REED, J.

This appeal involves litigation arising from the execution of a search and seizure warrant of David Bord's ("Appellant") home in which Corporal Anthony Kidwell ("Cpl. Kidwell") and Detective Socha ("Det. Socha") of the Baltimore County Police Department recovered twenty-eight firearms and a 30mm cannon. Appellant alleges that the officers mishandled the firearms, causing damages to his firearms. The primary issue before us is whether appellant is entitled to statutory damages under Criminal Procedure Article ("C.P.") § 1-203 of the Maryland Code.

Appellant filed suit against both officers and the County Police in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County. The circuit court granted the two officers' motions to dismiss, finding that the police officers were immune from civil liability in the absence of malice. The circuit court also held appellant's claims were common law tort claims, and thus, granted Baltimore County's motion for judgment on the basis of government immunity.

Appellant filed this timely appeal, and presented five questions for our review, which we rephrased into four questions1:

For the following reasons, we answer all questions in the negative, and affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The facts are from the parties' respective factual submissions and trial testimony:

Appellant is a licensed gun collector, and has an extensive collection of firearms that were fully registered and documented. All weapons were securely stored in safes within his basement of his residence, and a 30mm cannon was stored within his automobile repair shop. Appellant testified that most of the firearms were at least "50 years old, [in] excellent condition, superbly maintained and ... the cream of the crop."

In 2009, agents from the ATF Baltimore and Phoenix Field Offices approached Det. Socha, a Baltimore County Police Detective, concerning an investigation of illegal machine guns being transported into Maryland. The ATF agents informed Det. Socha that they interviewed appellant in 2008 and seized an illegally manufactured machine gun from appellant at that time. The ATF agents also told Det. Socha that there was "possibly another machine gun that was in his possession." Based upon this information, Det. Socha applied for a search warrant for appellant's home at 9 Springbriar Lane and his business at 6303 Blair Hill Lane, in Baltimore County. The search warrant was based on a violation of the Maryland Code, Criminal Law Article ("C.L.") § 4-405(a)(1)(iii).2

On December 8, 2009, while appellant was staying with friends in California after attending a gun show in Arizona, appellant received a phone call from Cpl. Kidwell. The corporal explained that a police team was present at appellant's residence with a warrant, and that they intended to open the door and drill open appellant's gun safes. Appellant called his adult children, who proceeded over to the residence, and opened the door and gun safes for the officers. The police officers executed the search and seizure warrant, as the ATF seized certain weapons they determined would require further investigation.

Det. Socha testified that the weapons were placed on top of a wool blanket in a Baltimore County vehicle, and appellant's children requested that towels be used to cover them for protection. Upon the request of appellant's children, Det. Socha testified that the firearms were "laid flat down in the bed of the ... evidence truck" and towels were used "as ... [they] laid more guns down for protection" Det. Socha testified that nothing was laid on top of the 30mm cannon when it was seized from appellant's auto repair shop.

Appellant's neighbor testified that the firearms were loaded into a mobile lab "one on top of the other" in "no particular order, [with] no particular care taken," and it appeared as if the police officers were building a "bonfire." Appellant later testified that, during the execution of the warrant, the police had "broken open" all of his firearms and removed the slides, and "all the mags were thrown on the floor, and every gun was taken out of its box and disassembled to make sure that it wasn't loaded." A total of twenty-eight weapons were seized from appellant's residence and a 30mm cannon was seized from appellant's place of business.

On about December 12 or 13, 2009, appellant met with the Baltimore County Police and an ATF agent, and allowed the officers to examine his paperwork for the firearms, but the police refused to return the firearms at that time. Appellant alleged in his complaint that, when he presented his paperwork during this meeting, Det. Socha and Cpl. Kidwell responded he should "save it for court," that his paperwork was "`wrong' or `bull__t'" and that they did not believe in its accuracy. At a March 15, 2011, motions hearing, appellant testified that the officers were "ill-mannered" and "ill-tempered" during that meeting and, when he asked for the return of his firearms, they told him "that's not going to happen[] today," and also stated words to the effect that "plaintiff would never get his property back."

On August 27, 2010, after several unsuccessful attempts to recover his firearms, appellant filed his complaint, which consisted of three counts: (1) demand for return of property, (2) detinue, and for (3) trover and conversion against Baltimore County, Det. Socha, and Cpl. Kidwell. Appellant subsequently requested a temporary restraining order, which was granted on August 31, 2010, followed by a request for preliminary injunction enjoining appellee from selling, destroying or damaging the property seized from appellant, which was granted on September 16, 2010.

In November of 2010, the State charged appellant for possession of a banned assault pistol, which was placed on the stet docket. Appellant was not charged under any federal criminal statutes. The appellees moved to dismiss the complaint, and after the March 25, 2011, hearing, the circuit court granted the motion to dismiss as to the two officers because the civil liability of police officers in the ordinary course of employment requires allegations of actual malice, which appellant did not sufficiently allege. The circuit court, however, denied appellee Baltimore County's motion to dismiss. In that same order, the circuit court granted appellant leave to amend the complaint. Subsequently, appellant filed a motion for summary judgment, which was denied. On August 10, 2010, appellee Baltimore County released eighteen of the twenty-eight firearms to the ATF. The remainder of the firearms were released to the ATF on March 31, 2011, and May 5, 2011. At this point, appellee possessed only the 30mm cannon. As of the March 19, 2013, hearing, appellee returned the 30mm cannon to appellant. By the date of trial, appellee was no longer in possession of any of appellant's firearms.

The circuit court conducted a trial on the merits on March 19, 20, and 21, 2013. At trial on March 20, 2013, appellant rested his case, and the County made a motion for directed verdict primarily based on governmental immunity. The circuit court reserved its ruling on appellee's motion for directed verdict to allow the parties to brief the issue on governmental immunity. During trial on March 21, 2013, Det. Socha testified that entry and exit photos were taken during the execution of the search warrant. Counsel for appellant stated that he had previously made numerous requests for those photos to no avail. In light of this development, the circuit court continued the trial by agreement to allow appellant to obtain copies of the photos, and also to brief the issue on governmental immunity.

On April 12, 2013, appellant filed a motion to reconsider order of dismissal against the officers, and a motion for leave to amend pleadings. At the hearing on April 29, 2013, the court denied both motions on the basis that appellant had previously received leave to amend and failed to amend the complaint against the officers during the two years that had passed. The circuit court also held that it would be unfair to allow appellant to amend after appellant had already rested his case.

At the conclusion of trial, the circuit court granted appellee Baltimore County's motion for judgment. Relying on DiPino v. Davis, 354 Md. 18, 729 A.2d 354 (1999), the circuit court found that appellant's causes of actions were common law torts. As a result, appellee Baltimore County was not liable for common law torts committed while acting in a governmental capacity. The circuit court held that "executing a search and seizure warrant and confiscating property during that search and seizure warrant is a governmental function," and therefore, governmental immunity protected appellee from liability.

Appellant moved for a new trial on June 28, 2013, and the circuit court denied that motion on July 30, 2013. The circuit court explained that, although appellee failed to provide the photos taken during the search and seizure, a new trial was not warranted because appellant failed to explain "how [] [appellee]'s failure to provide the photographs during discovery prejudiced [appellant] or is relevant to [] [appellee]'s defense of immunity, or establishes that `no reasonable officer could have believed that the conduct complained of was lawful.'"

DISCUSSION

I. STATUTORY INTERPRETATION

A. Contentions

Appellant contends that the circuit court erred in holding that appellant's causes of action are common law torts, and that appellee Baltimore County is entitled to government immunity from such actions. Appellant argues that a violation of the C.P. § 1-203(d) provides a private cause of action for statutory damages. Appellant argues that the circuit court's holding has the effect of immunizing all county or local police agencies from having to return property, rendering C.P. § 1-203(d)(1) useless.

In addition, although all the weapons have been returned to appellant, appellant now converts his action to one for compensation for damages caused to his property. He contends that this Court should remand to the lower court, so that it can interpret the meaning of "restore" in C.P. § 1-203(d)(1). Appellant argues that the General Assembly's use of the word "restore" as opposed to "return" in the statute is significant, because it reveals the General Assembly's intention to provide for compensation for damages to property.

Appellee contends that appellant's Count 1 Claim titled "Demand for Return of Property" for a violation of C.P. § 1-203(d) was moot at the time of trial, because his property was returned before trial. In addition, that claim did not request damages. Appellee contends that although Counts II and III request damages, a civil cause of action for money damages cannot be based on C.P. § 1-203(d), and thus, appellant cannot be awarded damages under that statute. Appellee argues that the use of the word "restore" means return of property, which is consistent with the use of "restore" in other Maryland statutes. Specifically, the General Assembly did not include a right to pursue payment for property as it did in other statutes, which shows the statute's intent is solely to allow the court to order the return of property. Finally, appellee contends that assuming, arguendo, that the statute provided a right to pursue damages, appellant's claims are consistent with a tort action, to which government immunity would be applicable.

B. Standard of Review & Law

"Whether the [circuit] court applied the correct standard of proof in adjudging its grant of appellees' motion for judgment is a question of law that we review de novo." Lowery v. Smithsburg Emergency Med. Serv., 173 Md.App. 662, 682-83, 920 A.2d 546 (2007) (internal citations omitted). "We review the grant of a motion for judgment under the same standard as we review grants of motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict." Tate v. Bd. of Educ. of Prince George's Cnty., 155 Md.App. 536, 544, 843 A.2d 890 (2004) (internal citation omitted). The Court assumes the truth of all credible evidence on the issue and any inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to appellants, the non-moving parties. Id. (internal citation omitted). "Consequently, if there is any evidence, no matter how slight, that is legally sufficient to generate a jury question, the case must be submitted to the jury for its consideration." Id. at 545, 843 A.2d 890 (citing Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth. v. Reading, 109 Md.App. 89, 99, 674 A.2d 44 (1996)).

This case also presents a question of statutory interpretation, and therefore, we review the circuit court's disposition through summary judgment under a non-deferential standard of review. Breslin v. Powell, 421 Md. 266, 277, 26 A.3d 878 (2011) (internal citation omitted). Accordingly, "we must determine whether the [circuit] court's conclusions are legally correct under a de novo standard of review." Jackson v. 2109 Brandywine, LLC, 180 Md.App. 535, 567, 952 A.2d 304, cert. denied, 406 Md. 444, 959 A.2d 793 (2008) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

C. Analysis

In Count I of appellant's complaint, appellant demanded the return of his firearms. The record reflects that all firearms in appellee's possession were returned to appellant. Appellant now contends that because the firearms were damaged while in appellee's possession, appellee is liable for the damages. Appellant unpersuasively argues that C.P. § 1-203(d)(1) provides a civil cause of action for money damages, because the statute's use of the term "restore" encompasses damages, and not merely the "return" of property. The appellant did not request the circuit court directly to interpret the term "restore," but after having reviewed the record, it appears that appellant raised the substance of this argument before the circuit court. Thus, we will address this issue. We also affirm the circuit court's holding that appellant's claims constitute a tort action, and the officers are entitled to immunity absent malice.

It is well established that "[t]he cardinal rule of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate the real and actual intent of the Legislature." Lockshin v. Semsker, 412 Md. 257, 274, 987 A.2d 18 (2010). The Court of Appeals explained:

Id. at 275-77, 987 A.2d 18 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

i. Plain Language

Accordingly, we look first to the text of the statute. C.P. § 1-203(d) provides:

(Emphasis added.)

C.P. § 1-203(d) does not define the term "restore." Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary defines "restore" as: "1: to give back: RETURN 2: to put or bring back into existence or use 3: to bring back to or put back into a former or original state: RENEW 4: to put again in possession of something." WEBSTER'S NEW COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 987 (1973). Here, the definition is consistent with the return of property. Although, one definition provides "to bring back to or put back into a former or original state[,]" it is followed by "RENEW."

The language of the statute does not contain the word "renew" or any language that requires property to be restored to its former or original condition. Thus, review of the plain meaning of that term supports the conclusion that the statute only provided for the return of property. We also note that the statute is found in the Article entitled "Search Warrants" and section entitled "Application or motion for restoration of property." It is clear that this statute created a criminal, and not, civil remedy, for the physical return of property.

Section 1-203(d)(1) directs the circuit court or district court judge to "cause property rightfully taken under a search warrant to be restored to the person from whom it was taken if, at any time, on application to the judge, the judge finds that the property is being wrongfully withheld after there is no further need for retention of the property." (Emphasis added.) Subsection (d)(2) directs the court to "return" property rightfully taken under a search warrant upon receiving an "oral motion ... on the ground that the property is being wrongfully withheld after there is no further need for retention of the property."

Here, appellant made no application or oral motion to a judge for the return of property, as required under the statute. Thus, appellant did not follow the proper methods to seek return of his property.

Furthermore, appellant's contention that § 1-203(d)(1) provides for money damages would result in an illogical conclusion in which persons making a claim under subsection (d)(1) would be entitled to collect damages while those claiming under subsection (d)(2) would only be entitled to the return of possession of the property seized.

ii. Legislative History

"Nevertheless, we may resort to legislative history to ensure that our plain language interpretation is correct." Bd. of Educ. of Baltimore Cnty. v. Zimmer-Rubert, 409 Md. 200, 215, 973 A.2d 233 (2009) (internal citation omitted). "We avoid a construction of the statute that is unreasonable, illogical, or inconsistent with common sense." Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The term "restore" has been used in the statute since it was enacted in 1939 under Article 27, Chapter 749, section 306 (1939).3 Since then, the statute was amended, which this Court discussed in great detail in In re Special Investigation No. 228, 54 Md.App. 149, 458 A.2d 820 (1983). Thus, review of that case is instructive to our analysis. In that case, this Court thoroughly analyzed and explained the purpose of the former Article 27, § 551, predecessor to C.P. § 1-203:

Id. at 164-65, 458 A.2d 820 (emphasis added). This Court concluded that "Subsections (b) and (c) deal exclusively with possessory rights separate and apart from any question of unconstitutional or otherwise unlawful searches.4 They are easy to understand and to apply." Id. at 167, 458 A.2d 820.

Similarly in Dail v. Price, 184 Md. 140, 40 A.2d 334 (1944), the Court of Appeals also explained that Section 306 of Article 27 of the Maryland Code (1939), which was another predecessor to C.P. § 1-203, "was not designed as a substitute for an action of replevin, or other appropriate proceeding, for the determination of the right to possession of property after it has served its purpose as real evidence in a criminal case."5 Id. at 144, 40 A.2d 334.

The Supreme Court of Oregon's opinion in Emery v. State, 297 Or. 755, 688 P.2d 72 (1984), is instructive. That court dealt with the issue of the definition of "restore." That court examined a similar statute, Or.Rev.Stat. Ann. § 133.633 (West 2014), which provides:

Id. at 75 (alterations and emphasis in original).

In that case, the court considered whether the statute entitled plaintiff to damages to his pickup truck that was seized by the state as evidence on a warrant. Id. at 73-74. The plaintiffs contended that the Oregon "legislature intended that in addition to restoring possession of the seized property to the owner, the state is also required to restore the property to its previous condition. In other words, they argue[d] that the defendants are required to give the 1977 pickup truck back to them in the same condition it was at the time of the seizure or pay damages." Id. at 75. The Emery court determined that the legislature used the term "return" in § 133.633(1)(a) and the term "restore" in § 133.633(1)(b) "because it perceived a distinction in the classes of people moving to reclaim the possession of property that had been seized." Id. at 76. The Emery court explained that the legislature:

Id. That court further explained that "[t]o hold otherwise and follow the plaintiffs' contention would mean that persons claiming under [§] 133.633(1)(a) would be entitled only to the return of possession of the property seized while those qualifying under [§] 133.633(1)(b) would be able to collect damages. There is no logical basis for such a distinction and we hold that the legislature did not so intend." Id.

As discussed earlier, this Court also recognized this distinction between the possessory rights of those owners holding legal title and those in mere possession of the property. In re Special Investigation No. 228, 54 Md.App. at 165, 458 A.2d 820 (noting that the statute's language that "property [] `be restored to the person from whom it was taken'" had the effect of returning stolen goods to a thief, although they do not have rightful ownership of the stolen goods). We find guidance in both cases and agree that a broad definition of the term "restore" is inappropriate. Thus, we cannot interpret the language of the statute in favor of appellant's reading that C.P. § 1-203(d) provides a statutory right to money damages.

"[T]he presence or absence of an indication of legislative intent to create a private remedy is a very important factor to be considered by a court in determining whether to recognize a tort duty or a new private right of action, it is not the only factor." Erie Ins. Co. v. Chops, 322 Md. 79, 90, 585 A.2d 232 (1991) (internal citations omitted). Other factors include "whether the plaintiff is one of the class for whose special benefit the statute was enacted, and whether it is consistent with the underlying purposes of the legislative scheme to imply such a remedy for the plaintiff." Id. at 91, 585 A.2d 232 (citations omitted).

The statute in question is titled the "Criminal Procedure Article." The prefatory purpose statement of Senate Bill 1, which recodified the Criminal Procedure Article in 2001, clarified that the purpose of the new article was "to revise, restate, and recodify the laws pertaining to law enforcement procedures, the arrest process, warrantless arrests, [] fresh pursuit both in-State and out-of-state[,] ... the forfeiture of property involved in controlled dangerous substance violations and violations of gambling and gun laws; defining certain terms; providing for the construction and application of this Act;... and generally relating to laws of the State relating to criminal procedure." It is apparent that the statute was not substantively changed to benefit a special class of person. Rather, the statute's principal focus remained the same: to guide the courts and police forces in performing their duties relating to criminal procedure, and not to provide remedies for those claiming police officers violated the statute.

It is also apparent that the underlying purpose of subsection (d)(1) of § 1-203 is to permit a judge to allow persons to seek the return of their property after the police have executed a search and seizure warrant, rather than to compensate for damages that arise from the execution of a search warrant. See In re Special Investigation No. 228, 54 Md.App. at 160, 458 A.2d 820 ("The central purpose... was to set out the requirements for obtaining a search warrant."). Given the legislative history of the statute, and the absence of legislative intent to create a private remedy, it is apparent that § 1-203(d) does not provide an implied private right of action.

As a result, appellant's claims for damages to his firearms are grounded in tort law, and not § 1-203. Our case law supports the circuit court's conclusion that appellant's claims for "return of property" and damages to his firearms are tort claims. In Novak v. State, 195 Md. 56, 72 A.2d 723 (1950), the Court of Appeals considered a case where the petitioner, who was convicted for violating gambling laws, filed an action to recover monies seized during the execution of a search and seizure warrant. Id. at 59-60, 72 A.2d 723. The Court of Appeals considered the petition to be filed appropriately in the criminal case as "an equivalent of an action of replevin (if the money was still held in specie) or of trespass or trover for the determination of title (so far as necessary) or right of possession to the money." Id. at 64, 72 A.2d 723.

In the present case, appellant demanded the return of property, which is equivalent to a replevin action. In addition, the plaintiff's other counts were titled detinue, trover and conversion, which are also tort claims.6

Therefore, we affirm the circuit court's holding that appellant's claims were tort actions. Having made this determination, we next address whether appellees were entitled to the enjoyment of governmental immunity.

II. MOTION TO DISMISS

A. Contentions

Appellant contends that the circuit court erred in dismissing his claims against Cpl. Kidwell and Det. Socha. Appellant contends that there was ample pleading and showing of malice. Specifically, appellant points to the allegations in the complaint:

Appellant asserts that these allegations easily met the requirement of raising a reasonable inference that the two officers intentionally performed an act without legal justification or excuse, but with an evil or rancorous motive influenced by hate, the purpose being to deliberately and willfully injure appellant.

Appellee counters that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing claims against the two officers. Appellee contends that the circuit court considered appellant's allegations in comparison with the case law concerning qualified immunity for public officials and correctly ruled that the actions of both officers were not malicious. Appellee argues that the officers are shielded by immunity under Md.Code., Cts. & Jud. Proc. ("C.J.P.") § 5-507(a)(1) for public officials engaging in a discretionary capacity.

B. Standard of Review

A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim tests the sufficiency of the pleadings. Maryland Rule 2-322(b)(2). Therefore, when reviewing the circuit court's grant of a motion to dismiss, the reviewing court "must assume the truth of, and view in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, all well-pleaded facts and allegations contained in the complaint," as well as reasonable inferences that may be drawn from them. RRC Ne., LLC v. BAA Md., Inc., 413 Md. 638, 643, 994 A.2d 430 (2010) (internal citations omitted). We will affirm the circuit court's grant of a motion to dismiss "only if the allegations and permissible inferences ... would not afford relief to the plaintiff." Id. A reviewing court may look only to the facts and allegations contained in the original complaint. See id. (citing Converge Servs. Grp., LLC v. Curran, 383 Md. 462, 475, 860 A.2d 871 (2004)).

C. Analysis

Because appellee Baltimore County can only be held liable for Cpl. Kidwell and Det. Socha's actions if they acted with actual malice or committed an intentional tort, we address appellant's claim against the officers first.

Common law public official immunity applies when the actor is (1) a public official, (2) the tortious conduct occurred in the course of the actor's performance of discretionary, rather than ministerial acts, and (3) those acts were within the scope of the actor's official duties. See Houghton v. Forrest, 412 Md. 578, 585, 989 A.2d 223 (2010).

Policemen are "public officials." Robinson v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm'rs for Prince George's Cnty., 262 Md. 342, 346-47, 278 A.2d 71 (1971) ("It is clear that policemen are `public officials,' and that when they are within the scope of their law enforcement function they are clearly acting in a discretionary capacity.") (internal citation omitted). No dispute has been raised as to whether Cpl. Kidwell and Det. Socha's actions were discretionary or ministerial. As they were executing a search warrant — a function well-within the scope of their law enforcement duties — it is apparent that Cpl. Kidwell and Det. Socha were empowered with the discretionary "freedom to act according to one's judgment in the absence of a hard and fast rule." Schneider v. Hawkins, 179 Md. 21, 25, 16 A.2d 861 (1940). Thus, both officers fell within the class of employees who might enjoy common law public official immunity based on being public officials, engaged in the performance of discretionary acts within the scope of their employment. See Houghton, 412 Md. at 585, 989 A.2d 223.

Common law public official immunity does not shield a defendant from liability in cases where the official has committed an intentional tort, id., or acted with malice. Robinson, 262 Md. at 348, 278 A.2d 71 ("Indeed we can not [sic] think of any reason why a public official should not be held responsible for his malicious actions even though he claims they were done within the scope of his discretionary authority.").

"[Actual] malice is established by proof that the defendant-officer `intentionally performed an act without legal justification or excuse, but with an evil or rancorous motive influenced by hate, the purpose being to deliberately and willfully injure the plaintiff.'" Town of Port Deposit v. Petetit, 113 Md.App. 401, 416, 688 A.2d 54 (1997), cert. denied, 346 Md. 27, 694 A.2d 950 (1997) (quoting Leese v. Balt. Cnty., 64 Md.App. 442, 480, 497 A.2d 159 (1985), cert. denied, 305 Md. 106, 501 A.2d 845 (1985)).

"[O]rdinarily, the presence or absence of malice is a fact to be determined at trial." Town of Port Deposit, 113 Md.App. at 414, 688 A.2d 54. A conclusory allegation that a public official acted "maliciously," without any supporting allegation of fact, is insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss on the ground of public official immunity. Carder v. Steiner, 225 Md. 271, 274-75, 170 A.2d 220 (1961), overruled on other grounds by James v. Prince George's Cnty., 288 Md. 315, 323 n. 9, 418 A.2d 1173 (1980).7 Actual malice does not always have to be shown with specificity; it can be inferred. Henderson v. Md. Nat'l Bank, 278 Md. 514, 520, 523, 366 A.2d 1 (1976).

Here, appellant asserts that his pleading sufficiently showed an inference of malice, and as a result, the circuit court incorrectly granted the officers' motion to dismiss. Contrary to this assertion, we have held "[t]he mere existence of an issue as to intent, motive, or state of mind is insufficient ... to defeat a motion to dismiss." Balt. Police Dep't v. Cherkes, 140 Md.App. 282, 330, 780 A.2d 410 (2001); cf. Thacker v. City of Hyattsville, 135 Md.App. 268, 301-02, 762 A.2d 172 (2000) (discussing the evidentiary showing necessary to demonstrate "intent, motive, or state of mind" needed for malice in order to defeat summary judgment).

Appellant's pleading asserts that the appellees "seized various property belonging to [appellant] ... and caused extensive physical damage" to appellant's business. The complaint also asserts that "[appellees] ransacked [appellant's residence] ... and seized a large quantity of [appellant's] possessions," "caus[ing] extensive damage to the items seized as well as property not seized." The pleading further alleges appellees acted "to cause economic injury to [appellant], and for gratuitous sport rather than for proper law enforcement purposes."

Additionally, the complaint alleged that the appellee officers made derogatory statements to appellant's employees. When asked why there was no signed warrant, an officer allegedly responded "[w]e're the police, we can do whatever we want" and "[y]our boss is in big trouble."

The complaint went on to say that during the execution of the search warrant at appellant's residence, the officers made a statement to appellant's son-in-law that "[w]arrants like this are for criminals, not collectors." In addition, when appellant met with the officers to show documentation for the firearms, they told him he should "save it for court," and that his documentation was "wrong" or "bull__t." Appellant also alleged that the officers also stated words to the effect that he "would never get his property back." Finally, the complaint alleged that appellant was yet to be charged with any crime by the appellee County and the "BCPD [was] in the custom of overly aggressive conduct, under the pretense of enforcing various firearm statutes...."

From these facts alone, we decline to hold that the pleading set forth everything necessary to show actual malice. Appellant's references to the police officer's statements do not indicate that the officers had acted with "ill will, improper motivation, or evil purpose" when they executed the search and seizure pursuant to the warrant. Shoemaker v. Smith, 353 Md. 143, 161 n. 6, 725 A.2d 549 (1999) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

When viewing the facts in the light most favorable to appellant, the complaint does not allege "with some clarity and precision... facts which make the act[s] malicious." Penhollow v. Bd. of Comm'rs for Cecil Cnty., 116 Md.App. 265, 294, 695 A.2d 1268 (1997). The complaint claims that the execution of the search and seizure warrant caused extensive damage to both locations, but it does not indicate how the officers' conduct caused the damage, and it also fails to indicate damages incurred by appellant. Appellant's family members and neighbors were present at the time the officers executed the search warrant, and so appellant could have provided sufficient facts in his pleadings to demonstrate that the officers acted with actual malice. But here, appellant failed to do so. Although, appellant's witness testified that the police officers did not act with care when they were stacking the firearms as if they were building a "bon fire," this assertion is not sufficient to show that the officers acted maliciously to cause damage to his firearms.

Furthermore, on March 15, 2011, after the circuit court granted the motion to dismiss the officers, it also allowed appellant leave to amend his pleading giving appellant ample time to amend his pleading. But appellant did not amend his pleading to provide supporting facts that the officers acted with actual malice. Rather, appellant sought to amend his complaint more than two years later on April 12, 2013, which the circuit court correctly denied.

Furthermore, the "actual malice" alleged in this case does not come close to the sufficient pleadings of "actual malice" we found in other cases.8 For example, in Robinson, the Court of Appeals held that malice was sufficiently pleaded, and the allegations were more than mere conclusory statements where the plaintiff claimed that he was "beaten, bruised, burned, humiliated, imprisoned, charged and prosecuted, all without just cause and with malice, that [the police officers] `knew that the prosecution of [plaintiff] was false, groundless and without probable cause,' and that upon trial he was found to be not guilty of the false and groundless charges." Robinson, 262 Md. at 349-50, 278 A.2d 71.

Unlike Robinson, appellant does not describe the "extensive" damages he endured nor does appellant offer any facts that the officers were acting without just cause and malice. Appellant's conclusory statement that the officers acted with malice and defendants acted "to cause economic injury to [appellant], and for gratuitous sport rather than for proper law enforcement purposes" is unsupported by the record. Here, the officers did not initiate the search warrant on their own, rather, the officers were contacted by the Baltimore and Phoenix ATF field officers informing them that appellant was under investigation for possessing an "illegally manufactured machine gun." Based on this information, the officers obtained a search and seizure warrant on the basis of C.L. § 4-405, possession of a machine gun for an aggressive purpose. The officers executed the search warrant along with the assistance of other BCPD officers and the ATF agents.

The officers were acting under a legally authorized search warrant, and therefore, the pleading failed to demonstrate that the officers' actions were performed "without legal justification or excuse, but with an evil or rancorous motive influenced by hate, the purpose being to deliberately and willfully [cause] injur[y]" to appellant's place of business and residence. Town of Port Deposit, 113 Md.App. at 416, 688 A.2d 54. Thus, this Court finds that appellant's complaint did not sufficiently allege that the officers acted with actual malice, and the circuit court correctly granted the officers' motion on that basis.

In addition, there is no special relationship between appellant and the police officers eliminating government immunity and imposing tort liability on the officers. Ashburn v. Anne Arundel Cnty., 306 Md. 617, 634-35, 510 A.2d 1078 (1986) (holding that police procedures set forth in the Transportation Article requiring officers to detain and investigate drunk drivers did not provide injured pedestrian with a civil cause of action absent police assuming a "special relationship"). "In order to impose a special relationship between police and victim, and thereby to create a duty in tort, however, a statute must set forth mandatory acts clearly for the protection of a particular class of persons rather the public as a whole." Id. at 635, 510 A.2d 1078 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Under the general "special relationship" rule, "there is no duty in negligence terms to act for the benefit of any particular person, [but] when one does indeed act for the benefit of another, he must act in a reasonable manner." Id. at 630-31, 510 A.2d 1078.

Here, the police officers were executing the search warrant in connection with an investigation that appellant may be in violation of weapons law; thus the officers were not acting to benefit appellant. Under these circumstances, the absence of "actual malice" and the absence of a "special relationship" between the officers and appellant do not eliminate the officers' entitlement to governmental immunity, or entitle appellant to a civil cause of action for money damages.

Finally, because we are affirming the circuit court's motion to dismiss as to the two police officers on the basis that appellant failed to plead facts of actual malice, the circuit court correctly granted appellee Baltimore County's motion for judgment. DiPino, 354 Md. at 48, 729 A.2d 354 (holding that Baltimore City cannot be liable for police officer's alleged tortious conduct where the officer was acting in a governmental capacity).

Thus, we affirm the circuit court's order granting appellee Cpl. Kidwell and Det. Socha's motion to dismiss, and the order granting appellee Baltimore County's motion for judgment.

III. INJUNCTION

A. Contentions

Appellant contends that the circuit court erred in its determination that the injunction did not provide for a cause of action. Appellant relies on Automatic Retailers of America, Inc. v. Evans Cigarette Service Co., 269 Md. 101, 304 A.2d 581 (1973), for the proposition that the circuit court should have resolved the equitable issues between the parties by enforcing the injunction.

Appellee counters that the appellant's reliance upon Automatic Retailers, Inc., is misplaced, because in that case, the Court of Appeals merely held that a suit could continue to trial even though the requested court injunction was moot. As a result, that case continued to trial to determine damages based on a breach of contract, not a violation of an injunction order. Appellee contends that a violation of a preliminary injunction does not in and of itself imply that a cause of action can be instituted. Furthermore, appellant did not show that appellee violated the injunctive order, because at the time the temporary restraining order was issued, the ATF, and not the appellee, was in possession of appellant's firearms. In addition, appellant failed to show that appellee caused the alleged damages to the firearms. Finally, appellee argues that assuming arguendo that a cause of action can be brought on that basis, appellant has failed to show how his claim can overcome governmental immunity.

B. Analysis

Violation of an injunction or restraining order that is valid and operative is punishable as a contempt of court. Bailey v. Miller, 233 Md. 138, 142, 195 A.2d 601 (1963); Sheets v. City of Hagerstown, 204 Md. 113, 116, 118, 102 A.2d 734 (1954); Donner v. Calvert Distillers Corp., 196 Md. 475, 484-85, 77 A.2d 305 (1950). The power to punish a violation of an injunction or restraining order rests in the court which granted it. Sheets, 204 Md. at 118-19, 102 A.2d 734. To punish the violation of an injunction, the act complained of must fall squarely within the restraining language of the injunction. Carter Prods., Inc. v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 164 F.Supp. 503, 524 (D.Md.1958), aff'd 269 F.2d 299 (4th Cir.1959); Giant of Md., Inc. v. State's Att'y for Prince George's Cnty., 274 Md. 158, 171-72, 334 A.2d 107 (1975).

In the present case, the injunctive action was for the sole purpose of enjoining appellee from "selling, destroying or the damaging the property seized from [appellant] ... until a trial on the merits has concluded." Appellant did not initiate contempt proceedings for the alleged violation of the preliminary injunction, but rather argues on appeal that the injunction was violated. As the Court of Appeals has previously noted, "injunctive relief is a preventive and protective remedy, aimed at future acts, and is not intended to redress past wrongs." Ehrlich v. Perez, 394 Md. 691, 733-34, 908 A.2d 1220 (2006) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Furthermore, a preliminary injunction serves to "preserve the court's ability to render a meaningful decision on the merits by sustaining the status quo." Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Harford Cnty. Educ. Ass'n v. Bd. of Educ. of Harford Cnty., 281 Md. 574, 585, 380 A.2d 1041 (1977) ("[I]t is fundamental that a preliminary injunction does not issue as a matter of right, but only where it is necessary in order to preserve the status quo." (internal citations omitted)).

Injunctive relief relating to the protection of appellant's property was granted on September 22, 2010, but through appellant's own testimony and his witnesses, the damages appear to have arisen from appellees' conduct during the initial seizure of property, which is the very tort claim from which the government is immune. Appellant's request for injunctive relief was to prevent future harm and not to redress past wrongs. Therefore, appellant cannot rely on the injunction as a form of relief.

IV. AMENDMENT

A. Contentions

Appellant contends that the circuit court abused its discretion in denying his request for leave to amend the pleadings, because it applied the incorrect standard. Appellant asserts that in considering whether to allow appellant leave to amend his pleadings, the circuit court concluded that there must be "very good cause" to do so. But appellant argues that the correct standard is whether justice is done, so that the merits of the case are resolved. Appellant argues that amending his complaint to bring a cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 would not have prejudiced the officers, because appellant had already probably put on all of the evidence that he could, and that the elements of § 1983 cause had been met. Appellant asserts that appellant was prejudiced, because appellees' answers to interrogatories regarding the extent of the ATF's involvement in the investigation were not accurate.

Appellee counters that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant's motion for leave to amend his pleadings, because the circuit court had previously granted appellant leave to amend his complaint on March 15, 2011, which gave appellant over two years to amend the complaint. Furthermore, appellant rested his case on March 20, 2013, and sought to amend his complaint seventeen days prior to the scheduled hearing on April 29, 2013. Appellee counters that allowing appellant to amend his complaint would have prejudiced appellees, because appellant had not alleged or implied a federal constitutional claim in his complaint, which only contained claims for return of property, detinue, conversion and trover. Furthermore, it would have also caused undue delay in the progress of the trial.

B. Standard of Review

Amendments filed later than 30 days before trial are governed by Maryland Rule 2-341(b), which provides "[a] party may file an amendment to a pleading ... only with leave of court. If the amendment introduces new facts or varies the case in a material respect, the new facts or allegations shall be treated as having been denied by the adverse party. The court shall not grant a continuance or mistrial unless the ends of justice so require."

"With respect to procedural issues, a [circuit] court's rulings are given great deference. The determination to allow amendments to pleadings or to grant leave to amend pleadings is within the sound discretion of the trial judge." Schmerling v. Injured Workers' Ins. Fund, 368 Md. 434, 443-44, 795 A.2d 715 (2002). Only upon a showing of a clear abuse of discretion will a circuit court's rulings be overturned. Id. at 444, 795 A.2d 715.

"There is an abuse of discretion where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the [circuit] court, or when the court acts without reference to any guiding rules or principles." In re Adoption/Guardianship No. 3598, 347 Md. 295, 312, 701 A.2d 110 (1997) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). "An abuse of discretion may also be found where the ruling under consideration is clearly against the logic and effect of facts and inferences before the court, or when the ruling is violative of fact and logic." Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Generally, amendments to pleadings "should be freely allowed in order to promote justice, so that cases will be tried on their merits rather than upon the niceties of pleading." Crowe v. Houseworth, 272 Md. 481, 485, 325 A.2d 592 (1974) (internal citations omitted). "Although it is well-established that leave to amend complaints should be granted freely to serve the ends of justice and that it is the rare situation in which a court should not grant leave to amend, an amendment should not be allowed if it would result in prejudice to the opposing party or undue delay, such as where amendment would be futile because the claim is flawed irreparably." RRC Ne., LLC, 413 Md. at 673-74, 994 A.2d 430 (internal citations omitted).

C. Analysis

Although liberal amendment of pleadings is the policy in Maryland, we recognize that limits exist on the extent to which the court will allow amendment. See id. Having reviewed the procedural history of this case, we find no abuse of discretion on the part of the circuit court in refusing to grant appellant's motion to amend. Accordingly, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed. See Walls v. Bank of Glen Burnie, 135 Md.App. 229, 245-46, 762 A.2d 151 (2000) (internal citations omitted) (reversing circuit court's denial of plaintiff's motion to amend where 1) amended complaint was the only means she could pursue her federal statutory claim, 2) final judgment on her state claims relating to wrongful discharge would have barred her federal claim as result of res judicata, 3) claims of discrimination put defendant on notice of Title VII violation, and relation back doctrine would have allowed the claim under federal rules, 4) and plaintiff requested leave to amend her complaint prior to dismissal, and again, after dismissal to pursue the legal theory that it constituted a violation of Title VII.)

Unlike Walls, appellant's claims related to tort claims relating to his property; therefore, appellee was not on notice that plaintiff would assert federal § 1983 constitutional violations. See id. Also unlike Walls, the circuit court granted appellant leave to amend his complaint, but he failed to do so until two-and-a-half years later. Id. Additionally, final judgment of appellant's state claims would not bar him from pursuing his federal claims.

Here, the circuit court allowed appellant leave to amend his complaint on March 15, 2011. Appellant did not attempt to amend his complaint or add the § 1983 claim, until April 12, 2013, a period of two and a half years later. The circuit court also noted that this motion was made "not even on the eve of trial. The [appellant] had put on its case and rested. And the County filed a motion for judgment. And because the County raised governmental immunity, [appellant] now wants to allege a new cause of action to avoid the immunity claim." Furthermore, appellant knew that the ATF was involved, and the warrant also discussed the involvement of the ATF. In addition, Det. Socha's affidavit also discussed the ATF's extensive involvement. Therefore, the circuit court found that the pleadings did not allege any § 1983 claims, nor did appellant attempt to amend his complaint to allege that cause of action. See Prudential Secs., Inc. v. E-Net, Inc., 140 Md.App. 194, 234, 780 A.2d 359 (2001) (reversing circuit court's refusal to allow plaintiff to amend complaint where it was filed before trial date was set and did not result in prejudice or undue delay, because the amended complaint arose from the same "operative factual pattern").

Asserting a new constitutional claim based on a federal law would change the nature of the cause that was litigated, which was based on alleged tort violations under state law. This would result in undue delay and prejudice. All discovery was completed, other than the photos that appellee had taken during the execution of the search warrant, which were later provided and only dealt with the issue of government immunity relating to the tort claims. In addition, appellant rested his case. In appellant's response to appellees' motion for judgment, appellant acknowledged, "the obvious [] issue is that [appellant] did not specifically plead a cause of action under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983." Thus, the circuit court's decision was not "clearly against the logic and effect of facts and inferences before [it]." In re Adoption/Guardianship No. 3598, 347 Md. at 312, 701 A.2d 110.

In light of all these considerations, we cannot hold that the circuit court abused its discretion and that "no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the [circuit] court," or that the court acted "without reference to any guiding rules or principles." Id. Thus, we affirm the circuit court's order denying appellant's motions for leave to amend and to reconsider denial of motion for leave to amend.

V. DISCOVERY SANCTIONS

A. Contentions

Appellant contends that the circuit court abused its discretion when it failed to impose a penalty against appellee for failing to produce the pictures as ordered by the circuit court. Appellant argues that appellee was verbally ordered to produce the photos at the March 21, 2013, hearing, but after the circuit court learned that appellee defied this order at the hearing on April 29, the circuit court failed to impose a sanction.

Appellee concedes that it failed to produce discovery in a timely manner, but argues that although appellant requested pictures, he never filed a motion to compel discovery when the photographs were not produced, and appellant never raised a preliminary motion in trial to compel discovery. Appellee also counters that it eventually produced all discoverable material, and the circuit court gave appellant ten days to file his brief relating to the issue of governmental immunity. Because the circuit court viewed the discovery violation as having no impact upon appellee's claim of governmental immunity, and provided appellant ten days to brief the issue upon receipt of the photos, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion.

B. Standard of Review & Analysis

When reviewing the circuit court's refusal to impose sanctions for discovery abuse, we review the circuit court's decision under an abuse of discretion standard. See Braxton v. Faber, 91 Md.App. 391, 396-97, 604 A.2d 543 (1992) ("[W]e cannot say that the trial judge abused his discretion in not imposing sanctions" for discovery violation).

Under Maryland Rule 2-432, "[a] discovering party may move for sanctions under Rule 2-433(a), without first obtaining an order compelling discovery" for certain complete failures to comply with discovery. Rule 2-432(b), on the other hand, calls for first moving for an order to compel discovery, if, among other failures, "a party fails to comply with a request for production or inspection under Rule 2-422." Id. 2-432(b)(1)(E). The authors of the Maryland Rules Commentary explain:

Butler, 435 Md. at 657-58, 80 A.3d 298 (quoting Paul V. Niemeyer and Linda M. Shuett, Maryland Rules Commentary 341 (3d ed.2003)) (emphasis added); see also Hossainkhail v. Gebrehiwot, 143 Md.App. 716, 732, 795 A.2d 816 (2002) ("[I]f there has been incomplete discovery, a party may seek an order compelling discovery under Rule 2-432(b). When a motion to compel discovery is granted and then violated, a court may award sanctions pursuant to Rule 2-433(b) upon motion of a party." (internal quotation marks omitted)).

"A [circuit] court may not, sua sponte," impose a sanction based on discovery violations, "without a party first moving for an order to compel or filing a motion for discovery sanctions." Butler v. S & S P'ship, 435 Md. 635, 658, 80 A.3d 298 (2013); Hossainkhail, 143 Md.App. at 730, 795 A.2d 816 ("A court may award sanctions for failure of discovery, therefore, only when there is a discovering and moving party.").

Here, appellant did not utilize any of the options as provided under the rule. Appellant did not file a Motion to Compel or a Motion for Sanctions. Thus, there was no moving party before the court, and appellant's alleged discovery violation was not properly before the court. If the circuit court imposed discovery sanctions, sua sponte, as appellant asserts it should have, the circuit court would have abused its discretion. Accordingly, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in declining to impose sanctions for violation of discovery rules absent a motion to compel or motion for sanction before it.

JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE COUNTY AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.