar. See Adams Outdoor Advertising, Inc. v. City of Holland, 234 Mich.App. 681, 690, 600 N.W.2d 339 (1999). In Adams Outdoor Advertising, this Court recognized that a relevant Michigan Supreme Court decision had not been expressly overruled, but declined to apply the decision in that case because the rationale for the decision "has been superseded by ... subsequent Supreme Court decisions...." Id. at 689, 600 N.W.2d 339. We recognize that "this Court is bound by the rule of stare decisis to follow the decisions of our Supreme Court." Tenneco Inc., 281 Mich.App. at 447, 761 N.W.2d 846. Thus, we emphasize that we neither overrule Lennane nor deviate from the rule of stare decisis. Instead, we recognize that the controlling authorities "bear no resemblance to those presented in" Lennane, and recognize that the doctrine of stare decisis is not applicable when the controlling authorities have changed after the Supreme Court issued its decision in Lennane. In re Nestorovski Estate, 283 Mich.App. 177, 196 n. 6, 769 N.W.2d 720 (2009). Indeed, "[b]ecause the differences between this case and [Lennane] are plain and substantial, our decision does not contemplate doing the impossible, which would be to overrule [Lennane] or disregard it when it was binding precedent." People v. Pfaffle, 246 Mich.App. 282, 304, 632 N.W.2d 162 (2001).4

III. WHETHER DEFENDANT'S ORDINANCE IS INVALID

Having concluded that Lennane does not compel the outcome in this case, we examine defendant's ordinance to determine whether the ordinance conflicts with our Constitution or statutes. Rental Prop. Owners Ass'n, 455 Mich. at 253, 566 N.W.2d 514 ("The enactment and enforcement of ordinances related to municipal concerns is a valid exercise of municipal police powers as long as the ordinance does not conflict with the constitution or general laws."); Czymbor's Timber, Inc. v. Saginaw, 269 Mich.App. 551, 555, 711 N.W.2d 442 (2006).

A. CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY OF HOME RULE CITIES

"Home rule cities have broad powers to enact ordinances for the benefit of municipal concerns under the Michigan Constitution." Rental Prop. Owners Ass'n of Kent Co., 455 Mich. at 253, 566 N.W.2d 514. Additionally, the HRCA "is intended to give cities a large measure of home rule." Id. at 254, 566 N.W.2d 514. As already discussed, a home rule city possesses the authority to exercise the police power to control wages and salaries for those employed by the city. See Brimmer, 365 Mich. at 12-13, 112 N.W.2d 222; Kane, 342 Mich. at 77-78, 69 N.W.2d 156. Moreover, the police power relates to matters of financial concern. Murphy, 364 Mich. at 368, 110 N.W.2d 805. Therefore, the enactment of a prevailing wage ordinance is a valid exercise of defendant's police power under the Michigan Constitution and the HRCA.

B. PREEMPTION

The next step in our inquiry concerns whether defendant's prevailing wage ordinance conflicts with, and therefore is preempted by, state law. Czymbor's Timber, Inc., 269 Mich.App. at 555, 711 N.W.2d 442. "State law preempts a municipal ordinance in two situations: (1) where the ordinance directly conflicts with a state statute or (2) where the statute completely occupies the field that the ordinance attempts to regulate." Id. "A direct conflict exists when the ordinance permits what the statute prohibits or the ordinance prohibits what the statute permits." Id. We review de novo whether state law preempts an ordinance. Maple BPA, Inc v. Bloomfield Charter Twp., 302 Mich.App. 505, 510, 838 N.W.2d 915 (2013).

We find that defendant's prevailing wage ordinance does not directly conflict with state law, nor does state law completely occupy the field that defendant's ordinance attempts to regulate. Initially, regarding conflict preemption, we note that the Minimum Wage Law, MCL 408.381 et seq., (MWL), and the Michigan prevailing wage act, MCL 408.551 to 408.558(PWA), regulate minimum wages. Defendant's ordinance does not directly conflict with either of these statutes because neither law prohibits cities or municipalities from setting prevailing wage rates for contracts or agreements for construction on behalf of cities. Therefore, we must determine whether field preemption applies.

Concerning field preemption, we consider four factors in determining whether a statute completely occupies a field:

Applying these factors to the case at bar, we find that defendant's prevailing wage ordinance has not been preempted by state statute. Regarding the first factor, neither the MWL nor the PWA expressly provides that the state's authority to regulate in the area of the wages to be paid for construction contracts entered into by public entities for construction projects is to be exclusive. First, concerning the MWL, the statute only sets forth a statewide minimum wage and does not prohibit wages in excess of the statewide minimum wage. See MCL 408.413 ("An employer shall not pay any employee at a rate that is less than prescribed in this act."). Nothing in the plain language of the statute expressly forecloses the ability of a city to set a higher standard for construction projects. Thus, the MWL clearly does not preempt the ordinance at issue in this case.

We also find that the ordinance is not preempted by the PWA. Although the PWA sets a prevailing wage for contractors working on state projects, we find that nothing in the plain language of the PWA expressly provides that the state's authority to regulate in the area of prevailing wages paid to contractors is exclusive. In pertinent part, the PWA provides:

As used in the statute, a "contracting agent" "means any officer, school board, board or commission of the state, or a state institution supported in whole or in part by state funds, authorized to enter into a contract for a state project or to perform a state project by the direct employment of labor." MCL 408.551(c). Cities are not included within the definition of "contracting agent[s]." Nothing in the express language of the statute provides that the state's authority to regulate in the field of prevailing wages for construction contracts is to be exclusive.

The second factor in a field preemption analysis concerns whether field preemption may be inferred from a statute's legislative history. Maple BPA, Inc, 302 Mich. App. at 511, 838 N.W.2d 915. Our Supreme Court has explained that the PWA reflects the policy concern of protecting local wage standards by preventing contractors on state projects from using wages in bids that are lower than those prevailing in the area and by giving local labor a fair opportunity to participate. Western Mich. Univ. Bd., 455 Mich. at 535-536, 565 N.W.2d 828. See also West Ottawa Pub. Sch v. Director, Dep't of Labor, 107 Mich.App. 237, 245, 309 N.W.2d 220 (1981) ("The Legislature has declared as the policy of this state that construction workers on public projects are to be paid the equivalent of the union wage in the locality."). The legislative history of this act shows that as originally enacted, the PWA was not intended to affect construction contracts entered into by local units of government. This Court's decision in Bowie v. Coloma Sch. Bd., 58 Mich.App. 233, 236, 227 N.W.2d 298 (1975), overruled in part on other grounds Western Mich. Univ. Bd., 455 Mich. at 546, 565 N.W.2d 828, contains a discussion of the legislative history of the PWA. As originally passed by the House of Representatives, the PWA defined a contracting agent as "any officer, board or commission of the state, or political subdivision thereof or any state institution supported in whole or in part by state funds, authorized to enter into a contract for a state project or perform the same by the direct employment of labor." Bowie, 58 Mich.App. at 236, 227 N.W.2d 298 (quotation marks and citation omitted). After the House of Representatives passed its version of the PWA, members of the House of Representatives expressed concern that the language contained in the PWA was too broad and that the statute would intrude "into the local areas...." Id. at 237, 227 N.W.2d 298 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Thereafter, when the Senate passed its version of the act, the language "or political subdivision thereof was omitted from the act. In conference, the House adopted the act as passed by the Senate. Id. at 236-237, 227 N.W.2d 298. On the basis of this history, and the intent of the Legislature in enacting the PWA, we conclude that we may not infer field preemption from the legislative history of the PWA. Indeed, in direct response to the legislative concerns about the PWA intruding "into the local areas," the Legislature enacted the Senate's version of the PWA to prevent such intrusion. In light of such action, we find that this factor does not support a finding of field preemption.

The third factor identified in Maple BPA, Inc, 302 Mich.App. at 511, 838 N.W.2d 915, requires us to consider the pervasiveness of the state regulatory scheme at issue. Here, nothing in the plain language of the PWA compels the conclusion that the statute's regulatory scheme is so pervasive as to inhibit a city from establishing a prevailing wage for contracts for construction involving the city. Indeed, by its express language the PWA applies to "state project[s]" that are "sponsored or financed in whole or in part by the state...." MCL 408.552. Furthermore, the statute applies only when a "contracting agent," as used in the statute, authorizes the construction at issue. In pertinent part, a "contracting agent" under the statute is "any officer, school board, board or commission of the state, or a state institution supported in whole or in part by state funds, authorized to enter into a contract for a state project...." MCL 408.551(c). Notably absent from this definition is any reference to cities or municipalities of any kind. Given the limited scope of the PWA's application, we do not find that the regulatory scheme is so pervasive as to preclude all local regulation. See Rental Prop. Owners Ass'n, 455 Mich. at 261, 566 N.W.2d 514 (declining to find that the regulatory scheme at issue was so pervasive that it precluded all local regulation when "[t]he statute does not inhibit municipalities from providing alternative and consistent means" to regulate in the area in question); Fraser Twp. v. Linwood-Bay Sportsman's Club, 270 Mich.App. 289, 295, 715 N.W.2d 89 (2006). Cf. Capital Area Dist. Library v. Mich. Open Carry, Inc., 298 Mich.App. 220, 239, 826 N.W.2d 736 (2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted) (finding that a district library, as a unit of local government, did not have authority to regulate in the field of firearms possession when the state "statutory scheme includes a broad, detailed, and multifaceted attack on the possession of firearms.").

The fourth factor in a field preemption analysis requires us to consider whether the nature of the regulated subject matter demands exclusive state regulation in order to achieve the uniformity necessary to serve the state's purpose or interest. Maple BPA, Inc., 302 Mich.App. at 511, 838 N.W.2d 915. Concerning this last factor, "where the nature of the regulated subject matter calls for regulation adapted to local conditions, and the local regulation does not interfere with the state regulatory scheme, supplementary local regulation has generally been upheld." Llewellyn, 401 Mich. at 324-325, 257 N.W.2d 902. The nature of the subject matter in this case — wages paid to construction workers — clearly does not demand exclusive state regulation and is instead suitable to supplementary local regulation. Indeed, the establishment of prevailing wages is particularly amenable to local regulation because prevailing wages are to be set equal to prevailing wages in the relevant locality. See West Ottawa Pub. Sch, 107 Mich.App. at 245, 309 N.W.2d 220. Further, the PWA allows for local regulation in this area because cities are not included within the definition of "contracting agent." Therefore, the subject matter in this case is well suited to local regulations, such as the prevailing wage ordinance in the case at bar. See McNeil v. Charlevoix Co., 275 Mich.App. 686, 703, 741 N.W.2d 27 (2007). Cf. Capital Area Dist. Library, 298 Mich.App. at 239-240, 826 N.W.2d 736 (finding that the nature of the regulated subject matter in that case — firearm possession — "undoubtedly calls for ... exclusive state regulation" because a system of localized regulation could lead to confusing and conflicting regulations, thereby creating a great deal of uncertainty).

In light of the foregoing, we find that defendant's prevailing wage ordinance is a valid exercise of municipal power because it does not conflict with the Michigan Constitution or state law. Rental Prop. Owners Ass'n, 455 Mich. at 253, 566 N.W.2d 514 ("The enactment and enforcement of ordinances related to municipal concerns is a valid exercise of municipal police powers as long as the ordinance does not conflict with the constitution or general laws."). We also find that the holding in Lennane, which was premised on subsequently altered authority, does not compel our decision in this case. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the trial court and remand for entry of summary disposition in favor of defendant.

Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.

SHAPIRO, J., concurred with BECKERING, J.

SAWYER, P.J. (dissenting).

I respectfully dissent.

The majority seems to recognize that the ordinance at issue is invalid under the Supreme Court's ruling in Attorney General, ex rel. Lennane v. Detroit, 225 Mich. 631, 196 N.W. 391 (1923). And the majority acknowledges that we are required to follow the decisions of the Supreme Court. Tenneco Inc. v. Amerisure Mut. Ins. Co., 281 Mich.App. 429, 447, 761 N.W.2d 846 (2008). But the majority argues that there has been a sufficient change in the law in the 90 years following the Lennane decision to warrant this Court ignoring it. I disagree.

The majority looks to a phrase in Const. 1963, art 7, § 34 not contained in the 1908 Constitution, which states that provisions of the Constitution and law concerning cities "shall be liberally construed" in the favor of the city. The majority also looks to various decisions of this Court and the Supreme Court that reiterate that principle. I certainly have no basis to disagree with that general principle. But what is lacking is any provision in the Constitution or statutes that expressly grants a city the authority to enact the type of ordinance at issue here that represents a change in law after the ruling in Lennane. That is, there is no particular reason to believe that the people, in enacting the 1963 Constitution, had any disagreement with the holding in Lennane. Nor has the Legislature seen fit to amend the Home Rule City Act, MCL 117.1 et seq. (HRCA), to explicitly grant the authority that Lennane concluded that cities lack. Indeed, the majority acknowledges in footnote 2 of its opinion that the statutory grant of authority to cities to enact ordinances, MCL 117.4j(3), reads the same today as it did at the time of Lennane. See 1915 CL 3307(t).

What the majority overlooks is that the broad grant of authority to cities, which authority is to be "liberally construed" in favor of the city, is the authority to regulate matters of "municipal concern" and that Lennane held that the type of ordinance at issue in that case and in the case at bar involves issues of state concern. Lennane, 225 Mich. at 641, 196 N.W. 391. The Supreme Court in City of Taylor v. Detroit Edison Co., 475 Mich. 109, 115-116, 715 N.W.2d 28 (2006), reiterated that a municipality derives its authority from either a grant by the Legislature or the Michigan Constitution itself. But both the Constitution and the HRCA only grant cities the authority to legislate over issues of municipal concern. Const. 1963, art 7, § 22; MCL 117.4j(3). Indeed, in discussing the various cases that state that cities enjoy a broad grant of authority, the majority conveniently omits the fact that those cases make that statement in the context of the cities' power over municipal concerns. See, e.g., Rental Prop. Owners Ass'n of Kent Co. v. Grand Rapids, 455 Mich. 246, 270, 566 N.W.2d 514 (1997) ("the home rule cities act afford[s] home rule cities broad power to act on behalf of municipal concerns").

Furthermore, this principle is not contradicted by the majority's observation that a home rule city's police power "is of the same general scope and nature as that of the State." People v. Sell, 310 Mich. 305, 315, 17 N.W.2d 193 (1945). Rather, cities possess such broad police powers within the area of authority granted to them by the Constitution or statutes. Indeed, Sell found that the ordinance at issue there was within the powers granted by statute.1

And the Court's conclusion in Lennane that this is a matter of state concern has never been overruled. Therefore, even if we apply a "liberal construction" to defendant's powers, they do not extend to this ordinance until and unless the Supreme Court revisits its conclusion in Lennane, or the Legislature explicitly grants cities the power to adopt prevailing wage ordinances.

In sum, while it may be time for the Supreme Court to revisit Lennane and determine whether the principles set forth in that decision remain applicable today, it is within the province of the Supreme Court to do so, not this Court. That is, even if I were to accept all of the majority's arguments why the ordinance in this case is within defendant's authority to adopt were it not for the holding in Lennane, I would nevertheless be compelled to conclude that, because of Lennane, this Court would lack the authority to uphold the ordinance. To do so would overstep our bounds. It is not for us to reject the continued viability of Lennane. It is for defendant to persuade the Supreme Court to do so.

I would affirm.