DICKINSON R. DEBEVOISE, Senior District Judge.
This matter comes before the Court upon Petitioner's submission of two statements reflecting his current position, and Respondents' filing of two position statements and, in addition, the record of Petitioner's state proceedings.
In light of these statements, the record docketed prior and that recently filed by Respondent and supplemented by Petitioner, this Court will dismiss the Petition with prejudice, as untimely, and will decline to issue a certificate of appealability.
Since the background of this matter is somewhat convoluted, the Court finds it warranted to state the same in detail.
On October 29, 2010, Petitioner commenced the instant matter by filing his Petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.
At the time when Petitioner filed his Petition and submitted his traverse to Respondents' limited answer, Petitioner claimed that his first post-conviction relief ("PCR") application was submitted to the state courts on May 8, 2000,
The Court, thus, adopted Petitioner's March 20, 2001, date of dismissal of his first PCR application and, correspondingly, dismissed his Petition as untimely, solely on the basis of that date and without reaching any other issue.
This Court is not in privy with the factual allegations Petitioner raised on appeal. However, it appears that he alleged that his first PCR application was not dismissed by the state court on the March 20, 2001, since the Court of Appeals issued a mandate stating:
Docket Entry No. 22, at 1-2.
Therefore, the Court of Appeals remanded this matter to this Court for further review.
Pursuant to the Court of Appeals' mandate, this Court directed the Clerk to reopen this action and ordered both parties to re-state their factual positions.
Petitioner's position now yields the following time line:
1. September 18, 1995: Petitioner was convicted and sentenced.
2. February 3, 2000: the Supreme Court of New Jersey denied certification as to his direct appellate challenges. No writ of certiorari was sought.
3. May 8, 2000: Petitioner submitted his first PCR application.
4. March 20, 2001: the Law Division issued a letter-order notifying Petitioner's counsel and the prosecutor that the first PCR application was dismissed. That letter-order also included a directive to the prosecutor to submit a formal order form commemorating that ruling. Petitioner, however, now maintains that this letter-order did not terminate his first PCR proceeding, and it continued pending.
5. June 27, 2001: although no formal order form was issued thus far, Petitioner, acting on the basis of the mandate stated in the letter-order (which provided for a non-prejudicial dismissal), submitted his second PCR application.
6. June 28, 2001: the prosecutor submitted a formal order form commemorating the ruling entered by the means of the letter-order, and that formal order form was issued. Petitioner now maintains that his first PCR proceeding must have been terminated only upon the issuance of that formal order form.
7. May 22, 2002: Petitioner's PCR counsel filed a counseled application (and a brief perfecting the same) in connection with Petitioner's second PCR application.
8. October 8, 2009: the Supreme Court of New Jersey denied certification as to Petitioner's last, by then already third, PCR application. No writ of certiorari was sought.
9. September 30, 2010: Petitioner submitted his instant Petition to his prison officials for mailing to this Court.
In response to this Court's directive to clarify: (a) why Petitioner asserted, initially, that his first PCR was dismissed by the state courts on March 20, 2001, rather than on June 28, 2001, as he maintains now; and (b) why he elected to submit his second PCR on June 27, 2001, if — as he maintains now — his first PCR proceeding was remained pending and still continued to be unresolved as of June 27, 2001, Petitioner filed and relied upon an affidavit of a certain James Martin ("Martin"), who averred to the following:
1. Martin was an inmate who performed paralegal services at the facility of Petitioner's confinement and assisted Petitioner with preparation of all Petitioner's legal submissions.
2. Specifically, starting from April 2000, Martin assisted Petitioner with preparation of Petitioner's first PCR application and with all his following PCR submissions.
3. During the year following Petitioner's submission of his first PCR application, Martin — acting on Petitioner's behalf and with Petitioner's full knowledge and consent — swiftly got in constant contact with Petitioner's PCR counsel and the Law Division judge presiding over Petitioner's first PCR proceeding.
4. Specifically, acting on Petitioner's behalf, Martin called that judge and was informed about the issuance of the letter-order which dismissed Petitioner's first PCR application without prejudice to Petitioner's commencement of his second PCR proceeding.
5. Martin informed Petitioner of that ruling and, acting upon Petitioner's directive, submitted Petitioner's second PCR application on June 27, 2001, without waiting for the entry of any formal order form commemorating the ruling made in the letter-order.
Respondents supplemented Petitioner's assertions with the record establishing the following:
1. Petitioner's first PCR application was "received and recorded" by the Law Division on May 8, 2000.
2. On March 20, 2001, that is on the very date when the Law Division judge issued the letter-order ruling that Petitioner's first PCR proceeding was dismissed without prejudice to commencement of second PCR proceeding, the state court system terminated Petitioner's first PCR proceeding for the purposes of all state court records.
3. On June 27, 2001, a certain legal document was mailed by Petitioner to the Superior Court of New Jersey; that document was likely Petitioner's second PCR application submitted by Martin on Petitioner's behalf.
4. On July 2, 2001, the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, duly recorded receipt of Petitioner's second PCR application.
5. On May 22, 2002, Petitioner signed a counseled version of his second PCR application and a brief perfecting the same, although neither one of these documents has any markings indicating that they were received by the state courts.
6. On October 20, 2003, the Law Division judge denied Petitioner's second PCR application orally, in open court; a transcript of that proceeding reflected that ruling. A written order commemorating the same was entered on October 28, 2003.
7. On January 7, 2004, Petitioner filed his notice of appeal with the Appellate Division.
8. On July 1, 2004, that appeal was perfected upon receipt of Petitioner's brief.
9. On May 16, 2005, the Appellate Division issued a decision affirming denial of PCR as to Petitioner's second application.
10. The Supreme Court granted certification on November 17, 2005.
11. On November 30, 2005, the Supreme Court of New Jersey limited the scope of its review to the narrow issue of whether Petitioner's PCR counsel was obligated to raise all claims Petitioner desired to raise, regardless of whether Petitioner's PCR counsel perceived those claims as meritorious or wholly frivolous.
12. On July 12, 2006, the Supreme Court of New Jersey remanded Petitioner's PCR proceedings with a directive that the Law Division would consider all issues Petitioner wished to assert, regardless of the merit perceived by his counsel.
13. On February 15, 2007, Petitioner filed his third PCR application for the Law Division's review.
14. On May 1, 2007, the Law Division dismissed Petitioner's third PCR application.
15. On June 29, 2007, Petitioner filed his notice of appeal with the Appellate Division.
16. On May 23, 2008, Petitioner's appeal was perfected upon his filing of a brief in support of his third PCR application.
17. On June 12, 2009, the Appellate Division affirmed denial of PCR as to Petitioner's third PCR application.
18. The Supreme Court of New Jersey denied certification on October 8, 2009.
Docket Entries Nos. 26 and 30-43.
On April 24, 1996, Congress enacted Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act ("AEDPA"), which provides that "[a] 1-year period of limitation shall apply to an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court." 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). The limitations period starts to run from "the date on which the judgment became final." 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). A state-court criminal judgment becomes "final" within the meaning of § 2244(d) (1) by the conclusion of direct review or by the expiration of time for seeking such review, including the 90-day period for filing a petition for writ of certiorari in the United States Supreme Court.
Section 2244(d) (2) requires statutory tolling for "[t]he time during which a properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is pending," 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d) (2) (emphasis supplied), provided that the application to the state court seeking collateral review was filed during the federal habeas period of limitations.
For the purposes of calculating a litigant's period of limitations, the word upending" and the phrase "properly filed" are terms of art having a technical meaning qualitatively different from that a layperson may perceive reflecting solely on the dates when the first document is mailed to the trial court and when the highest court issues its ruling.
(1) starting from the point in time when, under the state law, an inmate's time to appeal denial of PCR (or to seek certification as to afformance of such denial) expires and until the point in time when the inmate's application to file such appeal out of time (or to seek such certification out of time) is granted,
(2) starting from the point in time when a not-perfected PCR application to the Law Division (or an appeal to the Appellate Division as to denial of PCR, or an application for certification as to affirmance of denial of PCR) was received/recorded by the state courts and until the point in time when the inmate's submission is duly perfected under the requirements posed by the state law.
Central to this Court's calculations is the fact already mentioned
Since Petitioner waited eleven months and twenty two days to file his Petition, his use of more than just eight days of his one-year AEDPA limitations period prior to or during any stage of his three rounds of PCR proceedings would necessarily render his Petition untimely (that is, unless he qualifies for equitable tolling) . And, since there is no dispute that he used four days of his AEDPA period in May 2000 (that is, after his conviction became final on May 4, 2000, but before he filed his first PCR application on May 8, 2000), Petitioner's use of more than just four days of his AEDPA period during his three rounds of PCR proceedings would render his Petition untimely, save for equitable tolling considerations. Thus, the Court examines the record through the prism of such "four days maximum" inquiry.
Since Petitioner's now-assumed position — and, seemingly, the position he asserted before the Court of Appeals when he appealed this Court's initial dismissal of his Petition as untimely — turns on his recently developed claim that his first PCR application was dismissed only upon the Law Division's issuance of the formal order form dated June 28, 2001, and the Law Division's issuance of the letter-order dated March 20, 2001, had no dismissal effect,
The letter-order at issue was addressed to both the prosecutor representing the State during Petitioner's first PCR proceeding and to the public defender representing Petitioner in that action.
The formal order form included: (a) the letterhead of the prosecutor; (b) the designation of the Division and vicinage of the Superior Court of New Jersey; (c) the presiding judge's physical signature; (d) the judge's name and official title; (c) the date of the issuance; (e) the names of the parties to the suit; (f) the index of that matter; (g) the date of the issuance; and (h) a statement commemorating the ruling made in the letter-order and clarifying why Petitioner's first PCR proceeding was terminated: "Defendant not having perfected his application for post conviction; it is on this day . . . ordered that the application for post conviction relief is hereby dismissed." Docket Entry No. 36-5.
It is well-settled that "[c]ourts must speak by orders and judgments, not by opinions, whether written or oral, or by chance observations or expressed intentions made by courts during, before or after trial, or during argument."
Thus, a written statement from the court qualifies as an "order" if that statement adjudicates an actual issue in the action and provides a sufficient notice to the parties as to the disposition reached with regard to that adjudged issue. In other words, to be deemed an actual "order," that "`order' must be final, but [it] need not be a formal order [Rather, the `order'] must impose an obligation, deny a right, or fix some legal relationship."
True, some modes of interaction between the court and the parties (for instance, for instance, oral utterances, hearing transcripts, or electronic transmissions) differ so dramatically from written adjudicatory instruments (or fail to give a due notice to both parties) that they cannot qualify as "orders."
Here, it would be anomalous to treat the Law Division's letter-order (expressly dismissing Petitioner's first PCR proceeding) as anything but the final judgement in that matter: doing so would exalt form over substance. The letter-order contained every insignia of a final written mandate, being set forth in unmistakably adjudicatory, present-rather-than-future terms, and bearing every regalia of an adjudicatory instrument, such as the date, the name of the tribunal, the names of the parties, the index, the judicial signature, etc. Moreover, it conclusively disposed of Petitioner's first PCR proceeding and duly put both parties on notice as to the resolution reached. Furthermore, all parties (including Petitioner) and the state court system relied upon that letter-order to treat Petitioner's first PCR proceeding as conclusively closed on the very date when the Law Division issued the letter-order. Correspondingly, Petitioner's first PCR proceeding terminated on that date,
As detailed
Here, the Law Division denied Petitioner's second PCR application orally, in open court, on October 20, 2003. Since such oral ruling could not qualify as an order, and the fact that the transcript of Law Division's proceeding reflected such oral ruling changes none for the purposes of this Court's analysis,
The date when that such leave was issued is not in the record: all the Court knows is that Petitioner filed his notice of appeal with the Appellate Division on January 7, 2004. Yet, it is self-evident that no leave to appeal
If the Court were to turn its attention to Petitioner's filing of appeal from the Law Division's dismissal of his third PCR application, the Court would detect another period that renders the Petition untimely. Here, the record is again silent as to when the Appellate Division granted Petitioner leave to appeal
Since the Law Division dismissed Petitioner's third PCR application on May 1, 2007, and Petitioner filed his notice of appeal with the Appellate Division only on June 29, 2007, that is, fifty-eight days later (and thirteen days past the forty-five-day state-law limit,
Needless to say, if the Court were to add the twenty-one day untimeliness ensuing from the out-of-time appellate filing as to Petitioner's second PCR proceeding to the nine day untimeliness ensuing from the out-of-time appellate filing as to Petitioner's Petitioner's third PCR proceeding, the Court would arrive at thirty days of untimeliness: that is without adding the fifty-day untimeliness ensuing from Petitioner's use of his AEDPA period after the entry of the letter-order, as discussed
A litigant's failure to perfect his/her PCR filings at any level of the state court results in a continuous run of the AEDPA period while a PCR application is merely received/recorded but remains not perfected in accordance with the state law.
Here, Petitioner's first PCR was never perfected; indeed, it was expressly dismissed on this very ground. Moreover, his second PCR application was perfected only on May 22, 2002: that is why the state courts expressly found that this May 22, 2002, date — rather than the date when Petitioner's not-perfected submission was merely received by the state courts — was the date when his second PCR application was actually filed.
Factoring aforesaid Petitioner's failures to perfect his submissions into the Court's analysis, the Court arrives at the following time line:
1. February 3, 2000: the Supreme Court of New Jersey denied Petitioner certification as to his direct appellate challenges. Since no writ of certiorari was sought, Petitioner's AEDPA period was triggered on May 4, 2000.
2. May 8, 2000: although Petitioner submitted his first PCR application, his AEDPA period kept running and no statutory tolling was ever triggered by that submission, since that application was never perfected.
3. May 3, 2001, Petitioner's AEDPA period expired.
4. June 27, 2001: Petitioner submitted what appeared to be his second PCR application. Since that application was also not perfected, the fact of that submission also did not trigger statutory tolling.
5. May 22, 2002: Petitioner's second PCR application was finally perfected. Such perfection triggered the statutory tolling, but that trigger already could not affect the Petition at bar, since — by then — Petitioner's AEDPA period already expired more than a year ago.
6. December 12, 2003: Petitioner time to appeal the Law Division's dismissal of his second PCR application expired. The statutory tolling ended; thus, Petitioner's AEDPA period restarted and kept running until Petitioner perfected his appeal on July 1, 2004, which restarted the tolling. During the aforesaid interim, the untimeliness of the Petition increased by additional two hundred and two days, hence reaching four hundred eighty six days.
7. June 15, 2007: Petitioner's time to appeal the Law Division's dismissal of his third PCR application expired, and his AEDPA period restarted again and kept running until he perfected that appeal on May 23, 2008. Thus, the untimeliness of the Petition further increased by additional three hundred thirteen days, reaching the total of seven hundred ninety nine days.
8. October 8, 2009: the Supreme Court of New Jersey denied Petitioner certification as to his third PCR application, and Petitioner's AEDPA period restarted one last time, halting its run on September 30, 2010, that is, when Petitioner submitted the Petition to his prison officials for mailing to this Court. That last run added another three hundred twenty seven days, yielding the grand total of one thousand one hundred twenty six days. Which, in turn, means that — if every procrastination Petitioner allowed to happen would be factored in — his AEDPA period expired seven hundred sixty one days before he filed his Petition.
As the foregoing demonstrates, regardless of whether the Court focuses separately on the entry of the letter-order or on Petitioner's out-of-time PCR appeals, or on his failures to perfect his submissions, or if the Court focuses on the totality of circumstances, the Petition is patently untimely and must be dismissed on that ground, that is, unless Petitioner establishes that his Petition qualifies for equitable tolling. Therefore, the Court now turns its attention to equitable considerations.
The Court already detailed to the parties the considerations relevant to the equitable tolling analysis. However, mindful of this decision being the Court's final disposition of this matter, the Court finds it warranted to recite the guidance it already provided so to compare and contrast the facts at hand with the circumstances where the equitable principle warrants substantive review of otherwise untimely habeas applications.
Docket Entry No. 14, at 20-23 (original emphasis, ellipses and brackets omitted).
Reflecting on the concept of equitable tolling and applying it to the circumstances presented in
The
Here, Petitioner was in constant contact with his PCR counsel and the judges presiding over his PCR proceedings. He was appraised of every development that took place in his PCR actions, and his submissions verify that he was well aware of all filing deadlines ensuing from the operations of the state law and of his obligation to perfect each of his state court submissions. Analogously, he was well aware about the one-year AEDPA period governing the Petition at bar. Moreover, had he had any doubts, he could have commenced a Section 2254 proceeding eight years ago to obtain stay and abeyance of his federal petition at the time when his, then second out of his three, PCR application was on appeal before the Appellate Division, and preserve his right to seek federal habeas review until all three of his PCR proceedings completed.
He elected to do nothing.
Moreover, and crucially here, having his application for certification as to his third and last PCR application denied by the Supreme Court of New Jersey, he elected to sit on his rights for eleven months and twenty two days, effectively gambling that the fact of this eight-day difference between that period and the year measured out by the AEDPA would mask all other interims when his AEDPA period was running.
Correspondingly, no equitable tolling is warranted in this matter, and the Petition will be dismissed for failure to meet the AEDPA statute of limitations requirements.
A certificate of appealability may issue "only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). "A petitioner satisfies this standard by demonstrating that jurists of reason could disagree with the district court's resolution of his constitutional claims or that jurists could conclude the issues presented are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further."
"When the district court denies a habeas petition on procedural grounds without reaching the prisoner's underlying constitutional claim, a COA should issue when the prisoner shows, at least, that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling."
Here, jurists of reason would not find it debatable that this Court was correct in its finding that the Petition is untimely. Accordingly, no certificate of appealability will issue.
For the foregoing reasons, the Petition will be dismissed with prejudice. No certificate of appealability will issue.
An appropriate Order accompanies this Opinion.