MATSUMOTO, District Judge.
Plaintiff Eileen Dechberry ("plaintiff") commenced this action, pro se, on April 2, 2014, against defendant, the New York City Fire Department ("FDNY" or "defendant") pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq., the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101 et seq., and the New York City Human Rights Law Plaintiff alleges employment discrimination on the basis of gender and disability, and that her employment was terminated without due process. Specifically, plaintiff alleges that she was suffered discrimination, retaliation, and a hostile work environment due to her gender and disability. (ECF No. 1, Complaint ("Compl.") ¶¶ 4-7.)
Pending before this court is defendant's unopposed motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure ("Rule") 12(b)(6).
The following facts are drawn primarily from the plaintiff's Complaint, which the court must assume to be true for the purpose of considering defendants' Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ("Rule") 12(b)(6). (See generally Compl.) Additionally, where indicated, the Complaint's factual allegations are supplemented by facts and information drawn from documents external to the Complaint, which plaintiff explicitly relies upon in her Complaint or that are within the purview of judicial notice. These external documents have been provided to the court as attachments the Complaint and to the defendants' motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 1, Complaint; 23, Defendant's Motion to Dismiss, Defendant's Memorandum of Law in Support of its Motion to Dismiss ("Def.Mem."), and Declaration of David Mou in Support of Defendant's Motion to Dismiss ("Mou Decl.").)
"Generally, consideration of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) is limited to consideration of the Complaint itself." Faulkner v. Beer, 463 F.3d 130, 134 (2d Cir.2006). "A complaint is deemed to include any written instrument attached to it as an exhibit, materials incorporated in it by reference, and documents that, although not incorporated by reference, are `integral' to the complaint." Pesserillo v. Nat'l Grid, 78 F.Supp.3d 551, 554 (E.D.N.Y.2015) (quoting Sira v. Morton, 380 F.3d 57, 67 (2d Cir.2004)) (deeming prior Agreement and General Release entered into by plaintiff to be incorporated into the complaint by reference, particularly because it was "integral to [plaintiff's] ability to pursue his cause of action").
Moreover, "affirmative defenses, including the enforcement of a general release, are properly considered by a court as part of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6)." WSP USA Corp. v. Marinello, No. 13-CV-4591, 2013 WL 6704885, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 19, 2013) (citing Tromp v. City of New York, 465 Fed.Appx. 50, 51-52 (2d Cir.2012)) (dismissing claims pre-dating the general release). Furthermore, "matters judicially noticed by the District Court are not considered matters outside
Plaintiff was a former Emergency Medical Technician ("EMT") with the Emergency Medical Services ("EMS") of the FDNY from March 10, 2006 until September 3, 2013, with an "exemplary performance" and "tardiness" record. (Compl. at 11.)
Plaintiff alleges that, beginning in 2011, the FDNY "intentionally and willfully discriminated against [her] in [her] employment based upon [her] gender, created a hostile working environment and retaliated against [her] because [she] engaged in a protected activity of complaining to the EEO [sic]" and filing her 2011 lawsuit. Plaintiff also claims disability discrimination. (Compl. at 7, 15.) Plaintiff alleges that she made "numerous complaints, both to her supervisors as well as the internal office of the Equal Employment Opportunity" within the FDNY, regarding "disrespectful treatment, retaliation and harassment which has created ... a hostile work environment." (Compl. at 11.) Plaintiff claims that "[t]he conduct of her immediate supervisors, Lt. Lori Mazzeo and Lt. Irene Kruten ... is severe and pervasive, creating a hostile work environment that a reasonable person would consider intimidating, abusive and hostile." (Compl. at 11.) She also contends that "[e]ven though [defendants] were aware of [her] complaints and the existence of a hostile work environment, no actions were taken... in an effort to correct the discriminatory conduct." (Compl. at 15.) Plaintiff cites the following events in support of her claims.
On or about March 7, 2011, plaintiff returned to work and was informed she would need to be cleared by a doctor to be re-certified for CPR, a requirement of her EMT position at the FDNY. (Compl. at 11.) Plaintiff asserts that she was required to undergo rigorous testing for six hours to obtain her recertification, and that she complained to her supervisor, Lieutenant Chan, regarding the "abnormally rigorous" testing and plaintiff's physical impairments. (Id.) Lieutenant
Despite having provided a doctor's note, plaintiff was required to perform the CPR test again the following day. Although she complained of "jolting pains" in her shoulders, wrists and arms, plaintiff was instructed that she would "have to finish the procedure or else will not be able to return to work" and would "have to keep coming back until [she] pass[ed]." (Compl. at 12.) Plaintiff alleges that as a result of this "rigorous testing," she could not feel her fingers or palm, could not move her shoulders, and had no sensation in her right hand, while her left hand was "completely black and blue." (Id.)
Plaintiff alleges that she was hospitalized the following morning and notified her union representative about the events and her injuries. (Compl. at 12.) She was diagnosed with severe tendonitis, injuries to her left arm, and severe swelling, requiring a cast up to her shoulder on her left hand. (Compl. at 17.) Moreover, while she was waiting to fill out Line of Duty Injury ("LODI") papers, plaintiff alleges that she overheard an employee "yell[ ] to Chief Swithers" that plaintiff is "small, she can't do it [CPR]" (Compl. at 17 (correction in original).) Plaintiff further alleges that she was "rushed to the emergency room" a few nights later. (Id.)
Plaintiff alleges that she was ultimately denied LODI status by her superior, Chief Swithers, "for no legitimate reason, despite [her] serious and overt hand injuries." (Compl. at 14.) She indicates that she continued her efforts to be approved for LODI, and was ultimately told by a compensation representative that she was "not eligible for LODI because of a minor technical error namely because the LODI package that the academy filled out stated that the injury occurred on March 3rd, whereas the date of injury on the witnesses' statements and [plaintiff's] statement was March 2nd." (Compl. at 17.) Although she appealed to Chief Swithers that this was only a "technical error that could have been quickly and easily fixed," Chief Swithers "refused to allow LODI benefits and denied surgery." (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that "[t]he significant increase in severity of [her] injury would not have occurred but for Chief Swither's decision to deny the LODI benefits and deny and delay my surgery." (Id.) Moreover, plaintiff had an "MRI for which she was forced to pay out of pocket as [her] LODI had still not been approved." (Id.)
On or about October 12, 2011, plaintiff complained to the FDNY EEO
On November 16, 2011, plaintiff complained to the FDNY EEO that her schedule had not been accommodated when Captain Knight refused to alter her work shift. (Compl. at 16.) Plaintiff alleges that "she was forced to continue working from 8:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m., causing [her] to miss many work days and time due to [her] medical appointments." (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that "due to Knight's denial of accommodation for [her], [her] relationship with [her] friend/coworker Tanya Agostino deteriorated" when Ms. Agostino began fighting with plaintiff who had complained that Ms. Agostino's shift change had been granted, thereby resulting in an "even more hostile work environment." (Compl. at 13.) Plaintiff indicates that "for an entire week [she] was subject to hostility at work." (Id.)
Plaintiff contends that the fact that on or about December 7, 2011, Captain Knight granted her coworker Tanya Agostino's request for a shift change to 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. "shows that such accommodations were easily available, yet [plaintiff] was singled out when [plaintiff] was denied the accommodation." (Compl. at 13, 16.) On or about December 8, 2011, plaintiff notified her union representative, John Roddy, about the "disparate treatment." (Compl. at 16.) When plaintiff and Mr. Roddy questioned Captain Knight regarding her denial of plaintiff's request, Captain Knight responded that "`she is the Captain' and can therefore grant/deny any request at her discretion." (Id.) On or about December 9, 2011, plaintiff was also granted a shift change to 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. (Compl. at 13.)
On or about December 27, 2011, plaintiff suffered an injury from an accident that occurred in the FDNY "training room" or "lounge." (Compl. at 13.) On or about December 28, 2011, plaintiff was told that she was denied LODI benefits. (Id.) She alleges that she was denied a "LODI package" and worker's compensation because the injury occurred in a "lounge," and that the "paperwork that FDNY personnel filled out erroneously contained the word `lounge,' barr[ing][her] from recovery of worker's compensation." (Id.)
On or about June 19, 2012, plaintiff complained to the FDNY EEO regarding her Captain's discrimination and Samuel's abandonment at her accident in December 2011. (Compl. at 14.) Specifically, plaintiff claims that Samuel "intentionally abandoned [her] at the scene of the accident and retaliated as such by not assisting [her]" when she fell. (Compl. at 16.)
Plaintiff alleges that she has suffered "even more hostility and retaliation" since her July 2012 settlement. (Compl. at 11.) Plaintiff contends that she was not granted LODI benefits until the day prior to her surgery in January 2013. (Compl. at 14.) Plaintiff asserts that the "repeated denial of such necessary accommodation for over a year caused [her] hand injuries to become more and more severe, as surgeries would not have been required had [she] been granted LODI status." (Compl. at 14, 17.) Plaintiff further alleges that the "denial of LODI status was part of an ongoing retaliation by [FDNY] stemming from her 2011 lawsuit." (Compl. at 14.) On March 20, 2013, plaintiff underwent a second surgery. (Compl. at 14.) She indicates that her medical records "reveal that [she is] totally disabled, cannot drive and cannot take public transportation." (Id.)
Plaintiff filed her pro se Complaint in this action on April 2, 2014. (ECF No. 1, Complaint.) On August 5, 2014, the parties appeared before the court on a telephonic pre-motion conference to discuss and establish a briefing schedule for defendant's proposed motion to dismiss. (Minute Entry, dated Aug. 5, 2014.) On September 4, 2014, the court adjourned the briefing schedule pending plaintiff's motion to reopen her 2011 lawsuit before Judge Weinstein and vacate the settlement. (Order, dated Sept. 4, 2014.) On September 22, 2014, the defendant provided the court with a joint status update, indicating that Judge Weinstein had denied plaintiff's application to reopen her case and set aside the settlement, finding that there was no basis to do so established at the evidentiary hearing. (ECF. No 19, Status Report, dated Sept. 22, 2014.) The briefing schedule was adjourned again pending plaintiff's motion for reconsideration before Judge Weinstein. On October 23, 2014, the defendant again provided a status report to the court advising that Judge Weinstein had denied plaintiff's motion to reconsider, and proposing a revised briefing schedule, which the court so-ordered on October 27, 2014. (ECF No. 21, Status Report, dated Oct. 23, 2014; Order dated Oct. 27, 2014.) A copy of the court's order was served upon plaintiff at her address on record the same day.
On January 20, 2015, defendant filed its motion to dismiss, indicating that defendant had not received any opposition from plaintiff, or any indication of intent to serve an opposition by the court-ordered date. (ECF No. 24, Defendant's Letter dated Jan. 20, 2015.) Upon order by the court, plaintiff provided a status update requesting an extension of time to respond to defendant's motion to dismiss because she intended to obtain legal representation. (ECF No. 26, Plaintiff's Letter dated March 20, 2015.) The court granted plaintiff's an extension for her opposition to defendant's motion and ordered plaintiff to file a status update by April 30, 2015. Because plaintiff failed to provide a status update by April 30, 2015, the court ordered plaintiff to serve a response to defendant's motion to dismiss by May 29, 2015, and warned plaintiff that failure to do so would result in the forfeiture of her opportunity to respond to defendant's motion. (Order dated May 5, 2015.) On June 1, 2015, the court deemed defendant's motion unopposed
On June 8, 2011, plaintiff, represented by counsel, commenced an action against the City of New York, Lt. Irene Kruitken, Lt. Lori Mazzeo, Lt. "John" Cameron, and Lt. "John" Samuels. Dechberry v. City of New York, 11-CV-2767 (E.D.N.Y., June 8, 2011) ("prior federal action"). The matter was settled through mediation, and a Settlement Agreement was executed on July 13, 2012 followed by a General Release of all claims, executed on July 18, 2012. (Mou Decl. Exs. 3-4.) A stipulation of dismissal with prejudice was ordered by the Honorable Jack B. Weinstein on July 18, 2012, thereby closing the case. (Mou Decl. Ex. 5.)
On August 24, 2014, the court received a letter from plaintiff indicating that her attorney, Linda M. Cronin, had "settled the case without [her] knowledge," "forged [her] name if there is a signature," and that she had not signed "anything releasing [her] case out of federal court." (Mou Decl. Ex. 6., Letter from plaintiff to Judge Weinstein, dated August 24, 2014 at 1.) Plaintiff also claimed that Ms. Cronin had "filed an EEOC without [her] knowledge or permission." (Id. at 2.) Judge Weinstein held an evidentiary hearing on September 8, 2013 regarding plaintiff's request to reopen the case and vacate the settlement. (Status Report, dated Sept. 22, 2014, at 1.) On September 16, 2014, Judge Weinstein denied plaintiff's application, finding that "there was no basis to reopen the case or set aside the settlement." (Mou Decl. Ex. 7, Order dated Sept. 11, 2014.) Judge Weinstein denied plaintiff's motion for reconsideration on September 23, 2014, finding that "[n]o adequate reason to reconsider has been provided." (Mou Decl. Ex. 8, Order dated Sept. 23, 2014.) Plaintiff has not, as of this date, filed an appeal.
Plaintiff attaches to her complaint a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"), which was dated and signed by plaintiff on June 11, 2013 and received by the EEOC on June 17, 2013.
On February 19, 2014, plaintiff, represented by counsel, filed an Article 78 Petition in New York State Supreme Court, County of New York ("Article 78 action"), challenging the FDNY and City of New York's September 3, 2013 Action and Determination pursuant to New York Civil Service Law ("CSL") § 71, which effectively terminated plaintiff's employment with the FDNY.
Defendant moves to dismiss the Complaint on the following grounds: (1) plaintiff's claims that occurred prior to July 13, 2012 are barred by plaintiff's Settlement Agreement and General Release executed on July 13, 2012 in her prior action before Judge Weinstein; (2) plaintiff's due process claim should be dismissed on abstention grounds because plaintiff has initiated a parallel proceeding in New York State Court, or alternatively, because plaintiff has an adequate state remedy for her due process claim in the form of an Article 78 proceeding; (3) plaintiff's claims which occurred prior to August 21, 2012 are barred by the 300 day statute of limitations imposed by Title VII and the ADA; (4) accepting as true plaintiff's claim that she did not file an EEOC charge, plaintiff has failed to meet the mandatory condition precedent of filing an EEOC charge before bringing a Title VII or ADA cause of action in federal court; and (5) plaintiff fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. (Def. Mem. at 2.)
"It is well established that settlement agreements are contracts and must therefore be construed according to general principles of contract law." Tromp, 465 Fed.Appx. at 51 (quoting Collins v. Harrison-Bode, 303 F.3d 429, 433 (2d Cir.2002)). "Where the language of [a] release is clear,
Courts in this Circuit have consistently barred claims where a plaintiff enters into a settlement, executes a general release, and then brings an additional lawsuit alleging similar claims that could have been alleged in the prior settled action. See Tromp, 465 Fed.Appx. at 52 (affirming dismissal of claims as barred by general release where claims could have been alleged in prior action); Castro v. City of New York, No. 11-CV-5379, 2012 WL 5289490, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. June 26, 2012) report and recommendation adopted, 2012 WL 5289517 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 22, 2012) (dismissing claims as barred by a general release where plaintiff had ample opportunity to include later claims in prior action, as events that formed basis of later claims occurred several months before settlement was reached); Lewis v. City of New York, No. 10-CV-3266, 2011 WL 3273939, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. July 29, 2011).
Indeed, "[w]ords of general release are clearly operative not only as to all controversies and causes of action between the releasor and releasees which had, by that time, actually ripened into litigation, but to all such issues which might then have been adjudicated as a result of pre-existent controversies." Tromp, 465 Fed. Appx. at 52 (citing A.A. Truck Renting Corp. v. Navistar, Inc., 81 A.D.3d 674, 916 N.Y.S.2d 194 (2d Dep't 2011)) (citations omitted). Thus, "when general language is used in the releasing document, the release is to be construed most strongly against the releasor." Castro, 2012 WL 5289490, at *3 (citing Tromp, 465 Fed. Appx. at 52 (internal citations omitted)).
Defendant argues that plaintiff's claims which accrued prior to July 13, 2012 must be dismissed as barred by the prior federal action, specifically plaintiff's Settlement Agreement and General Release, dated July 13, 2012, and by Judge Weinstein's "so ordered Stipulation of Dismissal, dated July 18, 2013, which are attached to the Declaration of David Mou as Exhibits 2 and 4." (Declaration of David Mou in Support of Defendant's Motion to Dismiss ("Mou Decl.") Exs. 2, 4.)
On June 8, 2011, plaintiff filed an action assigned to Judge Jack B. Weinstein in this district against the City of New York and other individuals at the FDNY for discrimination on the basis of gender, retaliation, harassment, and a hostile work environment arising out of her employment at the FDNY. Plaintiff's claims were subsequently dismissed with prejudice on July 18, 2012, upon the execution of a Stipulation of Dismissal based on the parties' settlement in the amount of $32,000.00. In return for the settlement payment, plaintiff executed a Settlement Agreement, signed by plaintiff's former counsel, Ms. Cronin, on July 13, 2012, and a General Release, signed by plaintiff and notarized on the same date.
The General Release provides that:
(Mou Decl. Ex. 3.) The Settlement Agreement provides substantially identical terms. (Mou Decl. Ex. 2.)
The language of the General Release and Settlement Agreement is plain and unambiguous, as well as broad in scope. The General Release bars plaintiff from bringing any future claims or causes of action against the City of New York and the FDNY that plaintiff as "Releasor" "ever had, now have or hereafter can, shall or may have" "from the beginning of the world to the day of the date of this GENERAL RELEASE." (Mou Decl. Ex. 3.) This release includes claims arising out of separate, "pre-existent" events that could have been, but were not, raised in the prior action.
In the instant action, plaintiff brings claims that arise from events which occurred prior to the General Release and Settlement Agreement and could have been raised in the prior federal action before Judge Weinstein. Indeed, many of the events that transpired in this action upon which plaintiff bases her claims, occurred prior to the filing of the first action in 2011. As provided by the agreements, and consistent with Second Circuit caselaw, plaintiff's claims need not have actually been alleged in the prior action. (Mou Decl. Exs. 2-3) (barring claims that plaintiff "ever had, now have or hereafter can, shall or may have" "from the beginning of the world to the day of the date of this GENERAL RELEASE.") In Tromp, the Second Circuit affirmed the dismissal of claims against the City of New York as barred by a General Release which released the City from "any and all claims which were or could have been alleged by [plaintiff] in the aforementioned action," despite the fact that the claims were not actually alleged in the settled action. Tromp, 465 Fed.Appx. at 52. The court reasoned that, although the second "incident involved a different arrest, it was similar in nature to the arrest that was the subject of [the prior settled action]," thus, because the allegations "could have been alleged," they were barred by the General Release. Id. Here, plaintiff's claims in the instant action are not only similar in nature to the gender discrimination, harassment, hostile work environment, and retaliation claims in the prior settled action, but also could have been alleged. Accordingly, plaintiff's claims pre-dating July 13, 2012 must be and are dismissed as barred by the Settlement Agreement and General Release in the prior federal action before Judge Weinstein.
Finally, although plaintiff now alleges that "the settlement in July 2012 ... was cohorst [sic]," (Compl. ¶ 8), and that she "never signed a settlement or release," the court finds no grounds to deem the Settlement Agreement or General Release invalid as coerced, or otherwise improperly obtained as plaintiff asserts. (See ECF No. 12, Plaintiff's Letter dated July 27, 2014.)
Accordingly, plaintiff's claims that arise from events pre-dating the execution of the Settlement Agreement and General Release — July 13, 2012 — and that could have been brought in the first action are barred and are hereby dismissed.
A plaintiff who wishes to pursue a federal employment discrimination suit under either Title VII or the ADA must file a charge with the EEOC within 300 days of the alleged unlawful employment practice or challenged discriminatory act. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1) (Title VII); 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a)(ADA) (applying the powers, remedies and procedures set forth under Title VII to charges of discrimination brought under the ADA); see also Cherry v. City of New York, 381 Fed.Appx. 57, 58 (2d Cir.2010) (affirming dismissal of Title VII and ADA claims as untimely where plaintiff failed to file EEOC charge within 300 days of discriminatory conduct); Edwards v. Elmhurst Hosp. Ctr., No. 11-CV-5348, 2013 WL 839554, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 2013) report and recommendation adopted, 2013 WL 831162 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 6, 2013) (dismissing claims under Title VII and the ADA as timebarred due to plaintiff's failure to file his EEOC charge within 300 days of the alleged acts of discrimination). A charge alleging a hostile work environment claim, however, will not be time-barred so long as all acts which constitute the claim are part of the same unlawful employment practice and at least one act falls within the time period. Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 122, 122 S.Ct. 2061, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002); McGullam v. Cedar Graphics, Inc., 609 F.3d 70, 75 (2d Cir.2010) (citing Morgan, 536 U.S. at 105, 122 S.Ct. 2061) ("[C]onsideration of the entire scope of a hostile work environment claim, including behavior alleged outside the statutory time period, is permissible for the purposes of assessing liability, so long as an act contributing to that hostile environment takes place within the statutory time period.").
Although plaintiff is pro se, and thus entitled to a more lenient construction of her claims by the court, a motion to dismiss must be granted for any claims based on allegedly discriminatory acts or events occurring prior to 300 days from the filing of a charge of discrimination with the EEOC. Cherry, 381 Fed.Appx. at 58; Edwards v. Elmhurst Hosp. Ctr., 2013 WL 839554, at *4 report and recommendation adopted, 2013 WL 831162 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 6, 2013).
The EEOC received plaintiff's EEOC Charge of Discrimination on June
With respect to plaintiff's hostile work environment claims, although such claims are not time-barred if "at least one act falls within the time period," Morgan, 536 U.S. at 122, 122 S.Ct. 2061, plaintiff fails to set forth any allegations of a hostile work environment post-dating August 21, 2012. Indeed, the only specific facts alleged with respect to plaintiff's hostile work environment claim stem from events that occurred prior to August 21, 2012, namely the disparate treatment with regard to plaintiff's request for a shift change. (Compl. at 13.)
Moreover, as discussed further in Section III.E., although plaintiff alleges that she has suffered "even more hostility and retaliation" since her July 2012 settlement and that "[t]he conduct of [her] immediate supervisors ... is severe and pervasive, creating a hostile work environment," plaintiff does no more than make conclusory allegations. Without allegations of specific conduct, the court is unable to determine whether any of defendant's alleged violations based on hostile work environment occurred after August 21, 2012. See Buckley v. New York, 959 F.Supp.2d 282, 300 (E.D.N.Y.2013) (dismissing hostile work environment claims because plaintiff failed to make specific allegations or examples of hostile work environment actions and only plead conclusory allegations).
Accordingly, the court dismisses all of plaintiff's Title VII and ADA claims that rely on discrete conduct or events that occurred prior to August 21, 2012.
Plaintiff's remaining claims largely pertain to plaintiff's allegations regarding the delay in awarding her LODI status and benefits, the termination of her LODI status and benefits in 2013, and her termination of employment in 2013, which plaintiff alleges were due to discrimination and retaliation on the basis of her gender and disability.
Defendant moves to dismiss the remaining claims on two grounds. First, defendants assert that the Complaint fails to state a cognizable claim with respect to the discrimination, retaliation, and hostile work environment claims under Title VII and the ADA. Moreover, defendants argue that the district court should abstain from making a determination on plaintiff's due process claim because plaintiff has commenced a pending Article 78 proceeding in New York State Supreme Court that raises substantially the same claims, and that the Article 78 proceeding provides an adequate remedy at law. For the reasons set
To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to "state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). As a general rule, the court is required to accept as true all of the allegations contained in the complaint. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937; Kassner v. 2nd Ave. Delicatessen, Inc., 496 F.3d 229, 237 (2d Cir.2007).
When assessing the sufficiency of a complaint, "[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements ... are not entitled to the assumption of truth." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (citation omitted); see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (stating that the Court is "not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation"). "While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations," which state a claim for relief. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937. A complaint that "tenders `naked assertion[s]' devoid of `further factual enhancement'" will not suffice. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955).
A complaint alleging employment discrimination need not establish a prima facie case to survive a motion to dismiss. The claims, however, must be facially plausible and must give fair notice to the defendants of the basis for the claim. Romaine v. New York City Coll. of Tech. of the City Univ. of New York, No. 10-CV-431, 2012 WL 1980371, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. June 1, 2012) (citing Barbosa v. Continuum Health Partners, Inc., 716 F.Supp.2d 210, 215 (S.D.N.Y.2010)). "Facial plausibility" is achieved when the "the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955). Thus, the elements of a prima facie discrimination claim are relevant to the determination of whether a complaint provides a defendant with fair notice and contains sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face. Romaine, 2012 WL 1980371, at *2.
The court is mindful that in reviewing any submissions by a pro se litigant, any "document filed pro se is `to be liberally construed,' and ... must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers." Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976)).
The court will first address whether plaintiff was subject to an adverse employment action, because plaintiff's complaint alleging Title VII discrimination, ADA discrimination, and retaliation fails to allege that the plaintiff suffered discriminatory disparate treatment based on her protective status, a failure to accommodate her disability, or a specific adverse employment action regarding her retaliation claim. Accordingly, the complaint must be dismissed for failure to state a claim. Almontaser v. New York City Dep't of Educ.,
A plaintiff suffers an adverse employment action when she experiences a "materially adverse change in the terms and conditions of employment." La Grande v. DeCrescente Distrib. Co., 370 Fed.Appx. 206, 211 (2d Cir.2010); Williams v. R.H. Donnelley, Corp., 368 F.3d 123, 128 (2d Cir.2004). An "adverse employment action" is one which is "`more disruptive than a mere inconvenience or an alteration of job responsibilities.'" Feingold v. New York, 366 F.3d 138, 152 (2d Cir.2004) (citing Galabya v. New York City Bd. of Educ., 202 F.3d 636, 640 (2d Cir.2000)). Indeed, "[e]veryday workplace grievances, disappointments, and setbacks do not constitute adverse employment actions within the meaning of Title VII." La Grande, 370 Fed.Appx. at 211. Examples of materially adverse employment actions may include "`termination of employment, a demotion evidenced by a decrease in wage or salary, a less distinguished title, a material loss of benefits, significantly diminished material responsibilities, or other indices ... unique to a particular situation.'" Id.
Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railroad Co. v. White expanded the definition of "materially adverse employment action" for purposes of Title VII retaliation claims to require that a plaintiff show only "that a reasonable employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse, which in this context means it well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination." Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006).
Plaintiff alleges the following "adverse employment actions" in her Complaint: (1) her LODI status and benefits were delayed until her surgery in January 2013; (2) after she was eventually granted LODI status, it was terminated in approximately April 2013 upon her failure to appear at two BHS hearings; and (3) she was taken off her payroll. (See generally Compl.)
Courts in this circuit have found that a delay in the administrative processing of benefits does not generally constitute an adverse employment action. See, e.g., Malcolm v. Honeoye Falls Lima Cent. Sch. Dist., 483 Fed.Appx. 660, 662 (2d Cir.2012) ("Any alleged delays attributable to [defendant] in processing [plaintiff's] COBRA benefits were immaterial because such delays would not deter a reasonable worker in the plaintiff's position from exercising [her] legal rights."); Joseph v. Leavitt, 465 F.3d 87, 92 (2d Cir.2006) (delay of four months before plaintiff's employment was reinstated was not so unreasonable as to constitute an adverse employment action); Castro v. City of New York, 24 F.Supp.3d 250, 263 (E.D.N.Y.2014) (noting that delay in compensation, where such a delay is merely an inconvenience, is insufficient to constitute an adverse employment action); Carter v. Potter, No. 06-CV-3854, 2008 WL 1848639, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 23, 2008) (finding that delay of "several months" in processing worker's compensation did not rise to the level of an "adverse employment action"); Williams v. New York City Hous. Auth., No. 03-CV-7764, 2008 WL 2695139, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. June 29, 2008) aff'd, 361 Fed.Appx. 220 (2d Cir. 2010) ("A delay in processing paperwork that does not materially change the terms and conditions of a plaintiff's employment is not an adverse employment action."); Evans v. City of New York, 2003 WL 22339468, *10-11 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 9, 2003) (eleven-month delay in processing salary increase is not an adverse employment action); Badrinauth v. Touro College, No. 97-CV-3554, 1999 WL 1288956, at *6
However, when a delay is of such length that it rises to "more than a mere inconvenience," it may constitute an adverse employment action. Miller v. N.Y. City Health & Hosp. Corp., No. 00-CV-140, 2005 WL 2022016, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 22, 2005) (noting that a four-year delay in processing might qualify as an adverse employment action, despite finding that delay did not constitute adverse employment action because plaintiff's own errors contributed to delayed payment); Carter v. Potter, No. 06-CV-3854, 2008 WL 1848639, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 23, 2008) (noting that delay of over a year due to defendant's challenges to worker's compensation may rise to level of adverse employment action, but ultimately dismissing claim because plaintiff failed to produce evidence that defendant challenged his compensation in bad faith).
Plaintiff alleges that the award of her LODI status and benefits was delayed more than a year. (Compl. at 14.) She asserts that the "repeated denial of such necessary accommodation for over a year caused [her] hand injuries to become more and more severe, as surgeries would not have been required had [she] been granted LODI status." (Compl. at 14.) Although the delay of more than a year may rise to "more than a mere inconvenience," plaintiff does not allege any negative impact on her employment or that the delay materially changed the terms and conditions of her employment. Joseph, 465 F.3d at 92 (finding that administrative leave did not alter terms and conditions of plaintiff's employment sufficient to qualify as adverse employment action); Gentile v. Potter, 509 F.Supp.2d 221, 240 n. 10 (E.D.N.Y. 2007) (delay of injury compensation claims did not constitute an adverse employment action).
In the context of a retaliation claim, however, plaintiff has made a plausible showing that the delay in her receipt of benefits could dissuade a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination. Birkholz v. City of New York, No. 10-CV-4719, 2012 WL 580522, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 2012) (delay in medical leave benefits was sufficient to plead adverse employment action in retaliation claim where plaintiff alleged that disruption in benefits caused him "significant" financial injury and a material loss which could have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making a charge of discrimination). Although plaintiff does not make any factual allegations with regard to the impact, if any, that the delay in her LODI status had on the terms of her employment, she has suffered a "material loss" by her allegedly exacerbated physical injuries, which have resulted in her inability to continue working. Thus, it is plausible that such a delay in benefits, which prevented plaintiff from seeking prompt medical attention, could potentially dissuade a reasonable worker from making a charge of discrimination.
The termination of plaintiff's LODI status and benefits occurred in approximately April 2013, after she failed to appear at two BHS appearances and after she received a Notice of Violation. (Compl. at 15.) The termination of benefits qualifies as an adverse employment action where termination results in an injury or harm. Beyer v. Cnty. of Nassau, 524 F.3d 160, 163 (2d Cir.2008); Messer v. Bd. of Educ. of City of New York, No. 01-CV-6129, 2007 WL 136027, at *13 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 16, 2007) (finding termination of health benefits did not constitute an adverse employment action because benefits were reinstated and applied
Finally, "there is no question ... that [employment] termination is an adverse employment action." Sista v. CDC Ixis N. Am., Inc., 445 F.3d 161, 169 (2d Cir.2006). Plaintiff alleges that she was taken off payroll in April 2013 and "terminated without due process."
Under Title VII, an employer or potential employer may not "discriminate against any individual ... because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). To establish a prima facie case for sex discrimination under Title VII, plaintiff must show that (1) she is a member of a protected class, (2) she was qualified for the position, (3) she suffered an adverse employment action, and (4) such adverse employment action occurred under circumstances giving rise to an inference of discrimination. Littlejohn v. City of New York, 795 F.3d 297, 306-07 (2d Cir. 2015); Leibowitz v. Cornell Univ., 584 F.3d 487, 498 (2d Cir.2009); Figueroa v. RSquared NY, Inc., 89 F.Supp.3d 484, 488-89, 2015 WL 897117, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. 2015). Plaintiff need only present "some minimal evidence suggesting that the employer acted with discriminatory motivation." Littlejohn, 795 F.3d at 307 (2d Cir. 2015).
"[A] discrimination complaint need not allege facts establishing each element of a prima facie case of discrimination to survive a motion to dismiss," but it must nevertheless comply with the plausibility standard set forth in Twombly and Iqbal. Chung v. City Univ. of New York, 605 Fed.Appx. 20, 21-22 (2d Cir.2015) (citing
Applying that standard here, plaintiff's Title VII discrimination claim fails as a matter of law. Plaintiff alleges that because of her sex, defendant delayed the approval of plaintiff's LODI status and benefits, terminated her LODI status and benefits, and terminated her employment at FDNY. Plaintiff has met the first three requirements of the prima facie case required under Title VII — she is a member of a protected class, she is qualified for the job, which the court will assume for the purpose of this opinion, and that she suffered an adverse employment action with respect to her termination from the FDNY. Absent from plaintiff's Complaint, however, are factual allegations that permit the court to draw a plausible inference that plaintiff's sex was the basis for any alleged adverse employment actions. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937.
Although plaintiff is not required to allege specifically every element of a prima facie case of discrimination, she is still required to "plead any facts that would create an inference that any adverse action taken by ... defendant was based upon [her] gender." Patane v. Clark, 508 F.3d 106, 112 (2d Cir.2007) (quoting Leibovitz v. N.Y. City Transit Auth., 252 F.3d 179, 189 (2d Cir.2001)) ("The sine qua non of a gender-based discriminatory action claim under Title VII is that the discrimination must be because of sex."); Algarin v. City of New York, No. 12-CV-1264, 2012 WL 4814988, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 10, 2012) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (dismissing discrimination claim where complaint was "silent as to any discriminatory purpose or motivation directed toward the Plaintiff."). Plaintiff may not rely on the simple fact that she is female and part of a protected class to raise a triable case of sex discrimination for the defendant's delay and denial of LODI benefits and plaintiff's subsequent termination from the FDNY. See, e.g., Castro v. City of New York, No. 05-CV-593, 2009 WL 2223037, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. July 22, 2009) ("Although [plaintiff] is indisputably Hispanic, he cannot simply join this fact to the defendants' denial of a job and leverage these two circumstances into a triable case of discrimination based on his Hispanic heritage."); Martin v. MTA Bridges & Tunnels, 610 F.Supp.2d 238, 250 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) ("[A] plaintiff must do more than state that she is a member of a protected class who suffered an adverse employment action.").
Even liberally construed, the Complaint asserts only conclusions and labels with respect to defendant's alleged sex discrimination and provides no further factual matter that would render plaintiff's Title VII claim plausible. Indeed, it appears that plaintiff merely checked the box for gender discrimination on her pro se form Complaint and made conclusory allegations in her EEOC charge that she suffered "gender discrimination, retaliation, and hostile work environment discrimination." (Compl. at 11, 15.) Thus, the court finds that plaintiff has failed to set forth any facts allowing the court to plausibly infer that any employment actions, adverse or otherwise, were motivated by her gender. Accordingly, plaintiff's claim for Title VII discrimination on the basis of sex is dismissed
Title I of the ADA provides that "no covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to job application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment." 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). A prima facie case of discrimination pursuant to the ADA requires a showing that: (1) her employer is subject to the ADA; (2) she was disabled within the meaning of the ADA; (3) she was otherwise qualified to perform the essential functions of the job, with or without reasonable accommodation; and (4) she suffered an adverse employment action because of her disability. Brady v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 531 F.3d 127, 134 (2d Cir.2008); Vale v. Great Neck Water Pollution Control Dist., 80 F.Supp.3d 426, 433-34, 2015 WL 248603, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. 2015).
Similar to a Title VII claim, these prima facie elements for a disability claim merely "provide an outline of what is necessary to render a plaintiff's employment discrimination claims [on the basis of disability] for relief plausible." Vlad-Berindan v. MTA New York City Transit, No. 14-CV-675, 2014 WL 6982929, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 10, 2014) (internal citation omitted). A plaintiff alleging employment discrimination pursuant to the ADA "is not required to set forth specific facts that establish each and every element of a prima facie case of discrimination." Bakeer v. Nippon Cargo Airlines, Co., No. 09-CV-3374, 2011 WL 3625103, at *22 (E.D.N.Y. July 25, 2011), adopted by 2011 WL 3625083 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 12, 2011); Davis v. NYC Dep't of Educ., No. 10-CV-3812, 2012 WL 139255, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 18, 2012); see also Swierkiewicz v. Sorema, N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 515, 122 S.Ct. 992, 152 L.Ed.2d 1 (2002).
Applying the elements and pleading standards here, plaintiff's complaint also fails to state a plausible ADA discrimination claim. First, with regard to whether she is "disabled within the meaning of the ADA," plaintiff only makes conclusory allegations that "medical records from [her] own doctors reveal that [she is] totally disabled, cannot drive and cannot take public transportation" leaving the court to surmise a disability based on her description of the March 2011 or December 2011 workplace injuries, her diagnosis of "upper extremity tendonitis," and the multiple hand surgeries she underwent. (Compl. at 11, 14.) The ADA Amendment Act of 2008 ("ADAAA") defines "disability" as: (A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of such individual; (B) a record of such an impairment; or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment. 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1).
Indeed, plaintiff does not allege any facts for the court to determine whether she is disabled within the meaning of the ADA. Although plaintiff arguably identifies her alleged disability as "severe tendonitis" and other unspecified injuries to her upper extremities, she does not explain what "major life activity" is "substantially limited." Capobianco v. City of New York, 422 F.3d 47, 57 (2d Cir.2005). Without any factual specificity as to the alleged disability claimed and the major life activities affected, the Complaint fails to plead that plaintiff was disabled. Broderick v. Research Found. of State Univ. of New York, No. 10-CV-3612, 2010 WL 3173832, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 11, 2010); see Emmons v. City Univ. of New York, 715 F.Supp.2d 394,
The fact that plaintiff cannot drive or use public transportation does not render her disabled, as courts in the Second Circuit have found that driving and commuting to work are not a major life activities. See, e.g., Dorgan v. Suffolk Cnty. Cmty. Coll., No. 12-CV-0330, 2014 WL 3858395, at *6 n. 12 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 4, 2014) (noting that driving does not constitute a major life activity as contemplated by the ADA); Stamm v. New York City Transit Auth., No. 04-CV-2163, 2011 WL 1315935, at *17 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2011) (finding that travel and commuting are not major life activities); White v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., No. 07-CV-4286, 2009 WL 1140434, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 27, 2009) ("[D]riving is not a `major life activity' as contemplated by the ADA"); Darcy v. Lippman, No. 03-CV-6898, 2008 WL 629999, at *15 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 10, 2008) (commuting to work is not a major life activity); see also Montesano v. Principi, 47 Fed.Appx. 608, 609 (2d Cir.2002) (finding that the "ability to commute long distances to work on a daily basis is not one of the major life activities within the definition of the Rehabilitation Act.") (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Plaintiff also has not alleged any facts that she has a record of a disability or that she was regarded as having a disability within the meaning of the ADA. To the extent plaintiff relies on the fact that she received LODI benefits or worker's compensation, these records do not establish the existence of a disability under the ADA. Schapiro v. New York City Dep't of Health, 25 Fed.Appx. 57, 61 (2d Cir. 2001) (noting that although worker's compensation findings may constitute a record of impairment, they do not establish that the impairment created a substantial limitation to qualify as a disability under the ADA); Verdi v. Potter, No. 08-CV-2687, 2010 WL 502959, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 9, 2010) (dismissing ADA claim finding that worker's compensation decision was not sufficient to constitute a record of disability).
Moreover, even assuming that plaintiff could meet the first prong of "disabled under the meaning of the law," plaintiff does not allege any facts to establish whether she is "otherwise qualified to perform the essential functions of the job, with or without reasonable accommodation." Vale, 80 F.Supp.3d at 433. "Essential functions" are defined under EEOC regulations to mean the "`fundamental' duties to be performed in the position in question, but not functions that are merely `marginal.'" Shannon v. New York City Transit Auth., 332 F.3d 95, 100 (2d Cir. 2003) (citing 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(1) (1996)) (internal citation omitted); Hernandez v. Int'l Shoppes, LLC, No. 13-CV-6615, 100 F.Supp.3d 232, 260-61, 2015 WL 1858997, at *24 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 23, 2015) ("Essential functions are defined under EEOC regulations to mean the fundamental duties to be performed in the position in question, but not functions that are merely marginal.").
Other than alleging that she had never failed a CPR exam, and that she had 12 years of experience, plaintiff has not set forth any factual allegations regarding her current fitness to perform her job or whether she has requested and was denied a "reasonable accommodation." In any event, even if defendant had failed to provide a reasonable accommodation, such failure would not be an automatic basis of recovery. See Hernandez, 100 F.Supp.3d at 265-66, 2015 WL 1858997, at *29 (noting that defendant's alleged failure to engage in process to provide reasonable accommodation
Furthermore, as with her Title VII claim, plaintiff fails to allege any facts to plausibly suggest that any employment actions — adverse or otherwise — were based on her alleged disability. Heckman v. Town of Hempstead, 568 Fed.Appx. 41, 45 (2d Cir.2014) (affirming dismissal where plaintiff's allegations did not suggest a plausible inference that any of the defendants intentionally discriminated against him on the basis of his disability). Accordingly, plaintiff's claim for discrimination on the basis of her alleged disability is dismissed for failure to state a plausible claim for which relief may be granted.
To make out a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must demonstrate that "(1) she engaged in protected activity; (2) the employer was aware of that activity; (3) the employee suffered a materially adverse action; and (4) there was a causal connection between the protected activity and that adverse action." Kelly v. Howard I. Shapiro & Assocs. Consulting Eng'rs, P.C., 716 F.3d 10, 14 (2d Cir.2013) (citing Lore v. City of Syracuse, 670 F.3d 127, 157 (2d Cir.2012)); Weissman v. Dawn Joy Fashions, Inc., 214 F.3d 224, 234 (2d Cir.2000) (ADA).
Plaintiff alleges that defendant's alleged acts discussed previously in this opinion in relation to her discrimination claims, along with a number of other incidents, were done in retaliation of her 2011 lawsuit and complaints to the EEOC and FDNY EEO, assuming for purposes of this motion that she made such complaints. Specifically, plaintiff alleges that the delay of LODI status until January 2013 was "part of an ongoing retaliation by [FDNY] stemming from [her] 2011 lawsuit" and
Plaintiff's engagement in a federal lawsuit and her complaints to the EEOC and FDNY EEO constitute a "protected activity," however, plaintiff's retaliation claim fares no better than her other ADA claims: the Complaint is bereft of factual allegations that give rise to a reasonable inference that the FDNY retaliated against plaintiff for engaging in a protected activity.
Assuming that plaintiff is able to plausibly allege an adverse employment action, plaintiff fails to plead sufficient factual allegations to establish a plausible causal nexus between the adverse employment actions and her protected activity. See Anderson v. Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, 850 F.Supp.2d 392, 413 (S.D.N.Y.2012) (dismissing retaliation claims where there was "nothing to connect [plaintiff's] complaint... and the self-described retaliatory actions aside from the fact that plaintiff groups these actions underneath the heading of `retaliation' in his [pleadings]"). Causation may be shown: "(1) indirectly, by showing that the protected activity was followed closely by discriminatory treatment, or through other circumstantial evidence such as disparate treatment of fellow employees who engaged in similar conduct; or (2) directly, through evidence of retaliatory animus directed against the plaintiff by the defendant." Gordon v. N.Y. City Bd. of Educ., 232 F.3d 111, 117 (2d Cir.2000); Freeman v. Dep't of Envtl. Prot., No. 10-CV-1555, 2013 WL 817221, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 5, 2013) report and recommendation adopted, 2013 WL 801684 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 5, 2013).
Here, plaintiff offers only speculation connecting the protected activity with the retaliatory acts and only makes conclusory allegations that the "denial of benefits and insurance was retaliatory, due to [her] prior complaints to the EEO" and that "denial of LODI status was part of an ongoing retaliation by [defendants] stemming from [her] 2011 lawsuit." (Compl. at 14.) Simply pleading that an adverse employment action occurred later in time than plaintiff's protected activity is insufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. Edwards v. Elmhurst Hosp. Ctr., No. 11-CV-5348, 2013 WL 839554, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 2013) report and recommendation adopted, 2013 WL 831162 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 6, 2013) (dismissing retaliation claim where plaintiff "fail[ed] to include any allegations whatsoever to infer a causal nexus between his complaints of discrimination and the alleged adverse action"); Mandavia v.
Moreover, the temporal connection is too attenuated to establish causation. Although the Second Circuit "has not drawn a bright line to define the outer limits beyond which a temporal relationship is too attenuated to establish a causal relationship," Gorman-Bakos v. Cornell Co-op. Extension of Schenectad County, 252 F.3d 545, 554 (2d Cir.2001), district courts within the Second Circuit "have consistently held that a passage of more than two months between the protected activity and the adverse employment action does not allow for an inference of causation." Beaumont v. Cablevision Sys. Corp., No. 10-CV-3585, 2012 WL 1158802, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 9, 2012) (citing Garrett v. Garden City Hotel, Inc., No. 05-CV-0962, 2007 WL 1174891, at *21 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 19, 2007)) (collecting cases); see Tuccio Dev., Inc. v. Miller, 423 Fed.Appx. 26 (2d Cir.2011) (finding two-month gap between protected activity and alleged adverse action was too distant to support retaliatory motive where no additional evidence was introduced); Murray v. Town of N. Hempstead, 853 F.Supp.2d 247, 273 (E.D.N.Y. 2012) (finding three-month gap too attenuated where no other facts were alleged).
Here, plaintiff engaged in the first "protected activity" — the filing of her EEOC charges and prior federal lawsuit — on June 8, 2011. Plaintiff alleges that the retaliatory conduct — namely her delay of LODI benefits and Samuel's intentional abandonment when she fell — occurred in December 2011, approximately six months after the 2011 complaint was filed.
Plaintiff further alleges that she engaged in protected activity when she complained to the FDNY EEO on June 19, 2012, regarding "Captain Knight's discrimination" and "Samuel's abandonment." (Compl. 14.) Plaintiff alleges that her LODI benefits were not granted until the day before her surgery in January 2013, and that the "repeated denial" and year-long delay in her receipt of benefits was done in retaliation for her filing the 2011 federal lawsuit. (Compl. at 14.) First, with respect to the delay in awarding LODI status, the delay began in December 2011 when plaintiff initially applied for LODI status and benefits, and any retaliatory delay claimed prior to plaintiff's July 13, 2012 Settlement Agreement and General Release is barred. Moreover, even absent the bar, the "protected activity" regarding plaintiff's June 19, 2012 EEO FDNY complaint regarding Captain Knight occurred after the alleged adverse employment action began in December 2011 and no retaliatory animus may be inferred. Pinero v. Long Island State Veterans Home, 375 F.Supp.2d 162, 168 (E.D.N.Y.2005) ("There can be no inference of retaliatory animus where the adverse employment action occurred prior to the protected activity.").
Thus, because plaintiff alleges no facts to suggest a plausible causal nexus between her protected activity and the alleged adverse employment actions, plaintiff's retaliation claims are dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
To state a claim for a hostile work environment in violation of Title VII, a plaintiff must plead facts that would tend to show that the complained of conduct: (1) "is objectively severe or pervasive — that is, ... creates an environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive"; (2) creates an environment "that the plaintiff subjectively perceives as hostile or abusive"; and (3) "creates such an environment because of the plaintiff's sex [or disability]."
Conduct permeating a workplace that qualifies as a hostile work environment lies between that which is merely offensive and conduct or behavior which causes a tangible psychological injury. Harris, 510 U.S. at 21, 114 S.Ct. 367; Joseph v. HDMJ Rest., Inc., 970 F.Supp.2d 131, 145 (E.D.N.Y.2013). "The
The Complaint does not allege facts to suggest that defendant or any its employees subjected plaintiff to an environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive.
Other than conflicts with her colleagues, plaintiff does not specify instances of defendant's conduct that allegedly created a hostile work environment based on her sex or disability. Instead, plaintiff only alleges in a conclusory manner that defendants "engaged in "hostile work environment discrimination" and that she suffered "disrespectful treatment, retaliation and harassment which has created ... a hostile work environment" and that the conduct of her supervisors "is severe and pervasive, creating a hostile work environment that a reasonable person would consider intimidating, abusive and hostile."" (Compl. at 11, 15.) Besides generally stating that her mistreatment was "severe and pervasive," plaintiff does not specify or describe the defendant's conduct, the level of severity, pervasiveness, or frequency of the alleged harassment or disrespectful treatment, nor does she allege that any mistreatment was on account of her gender or disability. Nor does plaintiff allege or set forth any facts that defendant's acts or conduct "affected the terms and conditions of his employment" — an essential element of a hostile work environment claim. Vance, 133 S.Ct. 2434, 2441 (2013) ("[P]laintiff must show that the work environment was so pervaded by discrimination that the terms and conditions of employment were altered."); Almontaser v. New York City Dep't of Educ., No. 13-CV-5621, 2014 WL 3110019, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. July 8, 2014).
Further, even construing all of the allegations as true and drawing inferences liberally and in favor of the pro se plaintiff, there is no factual basis upon which to conclude that any of defendant's actions were taken because of plaintiff's gender or disability. See Kelly, 716 F.3d at 14 (quoting Alfano, 294 F.3d at 374) ("[I]t is axiomatic that in order to establish a sex-based hostile work environment under Title VII, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the conduct occurred because of her sex."); Lucio v. New York City Dep't of Educ., 575 Fed.Appx. 3, 5 (2d Cir.2014) (affirming dismissal of hostile work environment claim where complaint pleaded no facts "that would allow a court to draw a reasonable inference that Lucio was subjected to any mistreatment or adverse action because of her race"); Castro, 24 F.Supp.3d at 271 (dismissing hostile work environment claims where there was no basis upon which to conclude that the delay in compensation and the assignment of physical tasks occurred because plaintiff was disabled). Accordingly, plaintiff's hostile work environment claims are dismissed for failure to plausibly state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
Plaintiff alleges in her Complaint that she was "terminated without due process." (Compl. ¶ 4.) The court liberally construes plaintiff's Complaint to allege a due process claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 ("Section 1983"). In order to state a valid claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege (1) that the challenged conduct was "committed by a person acting under color of state law," and (2) that such conduct "deprived [the plaintiff] of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States."
Plaintiff alleges that she was terminated without due process. (Compl. ¶ 4.) Where a plaintiff alleges violations of procedural due process "the deprivation by state action of a constitutionally protected interest in `life, liberty, or property' is not in itself unconstitutional; what is unconstitutional is the deprivation of such an interest without due process of law." Reed v. Medford Fire Dep't, Inc., 806 F.Supp.2d 594, 609 (E.D.N.Y.2011) (citing Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 125, 110 S.Ct. 975, 108 L.Ed.2d 100 (1990) (emphasis in original)). Therefore, "[t]o plead a violation of procedural due process, a plaintiff must plausibly allege that he was deprived of property without constitutionally adequate pre- or post-deprivation process." J.S. v. T'Kach, 714 F.3d 99, 105 (2d Cir.2013) (citing Ahlers v. Rabinowitz, 684 F.3d 53, 62 (2d Cir.2012)). "[A] plaintiff must `first identify a property right, second show that the [government] has deprived him of that right, and third show that the deprivation was effected without due process.'" Id. (quoting Local 342 v. Town Bd. of Huntington, 31 F.3d 1191, 1194 (2d Cir.1994)) (second alteration in original).
Assuming that plaintiff has a property right in her continued employment, see Ciambriello v. Cnty. of Nassau, 292 F.3d 307, 313 (2d Cir.2002), she has not alleged that she was deprived of that right without due process. Other than indicating on the form complaint that she was "terminated without due process," plaintiff has alleged no facts regarding when she was terminated, how, and what process she was due but not provided. Indeed, plaintiff's due process claim fails to provide "fair notice of what the plaintiff's claim is and the grounds upon which it rests[.]" Jenkins v. St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hosp. Ctr., No. 09-CV-12, 2009 WL 3682458, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 29, 2009).
Moreover, "procedural due process is satisfied if the government provides notice and a limited opportunity to be heard prior to termination, so long as a full adversarial hearing is provided afterwards." Munafo v. Metro. Transp. Auth., 285 F.3d 201, 212 (2d Cir.2002). Indeed, as the Second Circuit has recognized, "[t]his court has held on numerous occasions that where, as here, a party sues the state and its officials and employees for the arbitrary and random deprivation of a property or liberty interest, an Article 78 proceeding is a perfectly adequate postdeprivation remedy." Grillo v. New York City Transit Auth., 291 F.3d 231, 234 (2d Cir.2002) (internal quotations and citation omitted); O'Leary v. Town of Huntington, No. 11-CV-3754, 2012 WL 3842567, at *12 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 5, 2012) (finding that procedure under Article 78 was "more than adequate" remedy with respect to plaintiff's claim that he was wrongfully terminated without due process); Rother v. NYS Dep't of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision, 970 F.Supp.2d 78, 99 (N.D.N.Y.2013) (dismissing due process claim where Article 78 proceeding was available to plaintiff challenging her constructive discharge); Monroe v. Schenectady Cnty., 1 F.Supp.2d 168, 172 (N.D.N.Y. 1997), aff'd 152 F.3d 919 (2d Cir.1998) ("It is well-established in this Circuit that a N.Y.C.P.L.R. Article 78 proceeding provides
Thus, because New York law affords plaintiff a full adversarial hearing via an Article 78 proceeding in New York State Supreme Court to dispute her termination — and indeed, plaintiff has already filed such an action — plaintiff cannot show she has been deprived of due process. See Tessler v. Paterson, 768 F.Supp.2d 661, 671 (S.D.N.Y.2011) (dismissing plaintiff's procedural due process claim where Article 78 proceeding was available to contest termination of employment and noting that "[p]laintiff must avail himself of these procedures before alleging a violation of procedural due process before [a federal] Court."); Jackson v. Roslyn Bd. of Educ., 652 F.Supp.2d 332, 345 (E.D.N.Y.2009) ("The Second Circuit has held that an Article 78 proceeding under New York law affords sufficient post-deprivation constitutional process where pre-deprivation process is impracticable.") (citations omitted); Jackson v. Roslyn Bd. of Educ., 652 F.Supp.2d 332, 343 (E.D.N.Y.2009) (citing Hodel v. Va. Surface Mining & Reclamation Ass'n, 452 U.S. 264, 299, 101 S.Ct. 2352, 69 L.Ed.2d 1 (1981)).
Plaintiff fails to state a due process claim with respect to her termination, and in any event, the due process claim fails as a matter of law. O'Leary, 2012 WL 3842567, at *13 (finding that because Article 78 was available to plaintiff to challenge his termination, due process claims could not be asserted as a matter of law). Accordingly, plaintiff's due process claim is dismissed.
Plaintiff also purports to bring her claims under the New York City Human Rights Law ("NYCHRL"), though she does not specify which claims she brings under the City law. (Compl.¶ 8.) NYCHRL claims are no longer construed to be coextensive with their federal counterparts, and must be analyzed and considered separately from the federal claims. Mihalik v. Credit Agricole Cheuvreux N. Am., Inc., 715 F.3d 102, 108-09 (2d Cir. 2013) (considering NYCHRL claims separately from Title VII claims in reversing summary judgment); Dillon v. Ned Mgmt., Inc., 85 F.Supp.3d 639, 653-54 (E.D.N.Y.2015). However, "at a minimum, employment discrimination claims [under the NYCHRL] must meet the standard of pleading set forth in Twombly and Iqbal." Fattoruso v. Hilton Grand Vacations Co., LLC, 873 F.Supp.2d 569, 576 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) aff'd, 525 Fed.Appx. 26 (2d Cir.2013) (citing Goodman v. Port Auth. of New York & New Jersey, 850 F.Supp.2d 363, 386 (S.D.N.Y.2012)). Indeed, like Title VII and the ADA, the "NYCHRL is not a general civility code ... and a defendant is not liable if the plaintiff fails to prove the conduct is caused at least in part by discriminatory or retaliatory motives, or if the defendant proves the conduct was nothing more than `petty slights or trivial inconveniences.'" Mihalik, 715 F.3d at 113 (citing Williams v. New York City Hous. Auth., 61 A.D.3d 62, 77-80, 872 N.Y.S.2d 27, 39-41 (2009)). As discussed infra, plaintiff has failed to allege plausible claims under each of her federal claims, and does not allege a plausible discriminatory or retaliatory motive based on gender or disability in any of her claims. Thus, because plaintiff is not able to plead a plausible discriminatory or retaliatory motive, her NYCHRL claims must be dismissed for failure to state a plausible claim upon which relief may be granted.
For reasons set forth herein, plaintiff's Title VII, ADA, and NYCHRL discrimination,
The court grants plaintiff fourteen (14) days to amend her complaint with respect to her Title VII discrimination, ADA discrimination, retaliation, and hostile work environment claim in a manner consistent with this decision. See Chavis v. Chappius, 618 F.3d 162, 170 (2d Cir.2010) (citing Branum v. Clark, 927 F.2d 698, 705 (2d Cir.1991)) (A pro se complaint "should not [be] dismiss[ed] without [the Court] granting leave to amend at least once when a liberal reading of the complaint gives any indication that a valid claim might be stated."). She may not replead claims that are barred by her prior July 13, 2012 settlement of her prior federal action and/or the statute of limitations prior to August 21, 2012. Because the court has provided plaintiff ample opportunity to prosecute her claims, failure to comply with the court's order will result in dismissal of plaintiff's entire action with prejudice.
Plaintiff is advised that an amended complaint does not simply add to the first complaint. Once an amended complaint is filed, it completely replaces the original. Therefore, it is important that plaintiff include in the amended complaint all the necessary information that was contained in the original complaint, except that she should not include claims pre-dating August 21, 2012, as those claims are barred by her Settlement Agreement, General Release, and the 300 day filing rule. Moreover, plaintiff shall not include her termination without due process claims as that claim fails as a matter of law. The amended complaint must be captioned as an "Amended Complaint," and bear the same docket number as this Order. The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to serve of a copy of this Order on plaintiff and note service on the docket by August 18, 2015.
