PROPOSED FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDED DISPOSITION

KEVIN R. SWEAZEA, Magistrate Judge.

THIS MATTER comes before the Court upon Petitioner's Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus for Relief from a Tribal Court Conviction Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. § 13031 ("Petition"), filed June 29, 2017 (Doc. 1). On August 31, 2017, in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B), this Petition was referred to United States Magistrate Judge Kevin R. Sweazea to conduct any necessary hearings and to recommend an ultimate disposition. See Nunc Pro Tunc Order of Reference, ECF No. 32. Having reviewed the record and the parties' briefing, the undersigned recommends that the Court GRANT Petitioner's Petition and VACATE Petitioner's underlying sentence and conviction.

Introduction and Background

On September 16, 2016, Petitioner was arrested for Aggravated DWI; Reckless Driving; Resisting Arrest; Terroristic Threats; Probation Violation; Eluding; Open Container; Reckless Endangerment; Disorderly Conduct; and Invalid/Revoked Driver's License. He was brought before the Tribal Court on September 20, 2016, at which time he entered pleas of guilty. The Court adjudged Petitioner guilty, sentenced him to 544 days in jail, and assessed various fines and fees. (Doc. 1, Ex. 1-3). On June 29, 2017, Petitioner filed the instant Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, alleging violations of the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 ("ICRA") 25 U.S.C. §§ 1301-1303. Specifically, Petitioner argues that he was (1) denied the right to assistance of counsel, in violation of 25 U.S.C. § 1302(a)(6); (2) denied the right to a trial by jury, in violation of 25 U.S.C. § 1302(a)(10); and (3) subjected to cruel and unusual punishment, in violation of 25 U.S.C. §§ 1302(a)(7)(A), (c).

On November 14, 2017, the Court ordered that Petitioner be released from prison, "pending decision on the merits of his Petition." Order for Release of Petitioner, ECF No. 16, p. 2. Through a series of briefings and hearings, Respondents expressed that they did not oppose Petitioner's Petition, and thus the parties were directed to provide Judge Brack with a stipulated proposed order granting the petition. Unfortunately, the parties were unable to agree upon the proper relief to be granted. Respondents were amenable to relief which vacated Petitioner's sentence and conviction, whereas Petitioner desired a reversal of his sentence and conviction.2 The parties were invited to brief the issue of relief and the Court set a briefing deadline of February 23, 2018. Respondents Aguilar, Bailon, Calabaza, Reano, and Tortalita (collectively "Tribal Respondents") were the only parties to submit such a brief.

Analysis

The Court first notes that as there is no opposition to Petitioner's Petition, there are no factual disputes to resolve. Accordingly, the Court need only consider the relief to which Petitioner is entitled upon the granting of his Petition. The confines of habeas corpus, and ICRA by extension, provide the Court with a clear direction in this regard.

Indian tribes are inherently sovereign. "Although physically within the territory of the United States and subject to ultimate federal control, they nonetheless remain a separate people, with the power of regulating their internal and social relations." United States v. Wheeler, 435 U.S. 313, 322 (1978) (quotation omitted) superseded by statute as recognized in U.S. v. Lara, 541 U.S. 193 (2004). As a result, the United States Constitution's Bill of Rights does not operate as a restriction on tribal governments. See Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49, 56 (1978); United States Commission on Civil Rights, The Indian Civil Rights Act: A Report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, at 4 (1991) [hereinafter ICRA Report]. Concerned that the rights of individual tribal members were not adequately protected in tribal courts, Congress enacted ICRA, a "modified version of the bill of rights," ICRA Report at 5, which was intended to strike a balance between tribal sovereignty and what Congress perceived as a need to "secur[e] for the American Indian the broad constitutional rights afforded to other Americans." Santa Clara Pueblo, 436 U.S. 49, 61 (1978) (quotation omitted).3

The codification of ICRA was years in the making and the subject of remedies was thoroughly vetted prior to the Statute's enactment. Id. at 62. Legislative history makes clear that when determining how to address alleged ICRA violations, Congress specifically rejected a proposal which would have allowed federal courts to conduct de novo reviews of all tribal convictions. Id. at 67. Ultimately, Congress determined that the sole remedy for violations of the Act would be review by way of habeas corpus. See Nero v. Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, 892 F.2d 1457, 1461 (10th Cir. 1989) ("The Supreme Court in Santa Clara Pueblo, expressly invoking concerns about preserving tribal autonomy and self-government, reasoned that the statutory scheme and the legislative history of Title I of the ICRA indicate Congress deliberately decided not to provide federal remedies other than habeas corpus in order to limit the Act's intrusion into tribal sovereignty.").

From its inception, the writ of habeas corpus was designed to be a mechanism through which one could challenge the legality of his or her confinement. At common law, the writ was used solely to challenge a court's jurisdiction to commit an individual to prison. See, e.g., Ex parte Watkins, 28 U.S. 193, 197 (1830). However, the writ has long since been codified and its scope has expanded to address a multitude of post-conviction challenges from questions of jurisdiction to collateral attacks on constitutional violations. See Withrow v. Williams, 507 U.S. 680 (1993) (finding that habeas jurisdiction extends to Miranda violations); Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465 (1976) (discussing the expansion of the writ of habeas corpus). As with most principles of law that withstand the test of time, habeas corpus jurisprudence has evolved, resulting in debates over federalism, finality, and the safeguarding of rights. See, e.g., Withrow, 507 U.S. 680 (1993); Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72 (1977).

While the breadth and reach of the writ of habeas corpus may be argued amongst scholars and jurists alike, the significance of the writ, both historically and practically, is rarely called into question. This is likely why Congress determined that the writ should be available under ICRA. Importantly, though, whether considering habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2241-2255, or as it applies to ICRA pursuant to 25 U.S.C. § 1303, the Court may not treat a habeas petition as an appeal and substitute a final judgment of its own making for that of the convicting court. What the Court may do upon granting a petition for habeas corpus is order the petitioner to be released, vacate the petitioner's sentence, and/or fashion an equitable remedy that is within the purview of the Court's habeas jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a) (providing that, in a habeas action, a federal prisoner may move the court to vacate, set aside, or correct his or her sentence). See also Davis v. United States, 417 U.S. 333, 343-44 (1974) (explaining that 28 U.S.C. § 2255 was designed to afford to federal prisoners "a remedy identical in scope to federal habeas corpus [under 28 U.S.C. § 2254].").

A sentence reversal, then, as Petitioner requests, would require the Court to act in its appellate capacity and would run afoul of the confines of habeas corpus review. As the Tribal Respondents highlight in their brief, the terms "vacate" and "reverse" have, at times, been used almost interchangeably in ICRA actions. However, the terms implicate very different results. In light of the sanctity of tribal sovereignty, and the need to safeguard not just the rights of the individual, but also the rights of the tribe, it is imperative that the Court stay within its own lane when crafting appropriate relief in this case.

Recommended Disposition

For the reasons set forth above, it is hereby RECOMMENDED that the Court GRANT Petitioner's Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus and VACATE Petitioner's underlying sentence and conviction.

It is further RECOMMENDED that Petitioner be released from custody.

THE PARTIES ARE FURTHER NOTIFIED THAT WITHIN 14 DAYS OF SERVICE of a copy of these Proposed Findings and Recommended Disposition, they may file written objections with the Clerk of the District Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(c). Any request for an extension of time must be filed in writing no later than seven days from the date of this filing. A party must file any objections with the Clerk of the District Court within the fourteen-day period, together with any period for which an order is entered granting an extension of time, if that party wants to have appellate review of the proposed findings and recommended disposition. If no objections are filed, no appellate review will be allowed.