12-307-cr (L)
United States v. Shelikhov

                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                                        SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

      At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New
York, on the 19th day of March, two thousand twelve.
PRESENT: RALPH K. WINTER,
         REENA RAGGI,
                    Circuit Judges,
         JED S. RAKOFF,
                    District Judge.*
----------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                 Appellee,
                             v.                                          Nos. 12-307-cr (L);
                                                                         12-514-cr (CON)
MAKSIM SHELIKHOV,
                                 Defendant-Appellant.
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APPEARING FOR APPELLANT:                          MICHAEL SHAPIRO (Alan S. Lewis, Melissa J.
                                                  Erwin, on the brief), Carter Ledyard & Milburn
                                                  LLP, New York, New York.
APPEARING FOR APPELLEE:                           STEPHEN J. MEYER (Susan Corkery, on the
                                                  brief), Assistant United States Attorneys, for
                                                  Loretta E. Lynch, United States Attorney for the
                                                  Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, New
                                                  York.


          *
      Judge Jed S. Rakoff of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York, sitting by designation.

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          Appeal from orders of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New

York (Nina Gershon, Judge).

          UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the orders issued on December 21, 2011, and February 6, 2012, are

AFFIRMED.

          Maksim Shelikhov, who stands indicted for conspiracies to engage in health care

fraud, money laundering, and health care kickbacks, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 1347, 1349, 1956(h);

42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(b)(2), as well as substantive health care fraud, see 18 U.S.C. § 1347,

and money laundering, see 

appeals from orders denying him bail pending trial.

We review bail determinations for clear error, see United States v. English, 

,

319 (2d Cir. 2011), and we will not reverse “unless on the entire evidence we are left with

the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v.

Sabhnani, 

, 75 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). In applying

these standards, we assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and the record of prior

proceedings, which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm both bail

orders.

          Shelikhov, a native of Ukraine and a naturalized United States citizen, does not

seriously challenge the district court’s determination that release on a personal recognizance

bond is not warranted in this case. See 18 U.S.C. § 3142(b) (requiring such release unless

court determines it will not reasonably assure defendant’s appearance or will endanger safety

of any other person or community). Rather, Shelikhov challenges the court’s preponderance

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determination that no condition or combination of conditions would reasonably assure his

appearance, thereby requiring pre-trial detention. See 

(g). Shelikhov

maintains that his appearance was adequately assured by a $2.5 million bond, to be co-signed

by six friends, each of whom earns approximately $50,000 a year, and to be secured by

jewelry belonging to his fiancée valued between $600,000 and $970,500,1 as well as by a

Florida vacation property worth approximately $275,000 and owned by the fiancée’s brother,

who resides in Ukraine. Further, Shelikhov and his fiancée agreed to surrender their

passports, and Shelikhov agreed to home detention with electronic monitoring.

       Having reviewed the record, we identify no error in the district court’s finding that

neither this particular bail package nor any other combination of conditions of release would

adequately assure Shelikhov’s appearance. Such a conclusion was supported by the nature

of the crimes charged, involving a sophisticated fraud scheme against the United States; by

Shelikhov’s alleged leadership role in those crimes; and by the extraordinary proceeds

realized therefrom, totaling approximately $50 million, with Shelikhov personally receiving

unrecovered funds totaling more—perhaps much more—than $2.5 million. It is further

supported by the fact that, if convicted, Shelikhov faces maximum 20-year prison sentences

on each of the two charged money laundering counts, 10-year prison sentences on each of

the two health care fraud counts, and a 5-year prison sentence on the health care kickback



       1
       The wide discrepancy here is largely caused by a dispute between the parties over
whether immediate liquidation value or appraised market value of property is the proper
measure for bail purposes. We need not and do not resolve this dispute.

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conspiracy count. See 

The likelihood of Shelikhov’s conviction also

appears strong in light of government evidence expected to include both confederates’ direct

testimony that Shelikhov controlled Bay Medical Care PC, SVS Wellcare Medical PLLC,

and SZS Medical Care PLLC (collectively, “Bay Medical”), the entities through which the

fraud was orchestrated, and documentary evidence that Shelikhov controlled, at least in part,

the Bay Medical bank accounts from which large sums were transferred into his personal

accounts and used to pay his personal debts. See 

These circumstances

permitted the district court to find that Shelikhov had both a strong motive to flee and the

means to finance flight. See 

United States v. 

–77.

       Moreover,     record    evidence    supported     a   reasonable    conclusion     that

flight—specifically, flight to Ukraine—“would impose no insurmountable personal or

professional hardship on” Shelikhov. United States v. 

. Shelikhov

has extensive personal and business ties there. Indeed, shortly before his arrest, Shelikhov

spent approximately sixteen months traveling and working as a consultant in Ukraine and

other parts of Europe. See United States v. El-Hage, 

, 80 (2d Cir. 2000) (relying,

inter alia, on defendant’s “extensive history of travel and residence in other countries” to

support flight risk finding).2 Further, Shelikhov’s mother appears to have fled the United

States to Ukraine as a result of the government’s investigation into fraud at Bay Medical, and

moreover, Shelikhov’s fiancée’s parents and brother have all long resided in Ukraine.


       2
        Like the district court, we recognize that Shelikhov advised federal authorities of
planned travel outside the United States after becoming aware that they were looking for his
mother in connection with possible criminal activity at Bay Medical. No request was then
made that he remain in the United States.

                                              4
       In these circumstances, we identify no clear error in the district court’s rejection of

the proposed bail package as inadequate to ensure Shelikhov’s appearance.               While

Shelikhov’s fiancée proposed to secure the bond with valuable pieces of jewelry—apparently

given to her as 20th birthday presents by her parents—such items hardly equate to a primary

residence or life savings, the loss of which might be expected to exert some “moral suasion”

over a defendant to honor his bail bond. United States v. Martinez, 

, 71 (2d Cir.

1998). The same conclusion obtains with respect to a Florida vacation property owned by

a resident of the Ukraine. Indeed, the only suretor who proposed to post his or her own

primary residence in the United States to secure Shelikhov’s bail withdrew the offer after the

district court explained the possible consequences of defendant’s failure to appear. In any

event, in light of the vast unrecovered proceeds from the charged fraud scheme, the district

court could reasonably have concluded that Shelikhov was in a position to compensate any

suretors who sustained a loss as a result of his flight.

       Further, the district court did not clearly err in finding that the circumstances of

Shelikhov’s return to the United States raised further concern as to the possibility of flight.

Although Shelikhov faults the district court’s finding that his return was involuntary, the

record supports that determination. On September 23, 2011, Shelikhov purchased a one-way

ticket to fly from Kiev, Ukraine to Newark, New Jersey through Frankfurt, Germany on

October 4, 2011. Rather than fly to Newark on October 4, 2011, however, he that day

purchased a one-way ticket to fly from Kiev to Toronto in November. When, on arrival,

Canadian immigration officials confronted Shelikhov about a possible United States warrant

                                               5
for his arrest, he lied about his identity.3 Discovering the deception, Canadian officials

denied him entry into that country and escorted him onto a plane to New York. These

circumstances hardly demonstrate a voluntary return to this country. Nor was the district

court obliged to reach a contrary conclusion based on counsel’s belated revelation that she

had asked Shelikhov to travel to Toronto so that they could meet in a non-custodial setting

before Shelikhov returned to the United States. The circumstances easily support an

inference that Shelikhov was maintaining the option of not returning to the United States to

answer the pending charges, a circumstance that, when considered together with others

already noted, supported the district court’s decision to deny bail.

       Our decision in Sabhnani, relied on by Shelikhov, is not to the contrary. In that case,

unlike here, the government’s contention that no conditions of release could prevent

defendants’ flight was “undermine[d]” by the government’s own submissions proposing

additional, unusual conditions of release that defendants promptly agreed to accept. United

States v. 

. Our decision in United States v. Chimurenga, 

(2d Cir. 1985), also relied on by Shelikhov, only confirms the deference we accord to

district court decisions to grant or deny bail, see 

       3
         In his brief, Shelikhov suggests that when Canadian officials confronted him about
whether he was wanted here, he merely “truthfully responded that he did not know.”
Appellant’s Br. at 7. In light of Shelikhov’s explanation that he went to Canada for the very
purpose of discussing a possible United States arrest with his counsel in a non-custodial
setting, any characterization of even this admitted statement to Canadian authorities as
“truthful[]” tests credulity. 

sum, because we identify no clear error in the district court’s factual findings, see

United States v. 

, and are not left with the definite and firm

conviction that a mistake has been committed, see United States v. 

,

the district court’s orders denying bail are hereby AFFIRMED.

                                           FOR THE COURT:
                                           CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court




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