NELSON S. ROMÁN, District Judge.
Elizabeth Nussbaum ("Plaintiff") commenced this action on January 17, 2012 against Metro-North Commuter Railroad ("Metro-North") and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ("MTA") (collectively, "Defendants"). Plaintiff alleges that Defendants' negligence caused her to slip and fall inside a Metro-North train car at Cold Spring station on August 16, 2011. Before the Court is Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment wherein Defendants argue that Metro-North did not have actual or constructive notice of any unsafe or dangerous condition on the train and that as a matter of law, MTA is not a proper defendant in this action. For the following reasons, Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED.
Plaintiff Elizabeth Nussbaum was a regular commuter on Metro-North train designated number 836, which departs from Poughkeepsie at approximately 7:00 a.m. and runs to Grand Central Terminal. Nussbaum Dep. 106:3-8; Moran Dep. 6:25-7:15. After leaving Poughkeepsie, the train stops at New Hamburg and Beacon before arriving at Cold Spring station at approximately 7:21 a.m. Moran Dep. 45:5-12. By the time the train arrives at Cold Spring station, it is generally about sixty percent full. 56.1 ¶ 16. On August 16, 2011 at approximately 7:21 a.m., Plaintiff boarded train number 836, car 6442 at Cold Spring station wearing sandals with a rubber sole. Nussbaum Dep. 108:3-8. As she boarded the train, Plaintiff entered the vestibule, took two to three steps to the left into the train car, slipped and fell. 56.1 ¶ 3. Plaintiff hit her head and was injured. Id.
Joe Moran, a Metro-North employee, was the conductor on train 836 on the morning of August 16, 2011. 56.1 ¶ 13. The train was "fresh" when it left Poughkeepsie at approximately 7:00 a.m., meaning that it had been cleaned overnight. 56.1 ¶ 14. On the morning of August 16, 2011, it was overcast and rainy, and due to weather conditions, passengers had tracked water into the train. 56.1 ¶ 15. While the train was still stopped at Cold Spring, another passenger informed Mr. Moran that Plaintiff had fallen. 56.1 ¶ 17. Mr. Moran reported the fall and a standard "Report of Incident" was filed. Keaveney Dec. Ex. E.
Trains leaving from Poughkeepsie undergo a daily layover cleaning where Metro-North employees perform a three-step cleaning process. The Metro-North employees pick up large pieces of garbage, sweep smaller pieces of garbage, and then mop the floors of each train car. Boynas Dep. 9:4-16. The floors of the train care are mopped with a mixture of water and concentrated floor soap, designated as FO2276. FO2276 is manufactured by Fine Organics Corporation. Id. at 9:20-10:3. Fine Organics has been supplying Metro-North with FO2276 since before 2006. Goldberg Dep. 12:1-19; Boynas Dep. 37:7-15. FO2276 is a water-based liquid alkaline cleaner that is intended for cleaning interior surfaces of passenger cars. Goldberg Dep. 33:10-14. The recommended concentration of the solution is one part FO2276 to between ten and twenty parts water. Id at 36:15-17. This recommendation is printed on the label affixed to each bottle of FO2276. Affidavit of Ronald J. Parrington Ex. E.
A Metro-North foreman, Edward Boynas, testified that Metro-North employees
Plaintiff submitted an expert witness report from Ronald J. Parrington, P.E. FASM, president of IMR Test Labs. Maurer Dec. Ex. 13. Mr. Parrington performed a coefficient of friction test on sample railroad car floor tiles to determine the coefficients of friction of the train floor tile when dry, wet, and when introduced with four different concentrations of soap solution. Parrington Affidavit ¶ 7. To conduct the tests, Mr. Parrington used a standard test method for static and kinetic coefficients of friction, known as ASTM D 1894-11. Id. at ¶ 8. The sample tiles that Mr. Parrington used in his test were provided by Metro-North. Id. at ¶ 5. Plaintiff provided Mr. Parrington one of the shoes she was wearing at the time of her fall. Id. Mr. Parrington performed hardness testing and Fourier Transform Infrared analysis on the sole of the shoe and determined a certain material that was representative of the rubber on the sole of Plaintiff's shoe. Id. at ¶ 6. The coefficient of friction tests were then performed with this material. Id. Mr. Parrington used strips of the test flooring to test six different surfaces: dry, wet with no soap solution, wet with a solution of three parts water to one part FO2276 (3:1 solution), wet with 5:1 solution, wet with 10:1 solution, and wet with 20:1 solution. Id. at ¶ 7. Each floor sample was tested five times. Id. Based on his tests, Mr. Parrington concluded that "compared to water alone, the presence of floor cleaner/detergent residue decreases the static coefficient of friction by 15-24% and decreases the kinetic coefficient of friction by 17-28%" and that such a decrease "would be expected to have a significant contribution to the likelihood of a slip or fall." Id. at ¶ 12.
Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs motions for summary judgment. The Rule states, in pertinent part, "The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). The moving party must initially point to evidence in the record, "including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, . . . . or other materials," Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1)(A), "which it believes demonstrate[s] the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The moving party may also support an assertion that there is no genuine dispute by "showing . . . that [the] adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1)(B). If the moving party fulfills its preliminary burden, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to raise the existence of a genuine issue of material fact. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1)(A); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91
"An issue of fact is `material' for these purposes if it `might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law[,]'" Konikoff v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 234 F.3d 92, 97 (2d Cir.2000) (internal citation omitted), and a genuine dispute of material fact exists when "the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505; accord Benn v. Kissane, 510 Fed.Appx. 34, 36 (2d Cir. 2013); Gen. Star Nat'l Ins. Co. v. Universal Fabricators, Inc., 585 F.3d 662, 669 (2d Cir.2009); Roe v. City of Waterbury, 542 F.3d 31, 35 (2d Cir.2008). Courts must "constru[e] the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw[] all reasonable inferences in its favor." Fincher v. Depository Trust & Clearing Corp., 604 F.3d 712, 720 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting Allianz Ins. Co. v. Lerner, 416 F.3d 109, 113 (2d Cir.2005)). In reviewing the record, "the judge's function is not himself to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter," nor is it to determine a witness's credibility. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505; see also Kaytor v. Elec. Boat Corp., 609 F.3d 537, 545 (2d Cir.2010) ("The function of the district court in considering the motion for summary judgment is not to resolve disputed questions of fact."). Rather, "the inquiry performed is the threshold inquiry of determining whether there is the need for a trial." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505. Summary judgment should be granted when a party "fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
"Statements that are devoid of any specifics, but replete with conclusions, are insufficient to defeat a properly supported motion for summary judgment." Bickerstaff v. Vassar Coll., 196 F.3d 435, 452 (2d Cir.1999); see also Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) (nonmoving party "must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts"); FDIC v. Great Am. Ins. Co., 607 F.3d 288, 292 (2d Cir.2010) (nonmoving party "may not rely on conclusory allegations or unsubstantiated speculation" (quoting Scotto v. Almenas, 143 F.3d 105, 114 (2d Cir. 1998))). "If the evidence presented by the non-moving party is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted." Scotto v. Almenas, 143 F.3d 105, 114 (2d Cir.1998) (internal quotation marks, citations, and alterations omitted).
"While circumstantial evidence is considered [on a motion for summary judgment], mere speculation and conjecture are insufficient to defeat such a motion." Kshel Realty Corp. v. City of New York, No. 01 Civ. 9039(LMM), 2006 WL 2506389, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 30, 2006) (citing Gayle v. Gonyea, 313 F.3d 677, 684 (2d Cir.2002)); see also Harlen Assocs. v. Inc. Vill. of Mineola, 273 F.3d 494, 499 (2d Cir.2001). "`Cases grounded on wholly circumstantial evidence require a showing of sufficient facts from which the negligence of the defendant and the causation of the accident by that negligence can be reasonably inferred.'" Estate of Novack by Novack v. R.D.C. Realty, Inc., 1 F.Supp.2d 163, 167 (D.Conn.1998) (quoting Thomas v. New York City Transit Auth., 194 A.D.2d 663, 599 N.Y.S.2d 127, 128 (2d Dep't 1993)).
As a preliminary matter, the Court must decide whether the expert opinion of Mr. Parrington is admissible, as only admissible evidence may be considered when
District courts have broad discretion to determine the admissibility and qualification of experts pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 702. Stagl v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 117 F.3d 76, 81 (2d Cir.1997). Rule 702 provides:
Fed.R.Evid. 702. Under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, the Supreme Court set forth four non-exhaustive factors to determine the reliability of an expert's reasoning or methodology: (i) whether the theory or technique relied on has been tested; (ii) whether the theory or technique has been subjected to peer review and publication; (iii) whether there is a known or potential rate of error and the existence and maintenance of standards controlling the technique's operation in the case of a particular scientific technique; and (iv) whether the theory or method has been generally accepted by the scientific community. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579, 593-94, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). "[T]he trial judge must ensure that any and all scientific testimony or evidence admitted is not only relevant, but reliable." Id. at 589, 113 S.Ct. 2786. The factors set forth in Daubert are not exhaustive and are applied flexibly, especially where the testimony is based on "technical" or "other specialized knowledge," as is the case with engineers. Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 141, 119 S.Ct. 1167, 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999).
Mr. Parrington has a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in Materials Engineering from Rensselear Polytechnic Institute and has been working as an engineer since 1980. Mr. Parrington is currently the President of IMR Test Labs, a commercial materials and product testing laboratory. Additionally, Mr. Parrington teaches courses in materials engineering and failure analysis. There can be no doubt that he is qualified as an expert to testify regarding static and kinetic coefficients of friction between two surfaces. While a reasonable juror is likely to know that a floor becomes more slippery when wet, the same is not true of the change in traction of a floor that has been cleaned with a solution compared to a floor that is wet only due to water. Thus, the subject of the expert testimony is not one about which a reasonable juror would likely have knowledge and is therefore appropriate as the subject of an expert opinion.
Mr. Parrington's expert opinion states the following two conclusions:
Keaveney Dec. Ex. J IMR # 201305204A. To arrive at these conclusions, Mr. Parrington performed coefficient of friction testing using a standard test method known as ASTM D 1894-11. Defendant makes several contentions against the expert report, including: it failed to consider whether the new and unused floor tile adequately mirrored the conditions of the train at the time of the accident; it failed to consider the effect mopping had on the distribution of the soap solution; it failed to consider the effect that people walking on the floor might have; and it does not state what an acceptable coefficient of friction would be, making the conclusion unreliable. Pl. Reply Mem. 6-7. These arguments, however, do not challenge the admissibility of the expert report. The threshold matter is whether there is the need for expert testimony and whether that testimony is reliable, such that it satisfies the district judge's "gatekeeping" obligation under Daubert and Kumho Tire. Mr. Parrington, qualified in the field about which he testifies, used a standard testing method for determining kinetic and static coefficients of friction. Mr. Parrington specifies the methods used and the steps taken in conducting the tests. There is no indication that the way that Mr. Parrington carried out the tests was unreliable. Cf. Borgognone v. Trump Plaza, No. 98-CV-6139 (ILG), 2000 WL 341135, at *4-5 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2000) (expert opinion about slipperiness of floor tile not admissible because there was "no indication in [the expert's] report of the engineering protocols and methods he employed in arriving at the normative conclusions embodied within the claims. . . . [Expert] made no mention of [objective] methods or [scientific] standards in opining on these matters, appearing to rest solely on his laurels as a civil engineer. . . ."). Defendants could have challenged the method Mr. Parrington used, but that argument was not submitted. Any other challenge to Mr. Parrington's testimony is more appropriately addressed at trial. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 596, 113 S.Ct. 2786 ("Vigorous cross-examination, presentation of contrary evidence, and careful instruction on the burden of proof are the traditional and appropriate means of attacking shaky but admissible evidence."). The Court is satisfied that Mr. Parrington's testing method is reliable and concludes that the expert testimony is admissible and will therefore consider it in deciding the motion for summary judgment.
Defendants seek to dismiss the MTA as a defendant from this case, which Plaintiff does not oppose. Therefore, the MTA is dismissed as a defendant from this action.
On a summary judgment motion in an action for negligence, "`the plaintiff must introduce adequate evidence on each
As a common carrier, the Metro-North owes a duty of care to passengers on its trains of reasonable care under the circumstances. Bethel v. New York City Transit Auth., 92 N.Y.2d 348, 356, 681 N.Y.S.2d 201, 703 N.E.2d 1214 (1998) ("[A] common carrier is subject to the same duty of care as any other potential tortfeasor —reasonable care under all of the circumstances of the particular case.").
In the context of a slip and fall case, such as the one here, proving breach of duty requires a showing that "defendants created the condition which caused the accident or that the defendants had actual or constructive notice of the condition." Gaeta v. City of New York, 213 A.D.2d 509, 624 N.Y.S.2d 47, 47 (2d Dep't 1995); Acevedo v. New York City Transit Auth., 97 A.D.3d 515, 947 N.Y.S.2d 599, 600 (2d Dep't 2012) ("To impose liability upon a defendant in a trip-and-fall action, there must be evidence that a dangerous or defective condition existed, and that the defendant either created the condition or had actual or constructive notice of it.").
The first inquiry is whether there was a dangerous condition on the train. Passengers loaded at three stations prior to arriving at Cold Spring station and was approximately sixty percent full. On the morning of Plaintiff's fall, it was overcast and rainy and passengers tracked water into the train, as often happens on rainy days. Plaintiff stated that the floor of the train car was "wet" but "not puddled." Def. 56.1 ¶ 4. New York courts have long held that a defendant is not required to constantly remove moisture from the ground that has been tracked into a building lobby, subway car, train car, or other similar location due to precipitation. See Schultz v. U.S., 203 F.Supp. 941, 943 (E.D.N.Y.1962) ("[A store owner] cannot prevent some water and mud being brought into an entranceway on a rainy day and he is not responsible for injuries caused thereby unless it is shown that the construction of the store is inherently dangerous or that he failed to use care to remedy conditions which had become dangerous, after actual or constructive notice of such conditions.") (citing Miller v. Gimbel Bros., Inc., 262 N.Y. 107, 186 N.E. 410 (1933)); see also Solazzo v. New York City
Plaintiff, however, bases her case on the theory that Metro-North caused the dangerous condition on the train car by using an improperly high soap to water ratio when cleaning the floors of the train cars. Plaintiff alleges that this caused the floors to be more slippery than they otherwise would have been. The parties agree that there is no direct testimony of soap residue on the train car in the spot where Plaintiff slipped. Defendants believe this fact supports the assertion that there was no dangerous condition on the train car. Plaintiff, in response, introduced testimony from a Metro-North train conductor who stated that it was not unusual to see white residue on the floor of train cars.
Plaintiff bases her case on the fact that Defendants breached a duty by creating a defect or dangerous condition on the train car. Even assuming, arguendo, that on the day of the accident the Metro-North employees did use a higher than recommended soap concentration, of which there is no direct evidence on the record, New York case law holds that a property owner's application of a substance
Defendants did not intentionally create a dangerous condition in the train car. The record is deplete of evidence that Metro-North employees knew that using too much FO2276 in the cleaning solution would result in the train floor being more slippery than usual. Even though the label on the bottle of FO2276 recommends a certain concentration of soap solution, there is nothing to suggest that improper use would create a danger to passengers. Additionally, the label indicates that such use is "recommended," and there are no warnings to enforce such recommendation, as might be expected if improper use could be dangerous. The national sales and marketing manager of Fine Organics, Lewis Goldberg, also testified that such use was recommended.
Where the defendant is alleged to have created the dangerous condition, "usual questions of notice of the condition are irrelevant," Cook v. Rezende, 32 N.Y.2d 596, 599, 347 N.Y.S.2d 57, 300 N.E.2d 428 (1973), because an owner who creates a condition generally knows about it, as a matter of course. In Walsh v. Super Value, Inc., 76 A.D.3d 371, 374, 904 N.Y.S.2d 121 (2d Dep't 2010), however, a case cited by both Plaintiff and Defendants, the court stated that "[i]t is possible, even for a reasonable person acting reasonably, to create a dangerous or defective condition without realizing it, and remain ignorant of it for a period of time." In such a case, the court held that "absent a statute imposing strict liability, a defendant may not be held liable for creating a dangerous or defective condition upon property unless the defendant had actual,
Constructive notice is established if "a defect [is] visible and apparent and it . . . exist[s] for a sufficient length of time prior to the accident to permit defendant's employees to discover and remedy it." Gordon v. Am. Museum of Natural History, 67 N.Y.2d 836, 837, 501 N.Y.S.2d 646, 492 N.E.2d 774 (1986). "The absence of evidence demonstrating how long a condition existed prior to a plaintiff's accident constitutes a failure to establish the existence of constructive notice as a matter of law." Early, 73 A.D.3d at 561, 904 N.Y.S.2d 367.
It is uncontroverted that employees of Metro-North used FO2276 to wash the floor of train car 6442 overnight before the train was in use on August 16, 2011, as train cars overnighting in Poughkeepsie were washed every night. However, Metro-North has submitted prima facie evidence that neither it, nor its employees, was aware of the fact that the use of a high soap-to-water ratio of the solution on the floor would make the surface more slippery when wet. Although the conductor testified that he had, on occasion, noticed a white residue on the train, he testified that he did not recall seeing any residue on the morning of August 16, 2011. There were no prior complaints that day on train 836 of either a wet floor or a residue on the floor. Because there were no prior complaints and neither the Plaintiff nor the conductor saw any soap residue on the floor of the train car in question, it could not have existed long enough for defendants to remedy the condition.
"Although plaintiff's proof need not `positively exclude every other possible cause of the accident but defendant's negligence,' plaintiff is required to render those other causes sufficiently `remote' or `technical' so that the jury may reach its verdict based on logical inferences to be drawn from the evidence, not upon speculation." St. Paul Mercury Ins. Co. v. Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co. of New York, Inc., CV-04-360 (DGT), CV-04-2556 (DGT), 2007 WL 2262889, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 3, 2007) (quoting Schneider v. Kings Highway Hosp. Ctr., Inc., 67 N.Y.2d 743, 744, 500 N.Y.S.2d 95, 490 N.E.2d 1221 (1986)). The possibility that Plaintiff slipped on soap residue as opposed to the wet floor on a day when it was raining and there is testimony that passengers had tracked water in to the train car, including Plaintiff's own testimony that the floor was wet, is mere speculation, and cannot sustain Plaintiff's claim.
"To prove actual notice, plaintiff must present proof that defendants were, in fact, aware of the dangerous condition." Castellanos v. Target Dep't Stores, Inc., No. 12 Civ. 2775(GWG), 2013 WL 4017166, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 7, 2013). "[I]f [defendant] has either created the condition or has received reports or complaints [from others] about the condition" then defendant is held to be aware of the condition. Id. (citing Buskey v. Boston Mkt. Corp., No. 04 CV 2193(SJ), 2006 WL 2527826, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 14, 2006)).
It was already established the Defendants did not create the dangerous condition, as creation of a condition is defined under New York law. There is no indication, despite an exhaustive search of the Metro-North accident database, that there were any previous slip and falls caused by soap residue on the floor of the train car. In fact, Metro-North's records over the past twenty-eight years indicate that there have been a total of 114 incidents, or an average of 4 incidents a year and no indication that any are directly attributable to Metro-North's use of FO2276. The conductor of the train that day did not notice any white residue on the floor of the train car. 56.1 ¶ 11. Plaintiff herself believed the cause of her fall to be the wet floor and testified that she was looking at the ground when she was walking on the train and said that there was a "sheen" on the floor. Nussbaum Dep. 35:16-24. Metro-North, therefore, has satisfied its burden of establishing a prima facie entitlement to summary judgment by showing that a reasonable person in the Metro-North's position would not have known, and would
Plaintiff submits, in opposition, that the label on the bottle of FO2276 and Metro-North's own specifications called for a soap solution that was much less concentrated than what was typically used by Metro-North employees to clean the train. However, as stated above, there is no evidence to support the assertion that such use of the soap leads to the conclusion that Metro-North employees knew that doing so would create a dangerous condition.
Therefore, even assuming that soap residue makes the floor more slippery, Defendants have proffered evidence that Metro-North did not have actual or constructive notice of the condition of the floor. Because there is no genuine issue of fact on the question of breach, Defendants' motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff's negligence claim is granted.
Plaintiff argues that Metro-North had a duty to warn Plaintiff and other train passengers of the condition of the floor. "Without evidence legally sufficient to permit a jury to rationally infer that the defendant had constructive notice of a dangerous condition, the defendant cannot be held liable for failure to warn or to remedy the defect." Maguire by Maguire v. Southland Corp., 245 A.D.2d 347, 665 N.Y.S.2d 680, 681 (2d Dep't 1997); Herman v. State, 63 N.Y.2d 822, 823, 482 N.Y.S.2d 248, 472 N.E.2d 24 (1984) ("To be liable in damages for failure to warn of a dangerous condition, a property owner must have notice of the condition itself as well as the unreasonable risk it creates."). As discussed above, Defendants have established that there was no actual or constructive notice of a dangerous condition and therefore, Defendants cannot be held liable for failure to warn of such condition.
Based on the foregoing, the Court grants Defendants' motion for summary judgment in its entirety. The Clerk of the Court is respectfully requested to terminate the motion (Doc. 33) and close this case.
SO ORDERED.
Moran Dep. 39:21-40:10.
