KEVIN McNULTY, District Judge.
Plaintiff Paul F. Williams ("Williams") is a New Jersey resident and plaintiff Makswill Group Corporation ("Makswill") is a New Jersey corporation with its principal place of business in New Jersey. Defendant Ying Zhou ("Zhou") is a New York resident. Defendant Guoliang Tian, also known as "Tony Tian," ("Tian") is a citizen and resident of Shenzhen, China. Defendant Jiahao International Group ("Jiahao") is a corporation incorporated in Hong Kong with offices in Shenzhen, China.
Now before the court is the Rule 12(b)(2) motion of defendants Zhou, Tian, and Jiahao to dismiss the amended complaint for lack of specific personal jurisdiction. I find that this court has personal jurisdiction over the defendants and thus will deny defendants' motion.
Plaintiff Williams is a New Jersey resident. (AC ¶ 1). He operates a professional consulting business through Makswill, a New Jersey corporation. (AC ¶¶ 2, 7). Williams is authorized by the Antiguan government to promote and market its Citizenship by Investment Program ("CIP"). (AC ¶ 8). This program permits individuals to obtain Antiguan citizenship by making a monetary investment in the country's economy. (AC ¶¶ 8, 10-11; Tian Aff. ¶ 2).
Defendants contacted Williams on or about March 26, 2014 after having viewed plaintiffs' contact information on the official website of the Antiguan Citizenship by Investment Unit. (AC ¶ 9; Tian Aff. ¶ 5). Plaintiffs claim that Tian and Zhou are partners and co-owners of Jiahao. (AC ¶ 10). Tian and Zhou insist that Zhou is strictly an interpreter, hired through a Chinese-language newspaper ad; Zhou alleges no ownership, involvement or stake in Jiahao beyond working as Tian's translator. (Tian Aff. ¶ 5; Zhou Aff. ¶¶ 3-4, 6-8).
Williams first met Tian and Zhou at a restaurant in New Jersey. (AC ¶¶ 11). Defendants wanted to facilitate applications of Chinese nationals to various jurisdictions throughout the world that offered "economic citizenship." (AC ¶¶ 10, 11). Defendants sought Williams' help negotiating the price for "economic citizenship" through Antigua's CIP. (AC ¶¶ 10, 11). Williams alleges that their meetings in New Jersey and New York led to a "verbal services agreement." (AC ¶ 11).
Under the alleged "verbal services agreement," Williams and Makswill would be intermediaries in official discussions with senior members of the Antiguan government, including the Prime Minister. (AC ¶ 11). Williams and Makswill would be retained as consultants to obtain a discounted price for Tian and Zhou's clients, who would apply for Antiguan citizenship through the CIP. (AC ¶ 11).
Williams and Makswill proceeded to do "extensive work" to negotiate a discounted price for the clients of Tian and Zhou. (AC ¶ 12). Williams and Makswill met and negotiated with government officials, including the Prime Minister of Antigua. (AC ¶ 13). From April 4, 2014 through August 22, 2014, Williams worked for 1,120 hours on behalf of defendants. (AC ¶ 14). Williams traveled to Antigua twice, incurring expenses of approximately $14,500. (AC ¶ 15). On or about August 22, 2014, Williams and Makswill sent the defendants an invoice in the amount of $322,500. (AC ¶ 16). This invoice remains unpaid. (AC ¶¶ 16, 18). Williams and Makswill believe that the defendants have continued to operate and build their business in Antigua by "capitalizing upon the efforts of Plaintiff[s] for which [plaintiffs] were not compensated." (AC ¶ 19).
Defendants deny the existence of a joint venture or "verbal services agreement" with Williams and Makswill. (Irwin Cert. ¶ 5). Defendants argue that there was "a single page conditional contract" drafted by Williams, which was translated into Chinese by Williams's translator. (Irwin Cert. ¶ 10). The alleged "single page conditional contract" states, in full:
(Alleged Contract).
Williams and Makswill seek payment of the $322,500 invoice, alleging breach of contract, unjust enrichment, and quantum meruit. (AC ¶¶ 20-37). Defendants argue that this court lacks personal jurisdiction over them.
Once a defendant files a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing sufficient facts to show that jurisdiction exists. Marten v. Godwin, 499 F.3d 290, 295-96 (3d Cir. 2007). Initially, a court must accept the plaintiff's allegations as true and construe disputed facts in favor of the plaintiff. Pinker v. Roche Holdings, Ltd., 292 F.3d 361, 368 (3d Cir. 2002). Where factual allegations are disputed, however, the court must examine any evidence presented. See, e.g., Patterson v. FBI, 893 F.2d 595, 603-04 (3d Cir. 1990) ("`A Rule 12(b)(2) motion, such as the motion made by the defendants here, is inherently a matter which requires resolution of factual issues outside the pleadings, i.e. whether in personam jurisdiction actually lies. Once the defense has been raised, then the plaintiff must sustain its burden of proof in establishing jurisdictional facts through sworn affidavits or other competent evidence.'" (quoting Time Share Vacation Club v. Atl. Resorts, Ltd., 735 F.2d 61, 66 n.9 (3d Cir. 1984)).
The plaintiff "need only establish a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction." Miller Yacht Sales, Inc. v. Smith, 384 F.3d 93, 97 (3d Cir. 2004). However, a plaintiff may not "rely on the bare pleadings alone" in order to withstand a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. Patterson, 893 F.2d at 604 (citation omitted). "Once the motion is made, plaintiff must respond with actual proofs, not mere allegations." Id. (citing Time Share Vacation Club, 735 F.2d at 66 n.9).
To assess whether it has personal jurisdiction over a defendant, a district court must undertake a two-step inquiry. IMO Indus., Inc. v. Kiekert, AG, 155 F.3d 254, 258-59 (3d Cir. 1998). First, the court is required to use the relevant state's long-arm statute to see whether it permits the exercise of personal jurisdiction. Id.; Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k). "Second, the court must apply the principles of due process" under the federal Constitution. WorldScape, Inc. v. Sails Capital Mgmt., No. 10-cv-4207, 2011 WL 3444218, at *3 (D.N.J. Aug. 5, 2011) (citing IMO Indus., 155 F.3d at 259).
In New Jersey, the first step collapses into the second because "New Jersey's long-arm statute provides for jurisdiction coextensive with the due process requirements of the United States Constitution." Miller Yacht Sales, 384 F.3d at 96 (citing N.J. Ct. R. 4:4-c(c)). Accordingly, personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant is proper in this Court if the defendant has "certain minimum contacts with [New Jersey] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." Provident Nat'l Bank v. Cal. Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 819 F.2d 434, 437 (3d Cir. 1987) (quoting Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
There are two kinds of personal jurisdiction that allow a district court to hear a case involving a non-resident defendant: general and specific. A court may exercise general jurisdiction over a foreign corporation where "the defendant's contacts with the forum are so `continuous and systematic' as to render them essentially `at home' in the forum state." Senju Pharm. Co., Ltd. v. Metrics, Inc., 96 F.Supp.3d 428, 435 (D.N.J. 2015) (citing Daimler AG v. Bauman, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 746, 754 (2014); Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011); Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414 (1984)).
In contrast to general jurisdiction, specific jurisdiction relies on the defendant's forum-related activities that give rise to the plaintiffs' claims. See Helicopteros, 466 U.S. at 414 & n.8. Establishing specific jurisdiction requires a three-part inquiry: (A) whether there is purposeful availment — i.e., whether the defendant purposefully directed its activities at the forum; (B) whether there is relatedness — i.e., whether the litigation arises out of or relates to at least one of the contracts; and, if the first two requirements are met, (C) whether the exercise of jurisdiction otherwise comports with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. O'Connor v. Sandy Lane Hotel Co., Ltd., 496 F.3d 312, 317 (3d Cir. 2007). The defendant need not be physically located in the state while committing the relevant acts. Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 476 (1985). Nor is specific jurisdiction defeated merely because the bulk of harm occurred outside the forum. Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 779-80 (1984). Even a single act may satisfy the minimum contacts test if it creates a substantial connection with the forum. Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475 n. 18.
Plaintiffs concede that this court cannot exercise general jurisdiction over the defendants. Zhou and Tian are not residents of New Jersey and were not served while in New Jersey. See Burnham v. Superior Court of California, 495 U.S. 604, 610-13 (1990). Jiahao lacks the "continuous and systematic" New Jersey contacts that would support general jurisdiction. See Helicopteros, 466 U.S. at 414-15 & n.9. I therefore address whether this court can exercise specific jurisdiction over the defendants.
As stated above, establishing specific jurisdiction requires a three-part inquiry:
I first look to "purposeful availment," i.e., whether the defendants purposefully directed their activities at the forum state of New Jersey. O'Connor, 496 F.3d at 317. A defendant must have "purposefully avail[ed] itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State." Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958).
Defendants argue that they have no substantial connection to New Jersey; they allege that they had one meeting with Williams in New Jersey and otherwise have no other contacts with the state. (Tian Aff. ¶ 7; Zhou Aff. ¶ 5). Tian states that he has never advertised or solicited business in New Jersey. (Tian Aff. ¶ 6). Tian and Jiahao do not have any offices in New Jersey. (Tian Aff. ¶ 6). Zhou allegedly lives and works in New York. (AC ¶ 3; Zhou Aff. ¶ 2).
However, various forms of communications between parties, including written correspondence, telephone calls, and emails, may properly factor into the minimum contacts analysis. See Grant Entm't Grp., Ltd. v. Star Media Sales, 988 F.2d 476, 482 (3d Cir. 1993) (finding that written correspondence and phone calls may count toward minimum contacts regarding foreign defendants); George Young Co. v. Bury Brothers, Inc., No. 03-cv-3353, 2004 WL 1173129, at *5 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 2, 2004). "[W]hen the plaintiff can proffer evidence of a defendant deliberately directing mail, telephone, and/or email communications to the forum state," then a finding of personal jurisdiction may be proper. Arthur Schuman, Inc. v. Banco Santander Brasil, S.A., No. 06-cv-1331, 2008 WL 320430, at *5 (D.N.J. Jan. 30, 2008) (citing Grand Entm't, 988 F.2d at 482).
For example, in Carteret Savings Bank, FA v. Shushan, the Third Circuit held that telephone calls and correspondence sent into New Jersey from Louisiana by the representative of a Louisiana real estate developer, coupled with a meeting in New Jersey to facilitate the closing of a loan, provided the minimum contacts needed to satisfy due process. 954 F.2d 141, 146-48 (3d Cir. 1992).
In O'Connor, supra, the Third Circuit held that a Barbados defendant "deliberately reached into Pennsylvania to target two of its citizens" when it "mailed [plaintiffs] a brochure and traded phone calls with them for the purpose of forming an agreement to render spa services" in Barbados. 496 F.3d at 318. The Court found that "[t]hrough these acts," the Barbados defendant had purposefully availed itself of the privilege of doing business in Pennsylvania. Id.
In this case, defendants made several communications that were directed at the forum state of New Jersey. Defendants initiated contact with Williams about the Antigua CIP. (AC ¶ 9; Tian Aff. ¶ 5; Zhou Aff. ¶ 4). They set up a meeting with Williams at a New Jersey restaurant near Williams's home to discuss the program. (AC ¶ 11; Irwin Cert. ¶ 8; Tian Aff. ¶ 7; Zhou Aff. ¶ 5). Defendants also sent emails about the Antigua CIP to Williams, who was in New Jersey. (ECF no. 111-8). According to Tian, defendants sent the operative contract to Williams in New Jersey. (Tian Aff. ¶ 9).
These contacts, considered one at a time, are hardly overwhelming. Taken together, however, they are sufficient to satisfy the "purposeful availment" requirement. Like the defendant in Carteret Savings Bank, defendants directed communications at New Jersey and visited New Jersey. See 954 F.2d at 149; see also Barrett v. Catacombs Press, 44 F.Supp.2d 717, 729 (E.D. Pa. 1999) ("While telephone and mail contacts with residents of the forum state can be enough to subject a defendant to jurisdiction, such cases include other indications of a substantial connection. In Carteret Savings, for example, in addition to telephoning and corresponding with his client, the Louisiana lawyer also traveled to New Jersey to visit his client."). These contacts demonstrate that defendants purposefully directed their activities to New Jersey.
Second, I must determine whether the contacts meets the "relatedness requirement" — i.e., whether this litigation arises out of or relates to at least one of the defendants' contacts with New Jersey. O'Connor, 496 F.3d at 317.
Id. at 323 (internal citations omitted) (paragraph breaks added).
Thus, specific jurisdiction often hinges upon the relationship between the defendant's contacts with the forum and whether the litigation arises out of — or at least relates to — the defendant's contacts with the forum. Id. at 317. For instance, there would probably not be specific personal jurisdiction if defendants had sent personal emails to one New Jersey resident, but was sued by other New Jersey residents on an unrelated claim. See Carrabba v. Morgat, No. 2:12-cv-6342, 2014 WL 229280, at *5 (D.N.J. Jan. 17, 2014). Although purposeful availment might be present, relatedness would be lacking. Id. On the other hand, a single email exchange might support jurisdiction if that very communication gave rise to the cause of action. Id. This case is close to the second scenario. The defendants sent a communication — several, in fact — into New Jersey and arranged an in-person meeting in New Jersey that allegedly started a business relationship. That alleged business relationship is now the subject of this litigation.
The contacts in this case specifically pertained to the Antigua CIP and the working relationship between plaintiffs and defendants. Defendants sent communications to New Jersey to contact a New Jersey resident about a business opportunity, went to New Jersey to meet the New Jersey resident, and then continued to send communications to New Jersey to facilitate an alleged business relationship. Additionally, defendant Tian claims that he signed a contract and sent it to Williams. (Tian Aff. ¶ 9); (Alleged Contract). Tian therefore allegedly sent a contract to New Jersey. Defendants thus concede the existence of at least one significant contact directed at New Jersey. Whether this alleged contract governs these parties' relationship — or whether an alleged "verbal services agreement" governs — is the key dispute between the parties, but that dispute does not vitiate personal jurisdiction.
I find that defendants' communications and visit with Williams satisfies the relatedness requirement. Given the defendants' contacts directed at New Jersey, it is reasonable and foreseeable that a claim arising from those contacts would be asserted against defendants in New Jersey.
Third, I must determine whether these contacts satisfy the overall "fairness requirement," i.e., whether exercising jurisdiction otherwise comports with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. O'Connor, 496 F.3d at 317.
Id. at 324. As the Supreme Court has stated, "[w]hen minimum contacts have been established, often the interests of the plaintiff and the forum in the exercise of jurisdiction will justify even the serious burdens placed on the alien defendant." Asahi Metal Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Superior Court of California, 480 U.S. 102, 114 (1987).
For instance, the Third Circuit held that Pennsylvania had a "manifest interest in providing effective means of redress" when a Barbados company reached into Pennsylvania by sending brochures and making phone calls, solicited Pennsylvania citizens to travel to Barbados, and those citizens were injured in Barbados. O'Connor, 496 F.3d at 325 (citing McGee v. Int'l Life Ins. Co., 355 U.S. 220, 223 (1957)). The burdens on the Barbados company were "substantial." Id. They had to travel 2,000 miles to defend themselves in a foreign legal system in Pennsylvania. Id. at 324-25. There were also reasons of fairness weighing in favor of adjudicating the case in Barbados. Most of the witnesses were in Barbados and Barbados had its own "substantive interest" in determining the rights and liabilities of its own domestic corporations. Id. Nonetheless, the Third Circuit held that subjecting the Barbados company to personal jurisdiction in Pennsylvania did not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantive justice. Id. at 325.
The task before the court is not to select the "best" forum for plaintiffs or defendants; it is only to disallow litigation in a forum that does not meet minimal constitutional standards of personal jurisdiction. Defendants do not present, and I do not see, a compelling case that litigating in New Jersey would be unreasonable and unfair, given the acts and expectations of the parties discussed above. While it may be a burden for Tian and Jiahao to litigate in New Jersey, New Jersey has a "manifest interest" in providing an effective means of redress against defendants.
Applying factors A, B, and C, then, I find that the court possesses personal jurisdiction over the defendants.
For the foregoing reasons, I find that this court possesses personal jurisdiction over the defendants, Tian, Zhou, and Jiahao. Defendants' motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) is therefore denied.
An appropriate order accompanies this opinion.
Citations to the record are abbreviated as follows:
