OPINION

Sweet, D.J.

Defendants AMCI Holdings, Inc. ("AMCI Holdings"), American Metals & Coal International, Inc. ("AMCI International"), K-M Investment Corporation ("K-M Investment"), Prime Carbon GmbH ("Prime Carbon"), Primetrade, Inc. ("Primetrade"), Hans Mende ("Mende"), and Fritz Kundrun ("Kundrun") (collectively, the "Defendants"), bring this motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), on remand from the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, to dismiss the Amended Complaint (the "AC") of Plaintiffs CBF Indústria de Gusa S/A ("CBF Indústria de Gusa"), Da Terra Siderúrgica LTDA ("Da Terra Siderúrgica"), Fergumar-Ferro Gusa do Maranhao LTDA ("Fergumar — Ferro Gusa do Maranhao"), Ferguminas Siderúrgica LTDA ("Ferguminas Siderúrgica"), Gusa Nordeste S/A ("Gusa Nordeste"), Sidepar-Siderúrgica do Pará S/A ("Sidepar-Siderúrgica do Pará"), and Siderúrgica União S/A ("Siderúrgica União") (collectively, the "Plaintiffs"). Specifically, Defendants contend that Plaintiffs, in their AC, fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted under the New York Convention, Chapter 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA"), and the applicable law of the Southern District of New York. Based on the facts and conclusions set forth below, the Defendants' motion to dismiss is denied. Plaintiffs are permitted to conduct discovery regarding the fraud claims.

I. Facts & Prior Proceedings

The facts pertinent to the present motion are set forth in the AC, the contracts entered into between Plaintiffs and Steel Base Trade, AG ("SBT") between January 1, 2008 and September 17, 2008 (the "Contracts"), the International Chamber of Commerce Award ("ICC Award") incorporated in the AC, and matters of public record, of which this Court has taken judicial notice, in the SBT Bankruptcy referred to in the ICC Award.1 The facts are assumed true for the purpose of this motion to dismiss. See Koch v. Christie's Int'l PLC, 699 F.3d 141, 145 (2d Cir. 2012).

Plaintiffs are a group of foreign companies organized under the laws of, and with their offices located in, Brazil. They produce and supply "pig iron," which is a type of "intermediate metal made by smelting iron ore with high-carbon fuel." Am. Compl. ¶ 27, ECF No. 47. Pig iron can then be further refined to become steel or wrought iron.

Defendants are a group of interrelated companies (collectively, the "Corporate Defendants") and two individuals, Hans Mende and Fritz Kundrun (collectively, the "Individual Defendants"). According to Plaintiffs, the Individual Defendants financially control, directly or indirectly, the Corporate Defendants.

In 2008, Plaintiffs and SBT entered into a series of contracts wherein SBT agreed to buy 103,500 metric tons of pig iron for more than $476 million (the "Contracts"). Id. ¶ 34. Within a short period of signing the Contracts, following the financial crisis in late 2008 and the attendant collapse in commodity prices (including pig iron), SBT ceased purchasing pig iron under the Contracts. Id. ¶ 41. Following SBT's breach, Plaintiffs contacted SBT and requested that SBT fulfill its obligations. Id. ¶ 42. In response, on November 20, 2008, an SBT representative said:

Id. ¶ 42. SBT remained in default and did not purchase any further pig iron as required by the Contracts. Id. ¶ 43. Plaintiffs first became aware that this assurance was false when they learned, through publicly available shipping records, that SBT was purchasing pig iron from other suppliers. Id.

On November 16, 2009, Plaintiffs submitted their dispute with SBT (the "Arbitration") to the ICC Paris. Id. ¶ 47. Thereafter, SBT requested an extension of time to respond to Plaintiffs' arbitration demand, and the ICC Paris granted SBT until January 27, 2010 to respond. Id. ¶ 48. During that extension of time, on January 11, 2010, Prime Carbon made its first purchase of pig iron in the Brazilian market. Id. ¶ 49. Given the limited size of the pig iron market, Plaintiffs decided to investigate newcomer Prime Carbon and its purchase. Id.

On January 15, 2010, Plaintiffs wrote to the ICC Paris to express their concern that they were being defrauded by SBT, which appeared to be "transferring its business operations and assets to Prime Carbon." Id. ¶ 50. Ten days later, SBT responded to the ICC Paris (the "January 25th Statement"):

Id. ¶ 51. Plaintiffs allege that, although they did not know it at the time, this statement was untrue, and was intended to distract Plaintiffs and the ICC Paris while Defendants effectuated their plan to steal SBT's assets. Defendants contend that the January 25th Statement was accurate when made. See Reply Br. in Support of Cert. Petition at 2, n.1.

According to Plaintiffs, notwithstanding SBT's misrepresentations that it had not resolved to be liquidated and dissolved, SBT did not disclose to the ICC Paris or Plaintiffs that, on December 27, 2009, it had already signed an agreement transferring its business to Prime Carbon (the "Transfer Agreement"). Am. Compl. ¶ 52. SBT also did not disclose to the ICC Paris or Plaintiffs that it had sent letters to various of its pig iron suppliers on January 18, 2010, informing them that:

Id. ¶ 53. The letters advised the suppliers "to act from the time being only on instruction of Prime Carbon" and that representatives of Prime Carbon would be contacting the suppliers "within the next few days." Id. ¶ 54. Thus, Plaintiffs allege, while telling the Plaintiffs and the ICC Paris on January 25th that SBT "is still existing and ha[d] not resolved to be dissolved and liquidated," Defendants already had started effectuating a plan to make SBT an assetless and judgment proof company via the Transfer Agreement. Id. ¶¶ 45, 51.

Under the terms of the Transfer Agreement, Plaintiffs allege, SBT transferred $126 million in assets to Prime Carbon, as well as liabilities of $130 million, in exchange for $1. Id. ¶ 59. The assets transferred to Prime Carbon included SBT's main asset, its U.S. subsidiary, Primetrade USA, through a transfer of the 1,000 shares of Primetrade USA's Common Capital Stock on December 27, 2009. Id. SBT also transferred, among other things, shares of an Aruba limited liability company, Steel Base Trade A.V.V. ("SBT Aruba"), pursuant to the Transfer Agreement and a blocking certificate dated January 18, 2010. Id. ¶ 60.

The Transfer Agreement between SBT and Prime Carbon was signed on behalf of Prime Carbon by Thomas Buerger, a former director of SBT, and the then-Chief Financial Officer of AMCI Capital, and a director of SBT's parent company, Defendant AMCI International. Id. ¶ 58. Plaintiffs allege that following the effectuation of the Transfer Agreement, Prime Carbon (a) had at least five of the same directors as SBT; (b) assumed ten of SBT's employment contracts; (c) appointed Defendant Mende to serve as the president of the Board of Directors; and (d) at all times shared an office address with SBT or AMCI International. Id. ¶¶ 66-68.

The Transfer Agreement was formally approved on January 27, 2010 by SBT's and Prime Carbon's Supervisory Boards, the same day SBT filed its response in the Arbitration. Id. ¶ 65. Plaintiffs allege that SBT did not tell the ICC Paris about this material change in the circumstances, or that its January 25th Statement was untruthful or no longer operative. Id. Moreover, Plaintiffs allege that although SBT was insolvent on January 27, 2010, it was not put into bankruptcy until April 28, 2010, though not before Defendants arranged to have SBT transfer nearly all of its remaining cash to Prime Carbon. Id. ¶ 78.

Following these developments, in June of 2010, Plaintiffs asked the ICC Paris for discovery concerning SBT's actions and sought interim relief to seize up to approximately $42 million of SBT's assets, whether held by SBT or Prime Carbon (the "Interim Relief"). See Arbitration Award, ECF Nos. 1-2, Ex. M, ¶ 22. The ICC Paris held hearings concerning the Interim Relief that SBT neither attended nor requested be postponed. Thereafter, the ICC Paris sent SBT a list of questions concerning, inter alia, whether and to what extent SBT had "transferred goods and respective titles of goods to Prime Carbon AG... after being notified of the Request for Arbitration." Id. ¶ 28. SBT did not provide a response to these requests for information. Id. ¶¶ 23-30.

On March 29, 2011, SBT's bankruptcy administrator informed the ICC Paris that SBT did not have funds sufficient to participate in the Arbitration, and that "the estate and SBT's creditors did not wish to defend the claims before the ICC Paris." Am. Compl. ¶ 87. The bankruptcy administrator admitted the claims against SBT as well as the damages sought by Plaintiffs in the amount of CHF 51,756,269.75. Id. On November 9, 2011, following this notice, the ICC Paris issued its final Award in favor of Plaintiffs for $48,053,462.16 plus interest, at rates detailed in the Award, incurred on this amount from November 20, 2009, until the Award amounts are paid in full. Id. ¶ 90. The Award also awarded Plaintiffs' arbitration costs and legal fees in the amount of $360,000. Id.

SBT's bankruptcy was declared closed on January 24, 2012, with no assets left to satisfy the Award. Id. ¶ 89. Plaintiffs were unable to collect the Award against SBT because, as Plaintiffs allege, all of SBT's assets had been fraudulently transferred to Prime Carbon. Id. ¶ 91. Plaintiffs told SBT that Plaintiffs would seek to recover the amount owed from SBT. Id. ¶ 92. SBT responded that Plaintiffs should not waste their time bringing a claim and, relaying a comment made by Mende, stated: "A naked man has no pockets." Id.

On April 18, 2013, Plaintiffs filed an action before this Court to enforce the Award against Defendants as SBT's alter egos and successors-in-interest pursuant to the Convention (the "Enforcement Action.") See Compl., ECF No. 1. The Enforcement Action also alleged common law fraud and violations of New York's fraudulent conveyance laws related to Defendants' actions before the ICC Paris and thereafter (the "Fraud Claims"). Defendants moved to dismiss the Enforcement Action on numerous grounds, including that the Award had not been confirmed against SBT, forum non conveniens, and that the Fraud Claims were barred by the ICC Paris' ruling. See Def's Br. Motion to Dismiss Compl., ECF No. 23. The Enforcement Action's Convention claims were dismissed on the grounds that Orion Shipping & Trading Co. v. Eastern States Petroleum Corp., 312 F.2d 299, 301 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 373 U.S. 949, 83 S.Ct. 1679, 10 L.Ed.2d 705 (1963) required Plaintiffs to first confirm the Award against SBT before seeking to enforce the Award against Defendants. See Opinion on First Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 46.

Following this Court's decision, Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint on April 29, 2014 containing only the federal enforcement cause of action. See Am. Compl. On this same day, Plaintiffs filed an action seeking to confirm the Award against SBT (the "Confirmation Action"). See Compl. It was during this proceeding that Defendants disclosed SBT's removal from the Swiss Commercial Registry, arguing that, as a result, SBT was immune from suit under Fed. R. Civ. P. 17 and that the Confirmation Action must be dismissed. See Defs.' Motion to Dismiss Confirmation Action, ECF No. 28 at 6. On March 12, 2015, both the Enforcement and Confirmation Actions were dismissed on the basis that Orion required a two-step process of confirmation against SBT followed by enforcement against Defendants, and because SBT's immunity from suit rendered confirmation impossible. See Opinion on Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 91.

Plaintiffs timely appealed the dismissal of both actions, and on January 18, 2017, the Second Circuit issued its initial ruling (the "Vacated Decision"). See CBF Industria de Gusa v. AMCI Holdings, Inc., 846 F.3d 35 (2d Cir. 2017). In Section I.c. of the Vacated Decision, titled "Applicable Law for an Enforcement Action," the Second Circuit cited to the analysis set forth in First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 942, 115 S.Ct. 1920, 131 L.Ed.2d 985 (1995), and instructed this Court as follows:

Vacated Decision at 47. Defendants moved for rehearing, which the Second Circuit granted and heard on March 2, 2017. During the Second Circuit's consideration of Defendants' rehearing request, the New York City Bar Association ("NYCBA") submitted an amicus brief in which it argued that a First Options arbitrability analysis would be improper in this case because Plaintiffs were not seeking to enforce an arbitration agreement; they were seeking to enforce an arbitration award. See NYCBA Amicus Br. at 1, 9 ("An award is like a court judgment and, once made, has its own legal significance even though it arose out of an agreement.... [T]he proper instructions to the district court would be to proceed directly to an analysis of whether the award may be enforced against appellees on an alter ego theory of liability, without directing the court to consider the scope of the arbitration agreement under a First Options analysis.").

On March 2, 2017, the Second Circuit issued its revised decision (the "Revised Decision"), in which it wrote that it had vacated its earlier ruling "and simultaneously issu[ed] this amended decision to correct our instructions to the district court with regards to the applicable law for an enforcement action at Section I.c., infra." See CBF Industria de Gusa v. AMCI Holdings, Inc., 850 F.3d 58 (2d Cir. 2017). Section I.c. of the Revised Decision, titled "Applicable Law for an Enforcement Action," consists of a re-write of the Vacated Decision's analysis, eliminating any reference to First Options or the requirements thereunder. See id. The Second Circuit held, as relevant here, that:

Revised Decision at 43-46. Further, the Revised Decision also restored the Fraud Claims:

Id. at 51.

On September 28, 2017, Defendants filed a Petition for Certiorari with the United States Supreme Court, which was denied on December 11, 2017.

Defendants' filed the instant motion to dismiss on January 4, 2018, and the motion was heard and marked fully submitted on February 21, 2018.

II. The Applicable Standard

On a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, all factual allegations in the complaint are accepted as true and all inferences are drawn in favor of the pleader. Mills v. Polar Molecular Corp., 12 F.3d 1170, 1174 (2d Cir. 1993). A complaint must contain "sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 663, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). A claim is facially plausible when "the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 663, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955). In other words, the factual allegations must "possess enough heft to show that the pleader is entitled to relief." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (internal quotation marks omitted).

While "a plaintiff may plead facts alleged upon information and belief `where the belief is based on factual information that makes the inference of culpability plausible,' such allegations must be `accompanied by a statement of the facts upon which the belief is founded.'" Munoz-Nagel v. Guess, Inc., No. 12 Civ. 1312 (ER), 2013 WL 1809772, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 30, 2013) (quoting Arista Records, LLC v. Doe 3, 604 F.3d 110, 120 (2d Cir. 2010)); Prince v. Madison Square Garden, 427 F.Supp.2d 372, 384 (S.D.N.Y. 2006); Williams v. Calderoni, 11 Civ. 3020 (CM), 2012 WL 691832, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 1, 2012). The pleadings, however, "must contain something more than ... a statement of facts that merely creates a suspicion [of] a legally cognizable right of action." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (citation and internal quotation omitted).

In considering a motion to dismiss, "a district court may consider the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached to the complaint as exhibits, and documents incorporated by reference in the complaint." DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable L.L.C., 622 F.3d 104, 111 (2d Cir. 2010).

III. Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint is Denied

In its Revised Decision, the Second Circuit instructed this Court, on remand, "to evaluate [Plaintiffs'] Enforcement Action, particularly [Plaintiffs'] effort to reach [Defendants] as alter-egos of SBT, under the standards set out in the New York Convention, Chapter 2 of the FAA, and applicable law in the Southern District of New York." Revised Decision at 43. As such, it is appropriate to consider first the threshold question of whether Plaintiffs may pierce the corporate veil of SBT to reach Defendants as alter egos. Next, the Court must consider whether any of the conditions set out in the New York Convention, under which a district court may refuse enforcement of a foreign arbitral award, have been sufficiently invoked as to warrant dismissal.

1. Plaintiffs May Pierce the Corporate Veil to Hold Defendants Liable as Alter Egos of SBT

As a general rule, "courts are reluctant to disregard the corporate entity in large part because there is a presumption of separateness between a corporation and its owners, which is entitled to substantial weight." Abu-Nassar v. Elders Futures, Inc., No. 88 Civ. 7906 (PKL), 1991 WL 45062, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. March 28, 1991) (citing Am. Protein Corp. v. AB Volvo, 844 F.2d 56, 60 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 852, 109 S.Ct. 136, 102 L.Ed.2d 109 (1988)) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Nevertheless, the corporate form may be pierced where "(1) the owner has exercised such control that the corporation has become a mere instrumentality of the owner, which is the real actor; (2) such control has been used to commit a fraud or other wrong; and (3) the fraud or wrong results in an unjust loss or injury to plaintiff." Atateks Foreign Trade, Ltd. v. Private Label Sourcing, LLC, 402 Fed. App'x 623, 625 (2d Cir. 2010) (citing Freeman v. Complex Computing Co., 119 F.3d 1044, 1052 (2d Cir. 1997) ("While complete domination of the corporation is the key to piercing the corporate veil, ... such domination, standing alone, is not enough; some showing of a wrongful or unjust act toward plaintiff is required."); see also Oriental Commercial & Shipping Co., Ltd. v. Rosseel, N.V., 702 F.Supp. 1005, 1018 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) (citing Am. Protein Corp., 844 F.2d at 60) (internal quotation and citation omitted) ("The parent ... exercise[d] complete domination in respect to the transaction attacked so that the subsidiary had at the time no separate will of its own, and such domination [was] ... used to commit fraud or wrong against plaintiff, which proximately caused plaintiff's injury.") Oriental Commercial & Shipping Co., Ltd., 702 F.Supp. at 1018 (citing Am. Protein Corp., 844 F.2d at 60) (internal quotation and citation omitted)).

Courts consider a variety of factors in assessing the control element, including "(1) intermingling of personal and corporate funds and siphoning of corporate funds by a principal; (2) failure to observe corporate formalities and keep proper books and records; (3) failure to pay dividends; (4) inadequate capitalization; (5) insolvency; and (6) perpetuation of fraud by shareholders in maintaining the corporate form." Abu-Nassar, 1991 WL 45062, at *11 (citations omitted). Other factors considered include (7) "overlap in ownership, officers, directors, and personnel," (8) "common office space, address, and telephone numbers of corporate entities," (9) "the degree of discretion shown by the allegedly dominated corporation," (10) "whether the dealings between the entities are at arms length," (11) "whether the corporations are treated as independent profit centers," and (12) "payment or guarantee of the corporation's debts by the dominating entity." Freeman, 119 F.3d at 1053.

There is no set rule regarding how many factors must weigh in favor of piercing the corporate veil for control to be found. William Wrigley, Jr. Co. v. Waters, 890 F.2d 594, 600-01 (2d Cir. 1989) (citing Brunswick Corp. v. Waxman, 599 F.2d 34, 35 (2d Cir. 1979)); see Thomson-CSF, S.A. v. Am. Arbitration Ass'n, 64 F.3d 773, 777 (2d Cir. 1995) ("Veil piercing determinations are fact specific and differ with the circumstances of each case.") (internal quotation and alteration omitted). Instead, "the general principle followed by the courts has been that liability is imposed when doing so would achieve an equitable result." Id. at 601 (noting that when fraud sufficient to pierce the corporate veil has been found in this Circuit, "the evidence demonstrated an abuse of that form either through on-going fraudulent activities of a principal, or a pronounced and intimate commingling of identities of the corporation and its principal or principals, which prompted the reviewing courts, driven by equity, to disregard the corporate form.").

Further, at this stage of the proceedings, Plaintiffs need only detail the factual allegations to the degree required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)'s liberal pleading standard to show the domination or control necessary to pierce the corporate veil. See Network Enter., Inc. v. APBA Offshore Prods., Inc., No. 01 Civ. 11765 (CSH), 2002 WL 31050846, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 12, 2002); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) (a claim for relief "shall contain ... a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.").

The record is replete with examples of SBT's control over Prime Carbon. First, Plaintiffs have alleged facts supporting the notion that the dealings between the entities were closer than arms length. On December 27, 2009, after SBT entered into the Contracts wherein SBT agreed to buy over 100,000 tons of pig iron worth over $476 million, SBT signed the Transfer Agreement, transferring all of its business to Prime Carbon and claiming SBT's insolvency. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 34, 41, 52. Specifically, SBT transferred $126 million in assets to Prime Carbon and $130 million in liabilities, in exchange for $1, evidencing no consideration involved in the transfer. See id. ¶ 59; MAG Portfolio Consultant, GMBH v. Merlin Biomed Grp. LLC, 268 F.3d 58, 64 (2d Cir. 2001) (finding the factor regarding "whether the dealings between the entities are at arms length" weighed in favor of finding fraud where there was no consideration involved in new companies succeeding to manage old companies).

Second, an overlap in ownership and control weigh in favor of finding control. Plaintiffs allege that Individual Defendants Mende and Kundrun ultimately owned and controlled SBT, Prime Carbon, and AMCI Holdings. Am. Compl. ¶ 4. On January 18, 2010, SBT sent letters to its pig iron suppliers putting them on notice of the change in ownership from SBT to Prime Carbon. Id. ¶ 53. The letters provided that, as of November 30, 2009, SBT had transferred "all Goods and the respective title of the Goods" to Prime Carbon; that Prime Carbon was "the new and sole owner of the Goods"; that Prime Carbon "assumes all rights with respect to the transferred Goods"; and that Prime Carbon "is willing to enter in all contracts between [its pig iron suppliers and SBT] and to perform under the same conditions." Id. The letters advised the suppliers "to act from the time being only on instruction of Prime Carbon." Id. ¶ 54. These letters were signed by Stephan Herzig ("Herzig"), a director of SBT who later became a director of Prime Carbon, id. ¶¶ 36, 55, and Thomas Buerger ("Buerger"), a director of Prime Carbon and Chief Financial Officer of AMCI Capital at the time, and a former director of SBT, who signed on behalf of Prime Carbon. Id. ¶¶ 58.

Moreover, following the Transfer Agreement, Prime Carbon employed at least five of SBT's former directors and took over 10 of SBT's employment contracts. Id. ¶¶ 66-68. Mende, whom Plaintiffs allege was "one of the ultimate owners of SBT," became the President of the Board of Directors of Prime Carbon. Id. ¶ 50. Moreover, other former directors of SBT became directors of Prime Carbon. Id. See Balmer v. 1716 Realty, LLC, No. 05 Civ. 839 (NG) (MDG), 2008 WL 2047888, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. May 9, 2008) (finding that `overlap in ownership' factor supported finding control and domination where five of six persons shared an ownership interest in both entities).

Third, Plaintiffs have pleaded facts supporting the reasonable inference that SBT was inadequately capitalized at the time of the transaction. "Evidence of substantial undercapitalization ... is significant because it can be evidence of a company's lack of independent substance." Cardell Fin. Corp. v. Suchodolski Assocs., Inc., No. 09 Civ. 6148 (VM) (MHD), 2012 WL 12932049, at *22 (S.D.N.Y. July 17, 2012). While undercapitalization is just "an additional factor to be weighed in the balance," see Abu-Nassar, 1991 WL 45062, at *13, "it weighs heavily in favor of a finding that the corporate form of an entity should be disregarded." Eagle Transp. Ltd., Inc. v. O'Connor, 470 F.Supp. 731, 733 (S.D.N.Y. 1979). A corporation will be found undercapitalized "when its liabilities exceed its assets." Cardell Fin. Corp., 2012 WL 12932049, at *22; see also Abu-Nassar, 1991 WL 45062, at *13 (finding corporation "currently undercapitalized and essentially insolvent, in that its liabilities exceed its assets, it is no longer in business and it can no longer meet its obligations without financial assistance from [the shareholders-principals]"). As to the timing of insolvency, the relevant inquiry for liability purposes is that of the transaction at issue. Cardell Fin. Corp., 2012 WL 12932049, at *22.

The Contracts were entered into between January 1, 2008 and September 17, 2008. Am. Compl. ¶ 34. Plaintiffs assert that SBT's annual audit reports, issued on December 31, 2007, and December 31, 2008, indicate that SBT was undercapitalized, such that its equities were out-weighed by its assets. Am. Compl. ¶ 111. Further, Plaintiffs assert that SBT's General Assembly did not convene within six months after conclusion of either of those business years to verify the audit reports, in violation of Swiss corporate law. Id.

Fourth, Prime Carbon initially had the same address as SBT, before changing its address to be the same as SBT's parent. On January 10, 2010, SBT transferred its lease contract concerning its commercial, storage, and parking spaces to Prime Carbon. Id. ¶ 68.

Finally, as to maintaining corporate formalities, courts have held that "when determining whether a foreign corporation has observed the proper corporate formalities, courts apply the law of the country of incorporation," which here is Switzerland. See Abu-Nassar, 1991 WL 45062, at *12 n.17 (citing Oriental Commercial & Shipping Co., 702 F.Supp. at 1019-20); Am. Compl. ¶ 26. The parties have not provided the Court with any authority on Swiss corporate law, but Plaintiffs have submitted two allegations supporting that SBT failed to adhere to corporate formalities. Plaintiffs allege that "SBT's annual audit reports, issued on December 31, 2007, and December 31, 2008, indicated that SBT was undercapitalized," and that "SBT's General Assembly did not convene within six months after conclusion of either of those business years to verify the audit reports, in violation of Swiss corporate law." Am. Compl. ¶ 111. Further, Plaintiffs assert that "SBT did not have regular, required meetings under Swiss law and did not observe corporate formalities." Id. ¶ 135. These two assertions, without more, provide some support for the assertion that Defendants and SBT disregarded corporate formalities.

Taken together, the above allegations sufficiently allege that Defendants dominated and controlled SBT to satisfy the first element of a veil-piercing claim at the motion to dismiss stage. See Accordia Northeast, Inc. v. Thesseus Intern. Asset Fund, N.V., 205 F.Supp.2d 176, 182 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (holding, on a motion to dismiss, that allegations of sharing an office address, gross undercapitalization, and shared directors, management, and employees, "if proven, could well justify piercing the veil, making dismissal inappropriate."); EED Holdings v. Palmer Johnson Acquisition Corp., 387 F.Supp.2d 265, 274 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) (finding control sufficiently alleged at motion to dismiss stage where complaint contained statements concerning domination by owner of parent company, how subsidiary was used to further individual defendant's own interest, and how subsidiary was directed to conceal information about its operating difficulties and delays); Campo v. 1st Nationwide Bank, 857 F.Supp. 264 (E.D.N.Y. 1994) (finding control and domination on a motion to dismiss where plaintiff alleged by more than conclusory statements that corporation was in common ownership with and shared same management as other defendants, created subsidiaries to escape federal regulation, held itself to be only viable corporate entity in dealing with plaintiff, and commingled funds with other defendants).

Next, Plaintiffs must have sufficiently alleged Defendants used SBT "to commit a fraud or wrong that caused [Plaintiffs] unjustly to suffer a loss." Oriental Commercial & Shipping Co., Ltd., 702 F.Supp. at 1022. This second prong "can be satisfied either by showing out-right fraud, or another type of `wrong,' such as a `breach of a legal duty, or a dishonest and unjust act in contravention of plaintiff's legal rights.'" Telenor Mobile Commc'n A.S. v. Storm LLC, 587 F.Supp.2d 594, 620 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (citing Elec. Switching Indus., Inc. v. Faradyne Elec. Corp., 833 F.2d 418, 424 (2d Cir. 1987)). Fraud is "a representation of fact, which is either untrue and known to be untrue or recklessly made, and which is offered to deceive the other party and induces them to act upon it, causing injury." Oriental Commercial & Shipping Co., Ltd., 702 F.Supp. at 1022 (citing Jo Ann Homes at Bellmore, Inc. v. Dworetz, 25 N.Y.2d 112, 119, 302 N.Y.S.2d 799, 803, 250 N.E.2d 214, 216 (1969)).

Treating the Amended Complaint as true, SBTs' activities as alleged by Plaintiffs are sufficient to constitute a fraud or wrong for purposes of piercing the corporate veil. The facts, as alleged by Plaintiffs, demonstrate that a jury could find that Defendants, acting on behalf of SBT, sought to make SBT judgment proof as a means of evading its obligations under the Contracts. Defendants entered into the Transfer Agreement on December 27, 2009, after Plaintiffs filed the request for arbitration with the ICC on November 16, 2009. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 47, 52. Plaintiffs allege that SBT misrepresented that it intended to honor the Contracts, and misrepresented to the arbitration panel that it needed to evaluate its position while it was in the process of rendering SBT insolvent. Id. ¶ 3. Plaintiffs further allege that SBT then fraudulently transferred SBT's business to Prime Carbon by way of the Transfer Agreement without informing Plaintiffs or the arbitration panel of this action. Id. ¶¶ 3, 53-57. In light of these allegations, and in conjunction with those mentioned above, Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that Defendants acted to commit a wrong or fraud by attempting to make SBT judgment proof to evade SBT's obligations under the Contracts. See Carte Blanche (Singapore) PTE., Ltd. v. Diners Club Intern., Inc., 758 F.Supp. 908, 917 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) (stripping the assets of the subsidiary by the parent to render it "judgment proof" constitutes "fraud or wrong"); Freeman v. Complex Computing Co., Inc., 979 F.Supp. 257, 260 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) (shifting of assets by equitable owner of corporation to make corporation judgment proof constitutes fraud or wrong justifying veil-piercing); Smoothline Ltd. v. North Am. Foreign Trading Corp., No. 2002 WL 31885795, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 27, 2002) (intercompany transfers designed to drain money sufficient to constitute fraud or wrong for purposes of piercing the corporate veil).

Accordingly, the AC sufficiently has alleged the piercing of SBT's corporate veil to reach Defendants as alter egos of SBT.

2. Defendants Have Failed to Provide Grounds on Which Recognition and Enforcement of the ICC Award May be Denied

The New York Convention provides that "[r]ecognition and enforcement of [a foreign arbitral award] may be refused ... only if [the requesting party] furnishes to the competent authority where the recognition and enforcement is sought, proof that" one of the enumerated conditions has been met in Article V(1) or (2). N.Y. Convention, art. V(1),(2). "The party opposing enforcement of an arbitral award has the burden to prove that one of the seven defenses under the New York Convention applies." Telenor Mobile Commc'ns AS v. Storm LLC, 584 F.3d 396, 405 (2d Cir. 2009); see also Duferco Intern Steel Trading v. T. Klaveness Shipping A/S, 333 F.3d 383, 388 (2d Cir. 2003) ("A party petitioning a federal court to vacate an arbitral award bears the heavy burden of showing that the award falls within a very narrow set of circumstances delineated by statute and case law.") For purposes of this litigation, this Court is the "competent authority" as it is the federal district court to which the award-creditor has applied for enforcement. See Revised Decision at 45.

Defendants have moved to dismiss Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint on three grounds. First, on the basis that Article V of the New York Convention prevents enforcement of an award against a party that was deprived of a full and fair opportunity to be heard at the time of the underlying arbitration. Defs.' Br. 21. Second, Defendants assert that Plaintiffs cannot avoid their contractual agreement to arbitrate veil-piercing issues by arguing that Defendants are not SBT for purposes of seeking an independent judicial veil-piercing determination, while simultaneously alleging that Defendants are SBT for purposes of enforcing the Award against them. Id. 29-32. Third, Defendants allege that Plaintiffs lack standing to state a veil-piercing claim to the extent that such a claim is derivative of an injury to SBT under Swiss law, which provides that creditors without an assignment in the bankruptcy lack standing to pursue claims for indirect damages flowing from damage to a bankrupt debtor. Id. 35.

Defendants' second and third arguments fail as they do not speak to any of the enumerated Article V conditions that must be present for recognition and enforcement of the Award to be refused. See N.Y. Convention, art. V(1) ("[r]ecognition and enforcement of [a foreign arbitral award] may be refused ... only if [the requesting party] furnishes to the competent authority ... proof" of one of the Article V enumerated conditions). Specifically, the five enumerated conditions laid out under the New York Convention are as follows:

N.Y. Convention, art. V(1) (italics in original). Moreover, dismissal is further permitted if the Court determines that "(a) [t]he subject matter of the difference is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of [the United States]; or (b) [t]he recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of [the United States]." Id. art. V(2).

None of the above enumerated conditions apply to the Defendants' second and third argued grounds for dismissal. The Second Circuit held that Plaintiffs can in fact seek to hold Defendants liable on an alter ego theory, thereby defeating Defendants' second argument. Revised Decision at 43 ("On remand, therefore, we instruct the district court to evaluate appellants' Enforcement Action, particularly appellants' effort to reach appellees as alter-egos of SBT, under the standards set out in the New York Convention, Chapter 2 of the FAA, and applicable law in the Southern District of New York."). The standing argument must similarly be denied as it is not a ground mentioned in the Convention.

As to Defendants' remaining argument, they contend that the forum's standards of due process have not been met. Defendants claim a foreign arbitration award is not enforceable where the arbitration tribunal denied one party the opportunity to "be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner." Defs.' Br. 21 (citing Iran Aircraft Indus. v. Avco Corp., 980 F.2d 141, 145-46 (2d Cir. 1992)). Defendants claim that, as a result of the SBT Bankruptcy, they were incapacitated to defend and were unable to present SBT's case within the meaning of the New York Convention. Id. at 23. Further, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs deliberately did not seek to name alleged successors, alter egos, transferees, Defendants or other allegedly liable third parties as respondents or in connection with the ICC Arbitration, nor in a subsequent proceeding in France seeking to modify or vacate the ICC Award, so as to ensure that no defense on the merits could be mounted. Id.

Plaintiffs argue that Defendants may not evade liability on the basis of its incapacity to participate in SBT's bankruptcy pursuant to Swiss law because Defendants fabricated the situation that led to such alleged incapacity. Pls.' Br. 19. Moreover, Plaintiffs assert that their allegations must be taken as true, and as such, Defendants as SBT's alter egos not only had the opportunity to defend themselves in the Arbitration, but voluntarily abandoned that opportunity, choosing instead to steal SBT's assets in order to force SBT into bankruptcy as way of avoiding liability for SBT's breach of the Contracts. Id. at 19-20. Plaintiffs further argue that the only reasons Defendants were not involved in the Arbitration was because they chose not to be. Id. at 20. Had Defendants desired for SBT to have a viable defense in the Arbitration, they could have: (i) not stolen all its assets or (ii) infused sufficient assets back into SBT to allow it to contest the Arbitration. Id.

Here, Defendants assert Articles V(1)(a), (b), and V(2)(b) as grounds for dismissal. Under Article V(1)(a), Defendants must demonstrate that they were under some incapacity "at the time of the agreement rather than at the time of the arbitration." In the Matter of the Arbitration Between UNITED MEDIA HOLDINGS, NV, et al., Petitioner, v. FORBES MEDIA, LLC, Respondent. Additional Party Names: TriLado Enterprises, Inc., No. 16 CIV. 5926 (PKC), 2017 WL 9473164, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2017) (internal citation omitted); see also China Nat. Bldg. Material Inv. Co. v. BNK Int'l LLC, No. A-09-CA-488-SS, 2009 WL 4730578, at *5-6 (W.D. Tex. Dec. 4, 2009) (noting that Article V(1)(a) as whole appears to refer to the validity of the underlying arbitration agreement, and that "the incapacity defense requires the challenging party to prove it was under an incapacity at the time the agreement was entered into, not at the time of the arbitration proceeding."). Because Defendants have offered no evidence that they suffered from any incapacity at the time the Contracts were signed, this claim fails.

Under Article V(1)(b), "enforcement of a foreign arbitral award may be denied if the defendant can prove that he was not given proper notice ... or was otherwise unable to present his case." Parsons & Whittemore Overseas Co., Inc. v. Societe Generale De L'Industrie Du Papier (RAKTA), 508 F.2d 969, 975 (2d Cir. 1974). As the Second Circuit has provided, this provision "essentially sanctions the application of the forum state's standards of due process." BSH Hausgerate GmbH v. Kamhi, 291 F.Supp.3d 437, 441 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) (citing Mondis Tech. Ltd. v. Wistron Corp., No. 15 Civ. 2340 (RA), 2016 WL 6534255, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 3, 2016)) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). In this Circuit, "[t]he fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard `at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.'" Iran Aircraft Indus. v. Avco Corp., 980 F.2d 141, 146 (2d Cir. 1992) (citing Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976)) (internal citation omitted). The inquiry is "limited to determining whether the procedure used was fundamentally, unfair," Abu Dhabi Inv. Auth. v. Citigroup, Inc., No. 12 Civ. 283 (GBD), 2013 WL 789642, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 4, 2013) (citing Tempo Shain Corp. v. Bertek, Inc., 120 F.3d 16, 20 (2d Cir. 1997)), aff'd, 557 Fed.Appx. 66 (2d Cir. 2014), and ensuring that there was "the opportunity to be heard `at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.'" Iran Aircraft Indus., 980 F.2d at 145 (internal citation omitted). Under these standards, a party is entitled only to "`notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.'" Yukos Capital S.A.R.L. v. Samaraneftegaz, 592 Fed.Appx. 8, 11 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314, 70 S.Ct. 652, 94 S.Ct. 865 (1950)) (internal citation omitted).

As the alter ego analysis above demonstrates, Plaintiffs in their Amended Complaint sufficiently alleged Defendants' control over SBT, such that if SBT is found to have received proper notice and an opportunity to be heard, Defendants by implication may be found to have as well. According to Plaintiffs' allegations, SBT received notice regarding the Arbitration proceedings before the ICC, see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 47-48. That SBT requested an extension of time to answer the Request for Arbitration, id., and responded to Plaintiffs' letter to the ICC Paris, id. at ¶ 51, evidence that SBT was provided proper notice of the Arbitration.

Plaintiffs have also sufficiently alleged that SBT could have proceeded to defend itself in the Arbitration had its creditors found it a worthwhile endeavor. Id. at ¶ 84-85. However, because, Plaintiffs allege, SBT transferred all its assets and liability to Defendants, no assets existed to distribute to creditors, and therefore SBT's creditors had no incentive to pursue the defense. Id. at ¶ 85. Treating the Amended Complaint as true, and limiting this analysis to the facts stated in the Amended Complaint, Defendants have failed to meet their "heavy burden" of demonstrating that their due process was violated. See Hayden v. Cnty. of Nassau, 180 F.3d 42, 54 (2d Cir. 1999) (citation omitted) (when deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, "a district court must limit itself to the facts stated in the complaint, documents attached to the complaint as exhibits and documents incorporated by reference in the complaint."). Accordingly, Defendants' Article V(1)(b) argument fails.

"Article V(2)(b) allows a court to refuse enforcement of an arbitration award where enforcement would violate the forum state's public policy." Yukos Capital S.A.R.L., 592 Fed.Appx. at 11 (citing Telenor Mobile Commc'ns AS, 584 F.3d at 405). This forum has "tightly restricted the public policy exception, emphasizing that the exception applies only where enforcement of the arbitration award, as opposed to enforcement of the underlying contract, would violate public policy." Id. (citing Saint Mary Home, Inc. v. Serv. Employees Int'l Union, Dist. 1199, 116 F.3d 41, 46 (2d Cir. 1997)); see also Telenor Mobile Commc'ns AS, 584 F.3d at 411 ("Article V(2)(b) must be `construed very narrowly' to encompass only those circumstances `where enforcement would violate our most basic notions of morality and justice.'") (internal citation omitted).

Here, Defendants do not state with specificity why enforcement of the ICC Award would violate public policy pursuant to Article V(2)(b). See Defs.' Br. at 28 ("... it would also be `contrary to the public policy of [the United States....]'"). Absent more, it is concluded that enforcing the award as against Defendants would not be contrary to public policy.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Defendants' motion to dismiss is denied.

It is so ordered.