OPINION OF THE COURT

Chief Judge LIPPMAN.

Following the collapse of two investment vehicles, known as SIV-Lites, Oddo Asset Management (Oddo) commenced this action against Barclays Bank PLC, Barclays Capital Inc. (collectively, Barclays), and the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (parent company of Standard & Poor's) claiming aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty and tortious interference with contract. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the collateral managers appointed to oversee the assets of the SIV-Lites did not owe a fiduciary duty to plaintiff, and plaintiff failed to state a cognizable claim for tortious interference with contract. We therefore affirm the Appellate Division order upholding the dismissal of the complaint.

I.

Plaintiff Oddo Asset Management, a leading French asset management company with over 350 institutional clients and investments of €16.6 billion,1 purchased $30 million in Golden Key Ltd. (Golden Key) AAA-rated and AA-rated mezzanine notes from Barclays in 2005 and 2006 and $20 million in AAA-rated mezzanine notes in Mainsail II (Mainsail) from Barclays in July 2006. Golden Key and Mainsail were SIV-Lites, a type of structured investment vehicle that borrowed money and raised equity to purchase asset-backed securities. The SIV-Lites borrowed money by issuing commercial paper, mezzanine notes, and capital notes. Commercial paper (essentially short-term promissory notes) comprised about 90% of the funding for Golden Key and Mainsail and was senior in terms of priority of distributions. Commercial paper holders were paid a fixed rate of return and their entire principal was to be repaid upon maturity, in 90 days. When the commercial paper notes matured, the SIV-Lites were required to raise fresh funds in a process known as "rolling over" their commercial paper. The mezzanine notes had a four- or five-year term of maturity and also paid a set rate of return, and the principal was to be returned upon maturity. The capital notes had a later maturity date than the mezzanine notes and would be the first to absorb losses related to declines in the SIV-Lites' asset value. The SIV-Lite business model was to generate a higher rate of return from its asset-backed securities, which were comprised primarily of residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) and commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS), than the interest the SIV-Lite had to pay the holders of the commercial paper, mezzanine notes, and capital notes.2 The profits of the SIV-Lites were split between the capital noteholders and the collateral managers.

Defendant Barclays arranged the creation of Golden Key and Mainsail by incorporating the SIV-Lites as limited liability entities in the Cayman Islands. Barclays also determined the size and leverage of the SIV-Lites and prepared the information memoranda describing the SIV-Lites and the notes to be issued. Barclays warehoused asset-backed securities3 for purchase and provided loans in the event of a liquidity shortage.4

Barclays also selected the collateral managers of Golden Key and Mainsail. Nonparty Avendis Financial Services Limited (Avendis) and defendant Solent Capital (Jersey) Limited (Solent) were appointed as collateral managers to invest and manage the proceeds raised from the issuance of notes in Golden Key and Mainsail, respectively. The collateral managers were responsible for ensuring that the investment portfolio satisfied "Specific Investment Eligibility Criteria" and maintained a certain credit quality. For instance, instruments acquired by Golden Key were required to have a minimum public rating of at least AA- by Standard & Poor's (S&P) at the time of acquisition. The collateral managers were also responsible for making trades, reinvesting principal proceeds from maturing assets, and maximizing recovery rates when defaults on the SIV-Lite's asset pool occurred. In their management agreements, Solent and Avendis agreed to perform their responsibilities with "reasonable care, in good faith and in a manner generally consistent with ... [the] standard of care and degree of skill ... exercised by[] institutional managers of international standing." The collateral managers sent weekly reports to the ratings agencies regarding the status of the investments. Periodic valuation reports for the SIV-Lites were sent by the administrator, QSR Management, to the noteholders.

S&P (owned by defendant the McGraw-Hill Companies) evaluated the risk of default for the issued notes and rated Golden Key and Mainsail's "Tier 1" mezzanine notes AAA5 and "Tier 2" mezzanine notes AA. A security trustee, the Bank of New York, was also appointed to represent the interests of noteholders and was granted a security interest in all of Golden Key's and Mainsail's assets, securing the mezzanine notes.6

According to Oddo, Avendis and Solent conspired with Barclays to transfer to Golden Key and Mainsail impaired sub-prime mortgage-backed securities at inflated prices. In July and August 2007, after obtaining the required noteholder consents7 and ratings confirmations from S&P,8 Golden Key increased its size by purchasing $574 million in warehoused sub-prime mortgage-backed securities from Barclays at par, meaning at the price that Barclays paid for them. Upon transfer, Golden Key allegedly suffered an immediate loss of approximately $123 million, or 21% of the value transferred to Barclays. Likewise, Barclays sold $400 million in warehoused mortgage-backed securities to Mainsail in April 2007 and an additional $637 million in securities to Mainsail in July 2007. Mainsail purchased the securities at par, despite the fact that the securities had fallen significantly in value. The SIV-Lites were required to purchase at par according to their warehousing agreements with Barclays (see n 3, supra). Immediately after acquisition, Mainsail allegedly suffered a loss of $505 million. Oddo maintains that Barclays offloaded the sub-prime asset-backed securities onto the balance sheets of Golden Key and Mainsail in order to shift losses from Barclays to the SIV-Lites, knowing that the securities would plummet in value. Oddo claims that both Avendis and Solent acquiesced to the expansion because they did not want to jeopardize their relationships with Barclays. The collateral managers sought to be appointed as managers on future Barclays-arranged investment vehicles and were hoping to obtain a larger fee with an expanded investment portfolio, according to Oddo.

About 28 days after S&P had confirmed the AAA ratings of the mezzanine notes of both Golden Key and Mainsail in July 2007, S&P issued a report downgrading the ratings of both SIV-Lites by 17 notches, from AAA to CCC. Oddo alleges that S&P knew that Golden Key and Mainsail's investment portfolios were at serious risk of downgrade, even prior to the acquisition of the warehoused securities from Barclays. Oddo claims that S&P abandoned its professional standards by confirming Golden Key and Mainsail's AAA ratings prior to the expansion of the investment portfolios. S&P allegedly acted as it did because Barclays was an important repeat customer.

Because both Golden Key and Mainsail held assets that were worth significantly less than their liabilities, the SIV-Lites were unable to reborrow in the commercial paper market, which triggered mandatory acceleration events. The vehicles ultimately collapsed, and both Golden Key and Mainsail investors lost nearly all of their investments. Oddo allegedly lost a total of $43 million ($50 million minus the $7 million in notes that Barclays bought back).

In July 2008, Oddo commenced this action against Barclays, S&P, and Solent.9 Oddo asserts that Solent breached its fiduciary duty to the investors of Mainsail and Avendis breached its fiduciary duty to the investors of Golden Key, and that Barclays and S&P aided and abetted these breaches. Oddo claims Avendis and Solent conspired with Barclays to transfer the mortgage-backed securities to the SIV-Lites even though Barclays knew that the securities were toxic. S&P was allegedly complicit in the collateral managers' breach of fiduciary duty by issuing favorable ratings for the various notes issued by Golden Key and Mainsail, despite knowing that they were at risk of a downgrade. Oddo also claims that Barclays tortiously interfered with Oddo's contract with Golden Key and Mainsail.10

Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction against Solent and for failure to state a cause of action, arguing that neither Avendis nor Solent owed a fiduciary duty to plaintiff under applicable law. Barclays argued that Oddo failed to state a claim for tortious interference because it did not allege an underlying breach of the mezzanine notes. Supreme Court dismissed the claims against Solent for lack of personal jurisdiction and also dismissed all claims against Barclays and S&P (36 Misc.3d 1205[A], 2010 NY Slip Op 52449[U] [2010]). Plaintiff appealed as to Barclays and S&P, and the Appellate Division affirmed, holding that "[t]he causes of action for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty fail[ed] to allege that the collateral managers of the [SIV-Lites] had any contact or relationship with plaintiff such as would give rise to an underlying fiduciary duty" (Oddo Asset Mgt. v Barclays Bank PLC, 84 A.D.3d 692, 693 [1st Dept 2011]). The Appellate Division further determined that plaintiff's tortious interference claim failed because Oddo did not allege an actual breach of the underlying contract (id.). We granted plaintiff's motion for leave to appeal (17 N.Y.3d 713 [2011]), and now affirm.

II.

In Roni LLC v Arfa (18 N.Y.3d 846, 848 [2011]), we held that a "fiduciary relationship arises between two persons when one of them is under a duty to act for or to give advice for the benefit of another upon matters within the scope of the relation" ([internal quotation marks omitted], quoting EBC I, Inc. v Goldman, Sachs & Co., 5 N.Y.3d 11, 19 [2005]). A fiduciary relationship is "necessarily fact-specific" and is also "grounded in a higher level of trust than normally present in the marketplace between those involved in arm's length business transactions" (EBC I, 5 NY3d at 19). While a contractual relationship is not required for a fiduciary relationship, "if [the parties] do not create their own relationship of higher trust, courts should not ordinarily transport them to the higher realm of relationship and fashion the stricter duty for them" (Northeast Gen. Corp. v Wellington Adv., 82 N.Y.2d 158, 162 [1993]; see EBC I, 5 NY3d at 20 [same]).

Foremost, there is generally "no fiduciary obligation in a contractual arm's length relationship between a debtor and a note-holding creditor" (see AJW Partners LLC v Itronics Inc., 68 A.D.3d 567, 568 [1st Dept 2009]; SNS Bank v Citibank, 7 A.D.3d 352, 354 [1st Dept 2004]). A debtor and creditor have no special relationship of confidence and trust (see Dobroshi v Bank of Am., N.A., 65 A.D.3d 882, 884 [1st Dept 2009], lv dismissed 14 N.Y.3d 785 [2010]), and the relationship is generally controlled by contract. Oddo admits in the complaint that the mezzanine notes it held were a "form of debt." While the mezzanine notes did have some equity-like features in that noteholders could vote to remove the collateral managers, there is no factual basis to elevate Oddo's rights to those of a shareholder. Shareholders of corporations hold the rights to have their assets managed honestly and prudently for the shareholders' benefit. However, Oddo did not own shares or a fractional interest in the two SIV-Lites (see Yuko Ito v Suzuki, 57 A.D.3d 205, 207-208 [1st Dept 2008]); it was essentially a lender. The holders of equity (also known as the capital noteholders) in Golden Key and Mainsail absorbed the first losses to the SIV-Lites and would share in the potential profits. On the other hand, Oddo, a mezzanine noteholder, received a fixed rate of return and was to have its principal returned upon maturity. Even though the nature of the SIV-Lites was unique, the facts alleged in the complaint are insufficient to accord Oddo a status equivalent to a shareholder of Golden Key and Mainsail. While the collateral managers may have owed fiduciary and contractual duties to the SIV-Lites, there is no factual basis to create fiduciary duties running from the managers to the mezzanine noteholders. It is the receivers for the SIV-Lites who can bring claims for breach of fiduciary duty and breach of the management agreements against entities such as Solent, Barclays, and S&P.

There are additional reasons to conclude that the collateral managers did not owe a fiduciary duty to Oddo. Oddo had no contractual relationship with Avendis and Solent11 and no direct dealings with them. While Oddo argues that it received monthly investment reports from Avendis and Solent, the complaint provides that the administrator, QSR Management Limited, was the entity that sent noteholders periodic valuation reports. The complaint never alleged any direct communications between plaintiff and the collateral managers, and consequently, there is insufficient factual basis to establish a relationship of higher trust between Oddo and Avendis and Solent.

Therefore, affording every favorable inference to plaintiff and taking the allegations of the complaint as true (see EBC I, 5 NY3d at 19), we hold that plaintiff failed to allege facts giving rise to a fiduciary duty owed to it, and therefore S&P and Barclays cannot be liable for aiding and abetting a breach of such fiduciary duty.

III.

Plaintiff also alleges that Barclays tortiously interfered with plaintiff's contracts with Golden Key and Mainsail. In order to make a claim for tortious interference, plaintiff must plead the existence of a valid contract between the plaintiff and the SIV-Lites, Barclays' knowledge of that contract, and Barclays' intentional procurement of Golden Key's and Mainsail's breach of the contract without justification, actual breach of the contract, and Oddo's damages resulting from the breach (see Lama Holding Co. v Smith Barney, 88 N.Y.2d 413, 424 [1996]). Oddo claims that Golden Key and Mainsail breached their contractual obligations by "acquiring the warehoused securities... [which] devalued the investors' security interest in [the SIV-Lites'] investment portfolio and damaged [the SIV-Lites'] ability to pay interest" on the mezzanine notes (complaint ¶¶ 182, 199).

However, Golden Key and Mainsail never breached their contractual obligations to Oddo when expanding the size of their investment portfolios and acquiring the additional securities. Barclays properly obtained the required noteholder consents to expand Golden Key. Barclays, Avendis, and Solent also obtained confirmations from S&P of the ratings for the commercial paper and mezzanine notes prior to the acquisition of the warehoused securities. The warehousing provision in the contracts provided that the SIV-Lites would pay the warehouser's (Barclays') purchase price for the securities, despite any fluctuations in the market price. The risk of a shift in the market price of the warehoused securities was included in the information memoranda and known to Oddo at the time it purchased the mezzanine notes. As such, the expansion of the SIV-Lites' investment portfolio and the acquisition of the warehoused securities did not breach any express term in Oddo's contracts with Golden Key and Mainsail.12

Moreover, Oddo's claim for inducing breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing also fails. The bad faith and unfair dealing alleged in the complaint is not that of the SIV-Lites, who were themselves victims of the alleged scheme, but of Barclays and their managers, with which Oddo had no contract.13 Since there was no underlying breach of contract, Oddo's tortious interference claim against Barclays also fails.

IV.

The present case demonstrates how the utility of SIV-Lites themselves was undermined by the collapse of the housing boom in 2007 and 2008,14 which precipitated the credit crisis that decimated global financial markets. Prior to the demise of Golden Key and Mainsail, investors, rating agencies, and the arranging banks all wrongly assumed that credit markets would not dry up, and that the markets would always supply liquidity and provide a constant stream of funding.15 In hindsight, it is apparent that a greater degree of vigilance was necessary from all concerned before soliciting funds for, committing funds to, and rating esoteric entities with little understood risks, such as the SIV-Lites — whose fate was dependent almost exclusively on sub-prime residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities. That being said, Oddo has nevertheless failed to state a claim for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty and tortious interference with contract, although remedies may be available to the receivers for the SIV-Lites.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs.

Order affirmed, with costs.