AMENDED MEMORANDUM

ERIC L. FRANK, Bankruptcy Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

In this adversary proceeding, Plaintiff Geraldine Bernadin ("the Debtor"), a chapter 13 debtor, seeks the entire or partial disallowance of a proof of claim ("the POC" or "the Claim") filed by Defendant U.S. Bank National Association ("U.S. Bank"). The Debtor also seeks affirmative relief under the Fair Debt Collections Practices Act ("the FDCPA"), 15 U.S.C. §§1692 et seq.

U.S. Bank holds the mortgage on the Debtor's residential real property. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC ("Ocwen") services the mortgage and also is a named defendant.1 The law firm Phelan Hallinan Diamond & Jones, LLP ("Phelan Hallinan") signed and filed the POC on behalf of U.S. Bank. Phelan Hallinan was initially named as a co-defendant, but the Debtor withdrew her claims against the law firm.

U.S. Bank and Ocwen filed a motion to dismiss the Complaint ("the Motion").

For the reasons that follow, I will grant the Motion in large part. The claims in the Complaint against U.S. Bank will be dismissed with prejudice except for Count II. Count II will be dismissed in part, but survives the Motion insofar as the Debtor seeks partial disallowance of the charges included in the POC for escrow advances made by U.S. Bank after it obtained a judgment in foreclosure against the Debtor's property.

As for Ocwen, I conclude that the Debtor's FDCPA claim fails to state a claim. However, as explained in Part V, below, I lack authority to enter a final judgment in favor of Ocwen and against the Debtor. Therefore, my order will include a recommendation that the district court dismiss Count IV of the Complaint and provide for transmission of the matter to the district court for further action.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

The following is a summary of the relevant facts alleged in the Complaint.

The Debtor has a 49% interest as a tenant in common in the residential property located at 1205 Stirling Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ("the Property"). The other tenants in common are Daunoun Dubuisson, a\k\a Daudouin Dubuisson ("Daudouin"), who has a 49% interest, and Nativita Dubuisson Gregory ("Nativita"), who has 2% interest.

On June 16, 2015, U.S. Bank obtained a foreclosure judgment by default against the Debtor and her co-owners in the amount of $161,958.16 ("the Foreclosure Judgment").

After the Debtor filed this bankruptcy case in 2018, U.S. Bank filed the POC. In the POC, U.S. Bank asserts a secured claim against the Debtor in the amount of $192,536.07.

The POC states that the basis of U.S. Bank's secured position is a mortgage ("the Mortgage") dated May 31, 2005 in favor of Mortgage Electronic Registration System "as nominee for Lender and Lender's successors and assigns." The "Lender" is defined in the Mortgage as "GreenPoint Mortgage Funding, Inc." ("GreenPoint").

The underlying note, a promissory note in the original principal amount of $144,400.00 ("the Note"), dated May 31, 2005, is also attached to the POC. Significantly, the Note provides that the loan is payable over thirty (30) years with a maturity date of June 1, 2035.

The "Borrower" and signatories on the mortgage are Daudouin, Nativita, and the Debtor. The Note was signed only by Daudouin and Nativita, and not by the Debtor.

Subsequently, GreenPoint endorsed the Note in favor of Wachovia Bank National Association as Trustee ("Wachovia"). The Note contains no further endorsements. However, in August 2011, GreenPoint executed an assignment of the Mortgage in favor of "U.S. Bank, National Association, as Successor Trustee to Wachovia Bank, N.A., as Trustee."

The POC and the attached payment history seek payment for advances that U.S. Bank made for real estate taxes and insurance premiums arising after the entry of the Foreclosure Judgment. The POC does not refer to the Foreclosure Judgment.

The Mortgage and Note do not specify that the borrower's duties to pay taxes and maintain insurance and to reimburse the mortgagee for advances made by the mortgagee survive the merger of the Mortgage into the Foreclosure Judgment.

III. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The Debtor commenced a chapter 13 bankruptcy case on April 23, 2018. On June 26, 2018, U.S. Bank filed its POC, asserting a claim secured by the Debtor's residence in the amount of $192,536.07.

The Debtor initiated this adversary proceeding by filing the Complaint on December 4, 2018, naming U.S. Bank, Ocwen, and Phelan Hallinan as defendants.

Two (2) motions to dismiss were filed on January 28, 2019, one (1) by Phelan Hallinan and the other by U.S. Bank with Ocwen. (See Adv. Doc. #'s 11, 12). The Debtor timely responded to both motions. (See Adv. Doc. #'s 20, 22).

In response to Phelan Hallinan's motion, the Debtor voluntarily withdrew Count IV of the Complaint as to Phelan Hallinan, effectively dismissing the firm from this litigation. (See Adv. Doc. #'s 22, 23). In her response to the pending U.S. Bank/Ocwen Motion, the Debtor also withdrew several of her causes of action. See n.1, supra.

The following claims remain for purposes of the Motion.

In Count I, the Debtor seeks disallowance of the Claim in its entirety. The Debtor asserts that U.S. Bank lacks the authority to enforce the Claim because it is neither the holder nor the possessor of the Note on which the POC is based.

In Count II, asserted as an alternative to Count I, the Debtor contends that even if U.S. Bank has standing to assert its Claim, the Claim must be limited to the amount of the Foreclosure Judgment, $161.958.16, plus accrued interest,2 minus payments made since the entry of the judgment. The crux of the cause of action is the Debtor's contention that the merger doctrine prevents U.S. Bank from collecting advances made after the entry of the Foreclosure Judgment.

In Count III, the Debtor asserts two (2) distinct causes of action. The first is a request for a determination that the allowed secured claim be limited to the value of U.S. Bank's interest in the bankruptcy estate's interest in the real property serving as collateral for the claim. See 11 U.S.C. §506(a). The second is a request under the FDCPA for damages and attorney's fees to be used to reduce U.S. Bank's allowed secured claim.3

In Count IV, the Debtor asserts a claim against Ocwen for violation of the FDCPA.

IV. LEGAL STANDARD — MOTION TO DISMISS

A motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the factual allegations of a complaint, see Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 183 (3d Cir. 1993), and determines whether the plaintiff is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims, Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 563 n.8 (2007). A defendant is entitled to dismissal of a complaint only if the plaintiff has not pled enough facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 547. A claim is facially plausible where the facts set forth in the complaint allow the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).

The Third Circuit has set forth a three (3) part test for evaluating a motion to dismiss:

Santiago v. Warminster Twp., 629 F.3d 121, 130 (3d Cir. 2010) (quotations and citations omitted).

When considering the merits of a motion to dismiss, the court is required to accept as true all allegations in the complaint and all reasonable inferences that can be drawn therefrom, viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. E.g., Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69 (1984); Taliaferro v. Darby Twp Zoning Board, 458 F.3d 181, 188 (3d Cir. 2006). In doing so, the court may "consider the allegations in the complaint, exhibits attached to the complaint and matters of public record ... [as well as] `undisputedly authentic' documents where the plaintiff's claims are based on the documents and the defendant has attached a copy of the document to the motion to dismiss." Unite Nat'l Ret. Fund v. Rosal Sportswear, Inc., 2007 WL 2713051, at *4 (M.D. Pa. Sept. 14, 2007) (citing Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. White Consol. Indus., Inc., 998 F.2d 1192, 1196 (3d Cir. 1993)); see also In re Angulo, 2010 WL 1727999, at *12 n. 1 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. Apr. 23, 2010).

V. JURISDICTION

Before proceeding to the merits, I must begin by determining whether I have authority to enter a final order with respect to the claims stated in the Complaint.

As explained below, I conclude that the bankruptcy court has jurisdiction to hear all of the claims raised in the Complaint and has authority to enter a final order, except with respect to the Debtor's Count IV FDCPA claim against Ocwen.

A. Overview

Under 28 U.S.C. §1334(b), the bankruptcy court has subject matter jurisdiction over all proceedings "arising under" the Bankruptcy Code, "arising in" a bankruptcy case and "related to" a bankruptcy case. E.g., In re Combustion Eng'g, Inc., 391 F.3d 190, 225-26 (3d Cir. 2004).4

Once subject matter jurisdiction exists, the bankruptcy court must determine whether a proceeding is "core" or "non-core." The core/non-core distinction is significant because it determines the bankruptcy court's level of decision-making authority. See In re Seven Fields Dev. Corp., 505 F.3d 237, 254 (3d Cir. 2007). The bankruptcy court has the statutory authority to determine all core matters. See 11 U.S.C. § 157(b)(1). In a non-core proceeding, the bankruptcy court may not enter a final judgment, but may only submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the district court for de novo review, unless all parties agree that a final judgment may be entered by the bankruptcy court. See 28 U.S.C. § 157(c); see also Halper v. Halper, 164 F.3d 830, 836 (3d Cir. 1999).5

To determine whether a proceeding is core, the court must consult 28 U.S.C. § 157(b), which sets forth an illustrative list of core proceedings, and evaluate whether the proceeding involves claims that invoke a substantive right provided by the Bankruptcy Code or claims that could arise only in the context of a bankruptcy case. Halper, 164 F.3d at 836. Non-core proceedings include the broader universe of all proceedings that are not core proceedings but are nevertheless "related to" a bankruptcy case." Id. at 837. A proceeding is related to the bankruptcy case if it has the potential of affecting the bankruptcy estate, i.e., the outcome of the proceeding will affect in some manner the property to be administered by the bankruptcy trustee or the amount or priority of claims to be repaid. See Pacor, Inc. v. Higgins, 743 F.2d 984, 994 (3d Cir. 1984), overruled on other grounds, Things Remembered, Inc. v. Petrarca, 516 U.S. 124 (1995); In re Shuman, 277 B.R. 638, 647 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 2001).

In a proceeding involving multiple causes of action, the court must examine each cause of action separately and determine its authority to enter a final judgment as to each claim. In re Mullarkey, 536 F.3d 215, 223 (3d Cir. 2008); Halper, 164 F.3d at 839); In re Drauschak, 481 B.R. 330, 339 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 2012).

B. Analysis of the Debtor's Claims

To analyze the extent of my authority to enter a final order in this proceeding, I find it helpful to engage in a functional analysis of the Debtor's claims.

In Counts I-III of the complaint, the Debtor's invokes various legal theories in seeking relief against U.S. Bank Significantly, in each Count, the Debtor seeks only the partial or complete disallowance of the POC. (See Compl., Count I-III). Even in connection with her FDCPA claim, which could result in the entry of an affirmative money judgment against U.S. Bank, see 15 U.S.C. §1692k(a), the Debtor seeks only to "reduce the allowed secured claim by. . $1,000.00 in statutory damages under the FDCPA," rather than the entry of a money judgment. (Compl., Count III Request for Relief).

There is no reason to question this court's jurisdiction over the Debtor's claims against U.S. Bank. A proceeding relating to the allowance or disallowance of a proof of claim is a matter that "arises in" the bankruptcy case within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. §1334(b). See In re Guild & Gallery Plus, Inc., 72 F.3d 1171, 1178 (3d Cir. 1996) (referring to the filing of proof of claim as a matter that "would arise only in bankruptcy"). And, the proceeding is a statutory core matter under 28 U.S.C. §157(b)(2)(B). Consequently, the bankruptcy court may enter a final order resolving all of the Debtor's claims against U.S. Bank. See 28 U.S.C. §157(b)(1).6

Count IV stands on a different footing. In Count IV, the Debtor asserts a claim against Ocwen for a violation of the FDCPA. The relief sought is the entry of a money judgment against Ocwen; not the reduction of the proof of claim (as in the case of U.S. Bank). (Compl., Count IV, Request for Relief).

There is no doubt that the court has subject matter jurisdiction over the FDCPA claim against Ocwen because it is "related to" the bankruptcy case. The claim, which arose post-petition, is property of the bankruptcy estate, see 11 U.S.C. §1306(a)(1), and the bankruptcy court has jurisdiction over estate property. 28 U.S.C. §1334(e). Moreover, the outcome may affect case administration; if successful the claim could result in the receipt of money the Debtor can use to fund her chapter 13 plan.

However, the Debtor's FDCPA claim against Ocwen is non-core. It does not emanate in any way from the Bankruptcy Code. FDCPA claims generally do not depend on the existence of a bankruptcy case to be viable.7 And, the determination of the claim against Ocwen will not affect the allowance of U.S. Bank's POC, even if the relief requested is granted. Accordingly, the court lacks authority to enter a final judgment over this non-core claim absent consent of the parties. Accord In re Feggins, 540 B.R. 895, 900 (Bankr. M.D. Ala. 2015), aff'd sub nom. LVNV Funding, LLC v. Feggins, 2016 WL 4582061 (M.D. Ala. Sept. 2, 2016).

The Debtor has consented to the entry of a final judgment in this adversary proceeding,8 but Ocwen has not.9 Yet, in the Motion, Ocwen requests that the bankruptcy court enter an order dismissing the Debtor's claims with prejudice.

Ocwen's initial lack of consent takes precedence over its later request for the entry of a final judgment.

A party cannot have it both ways, declining to consent to the court the entry of an adverse judgment but also asking the court to enter a favorable judgment against its party-opponent. "Heads I win, tails you lose" is fundamentally unfair. The consequence of Ocwen's lack of consent is inexorable: any final order on the non-core claim — be it favorable or unfavorable to the non-consenting party — must be entered by the district court.

As explained in Part VI.E., infra, I conclude that the Debtor has failed to state a claim against Ocwen under the FDCPA. Therefore, my order resolving the Motion will recommend that the district court dismiss Count IV of the Complaint and provide for the Clerk to transmit this Memorandum and the accompanying order to the district court for further proceedings.

VI. DISCUSSION

A. Count I Will Be Dismissed Based on the Doctrine of Res Judicata

1.

In Count I, the Debtor asserts that U.S. Bank's claim should be disallowed because the creditor cannot establish that it is entitled to enforce the Note and Mortgage on which the claim is based. The Debtor asserts that U.S. Bank is neither the holder nor the possessor of the Note.10

In response, U.S. Bank points to the Foreclosure Judgment and asserts that the Debtor's objection in Count I to the validity of the Claim is precluded by the doctrine of res judicata. I agree.11

2.

Res judicata, also referred to as claim preclusion, provides that a final judgment on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction precludes any future suit between the parties or their privies on the same cause of action. E.g., Balent v. City of Wilkes-Barre, 669 A.2d 309, 313 (Pa. 1995).12

The Pennsylvania courts often frame the res judicata elements as involving a final judgment in which there are an "(1) identity of issues; (2) identity in the cause of action; (3) identity of persons and parties to the action; and (4) identity of the capacity of the parties suing or being sued," in the present lawsuit and the prior lawsuit in which the judgment was entered. E.g., In re Estate of Plance, 175 A.3d 249, 270 (Pa. 2017) (quoting Daley v. A.W. Chesterton, Inc., 37 A.3d 1175, 1189-90 (Pa. 2012); see also City of Pittsburgh v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment of City of Pittsburgh, 559 A.2d 896, 901 (Pa. 1989) (stating the four (4) elements slightly differently).

As explained below, I conclude that all four (4) of these elements are satisfied here and that, based on the state court Foreclosure Judgment, the Debtor is precluded from challenging U.S. Bank's status as the holder of an allowable claim.

3.

It is frequently stated that the purpose of an action in mortgage foreclosure in Pennsylvania is to determine whether a creditor secured by a mortgage may realize its collateral by subjecting the secured property to sheriff's sale. See, e.g., Nicholas v. Hofmann, 158 A.3d 675, 696 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2017); New York Guardian Mortg. Corp. v. Dietzel, 524 A.2d 951, 953 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1987). However, along with the determination that the mortgage holder is entitled to sell its collateral is the requirement that the court determine the amount of the debt secured by the mortgage. As one commentator observed:

See I. Ackelsberg, Residential Mortgage Foreclosure §9.1 (2011) (citations and quotations omitted).

The requirement that a foreclosure action determine the amount of indebtedness secured by the mortgaged property is reflected in the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure. Pa. R. Civ. P. 1147(a)(6) requires that a foreclosure complaint set forth "a demand for judgment in the amount due."13

There is a practical reason for this requirement:

4 Goodrich Amram 2d §1147(a)(6):1 (West 2019).

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has endorsed this principle, stating expressly: "Judgment in a mortgage foreclosure action must be entered for a sum certain or no execution could ever issue on it." Landau v. W. Pennsylvania Nat. Bank, 282 A.2d 335, 340 (Pa. 1971); see also Moncrief v. Chase Manhattan Mortg. Co., 275 F. App'x 149, 153, n.5 (3d Cir. 2008) (nonprecedential).14

In this case, U.S. Bank obtained a judgment in mortgage foreclosure in a liquidated amount, $161,958.16. The Foreclosure Judgment is a judicial determination that U.S. Bank has the right to foreclose against the Property based on that unpaid debt, i.e., that the Property is "liable" for this amount.

The Foreclosure Judgment thus necessarily determined that U.S. Bank has an allowable claim against the Property and, by extension, against the Debtor. 11 U.S.C. §101 defines a "claim" as "right to payment" whether "secured or unsecured" and it is incontrovertible that a claim enforceable against property of the bankruptcy estate is an allowable claim even if the debtor has no personal liability. See 11 U.S.C. §102(2); see also Johnson v. Home State Bank, 501 U.S. 78, 85 (1991) ("a creditor who. . . has a claim enforceable only against the debtor's property nonetheless has a `claim against the debtor' for purposes of the [Bankruptcy] Code").

This adversary proceeding involves the same parties as the action in which the Foreclosure Judgment was entered. The issue determined adversely to the Debtor in the prior action is the same as the claim the Debtor asserts here — whether the Property is liable to U.S. Bank for an unpaid debt. The parties are acting in the same capacity in both proceedings.

For these reasons, U.S. Bank may invoke the doctrine of res judicata to preclude the Debtor from challenging its status as the holder of an allowable bankruptcy claim. Therefore, Count I will be dismissed.15

B. Count II, for Partial Disallowance of the POC Will Be Dismissed, But Only in Part

1.

In Count II the Debtor asserts that U.S. Bank may not collect escrow advances and legal expenses in connection with the foreclosure process that were incurred after the entry of the Foreclosure Judgment. Based on the itemization attached to the POC, the Debtor calculates these amounts as $8,611.60 and $4,222.98 respectively. (See Response at 11).

The Debtor invokes the merger doctrine, which I summarized in a prior case:

In re Cohen-Harvin, 571 B.R. 672, 675 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 2017).

U.S. Bank seeks dismissal of Count II on the ground that that the exception to the merger doctrine applies, i.e., the parties intended the provision of the Mortgage that authorizes fee-shifting in connection with the enforcement of the Mortgage to survive the entry of judgment.

In making this argument, however, U.S. Bank makes no reference to the post-judgment escrow advances; its argument addresses only the disputed post-judgment legal expenses. Based on the limited argument actually made by U.S. Bank and my independent review of the Mortgage, I see no basis to dismiss Count II insofar as the Debtor seeks to reduce U.S. Bank's allowed claim by the amount of the post-judgment escrow advances. See, e.g., In re Culler, 584 B.R. 516, 523-24 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 2018) (collecting cases).

In response to U.S. Bank's argument regarding the post-judgment legal expenses included in the POC, the Debtor contends that:

(See Debtor's Response at 13-18).

The Debtor's argument is respectable. However, for the reasons stated below, I conclude that there is no conflict between Stendardo and Biddle and that Biddle was correctly decided.

Thus, I conclude that Count II states a claim for partial disallowance of the POC with respect to post-judgment escrow advances but does not state a claim with respect to post-judgment legal expenses.

2.

Section 22 of the Mortgage at issue here is titled "Acceleration; Remedies." After providing that the lender must give notice to the borrower before accelerating the balance due, including notice of the borrower's right to cure a default, this provision provides that if the default is not cured, the lender

(emphasis added).

In Biddle, the Pennsylvania Superior Court construed a mortgage containing nearly the exact same language. 114 A.3d at 1067. Focusing on the phrase "the remedies provided in this paragraph" to include the right to "foreclose . . . by judicial proceeding," the court construed the term "foreclose by judicial proceeding" to encompass the entire foreclosure process through sheriff's sale and not just the initiation of a foreclosure complaint through the procurement of a judgment in foreclosure. Consequently, Biddle read the relevant provision of the mortgage to manifest the parties' intent to "contract around" the merger doctrine in order to provide the lender with the right to reimbursement of its post-judgment attorney's fees, costs, and title evidence, notwithstanding the merger doctrine.

The issue in Stendardo, on the other hand, was whether the debtor was liable for the lender's post-judgment advances for real estate taxes and property insurance premiums. The mortgage in that case included the following provision:

991 F.2d at 1096-97 (emphasis in original).

In applying the merger doctrine and ruling for the debtor, the Stendardo court reasoned as follows:

Id. at 1095-96.

3.

The Debtor asserts that a conflict exists between Stendardo and Biddle. I disagree. The cases are distinguishable. The different outcomes are due to differences in the relevant language of the provisions of the documents being construed by the court, not an irreconcilable conflict in the legal standards being applied.

The Stendardo mortgage described the remedy for default as the right to proceed to judgment and execution to recover "said" principal, interest and advances for taxes, water and insurance. The Third Circuit read that phrase to refer back to the phrase "default . . . in the payment of any installment . . . or any monthly payment." Thus, the right to recover referenced in this provision is the right to recover amounts included in the pre-judgment default. Hence, the Court thus concluded that the mortgage "lacks any language indicating that this obligation is to survive foreclosure." 991 F.2d at 1096.

The language in the mortgage in Biddle is different. The Biddle mortgage refers to the right to recover "expenses incurred" in pursuing the Section 22 remedies, rather than the recovery of sums related to the pre-judgment default, as in Stendardo. In short, different mortgage provisions, different text — no conflict between the cases.

4.

The Debtor next argues that Biddle was decided incorrectly and that I should not follow it. Again, I disagree.

The main thrust of Biddle — that the lender's right to reimbursement for expenses incurred in exercising its foreclosure remedy refers to the entire foreclosure process, not just the entry of judgment — is supported not only by the common understanding that a "foreclosure" is not complete upon the entry of judgment, but, more importantly, by a close reading of the text the mortgage.

The provision in this proceeding, Section 22 of the Mortgage, states that the lender's remedies include "foreclosure by judicial proceeding and sale of the Property" (emphasis added). In other words, the sale of the property (after the entry of a foreclosure judgment) is identified as separate Section 22 remedies. This duality also is reflect in the provision authorizing the lender to obtain reimbursement for its expenses, which refers to expenses "incurred in pursuing the remedies provided in this Section 22." (emphasis added). Thus, the last sentence of Section 22 includes all post-judgment legal expenses necessarily incurred in exposing the mortgaged property to a sheriff's sale.

The Debtor argues against this construction of Section 22 by comparing it to Section 27, which states:

The Debtor highlights the express reference to the continued applicability of the contract interest rate "after judgment" in Paragraph 27 as standing "in stark contrast" to the language in Section 22. (Response at 13). The Debtor contends that the comparison of the two (2) provisions demonstrates that if the parties intended the lender's right to reimbursement of legal expenses survive the merger of the Mortgage into the judgment, Section 22 would have made some express reference to the lender's rights "after judgment." In addition, the Debtor contends that the comparison of the two (2) provisions, at the very least, establishes that Section 22 is ambiguous and that its meaning is a question of fact that must be determined at trial. See Commonwealth by Shapiro v. UPMC, 208 A.3d 898, 910 (Pa. 2019) (citing and quoting Ins. Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 905 A.2d 462, 468-69 (Pa. 2006)).

This argument has some force, but ultimately, I am not persuaded.

I remain convinced by the Biddle court's holding that the terms "foreclosure" and "sale of the property" are unambiguous and refer to two phases of the entire process, not just the entry of judgment, and further, that the right to reimbursement for the expenses incurred in exercising Paragraph 22 remedies encompasses the post-judgment process of bringing the property to sheriff's sale. The lack of parallelism between Paragraphs 22 and 27 reflects only that similar 21 concepts can be expressed using different words. That different language was employed does not, on its own, create an ambiguity.16

Further, the absence of more specific language in Paragraph 22 cuts both ways. If the parties intended to restrict the lender's reimbursement rights post-judgment, they easily could have expressed that intent by stating that the lender shall be entitled to collect expenses incurred "in obtaining a judgment in foreclosure," rather than the broader reference to "pursuing the remedies" provided in Paragraph 22, which include "foreclosure by judicial proceeding and sale of the Property." (emphasis added).

For all these reasons, I conclude that Count II should be dismissed insofar as the Debtor seeks the per se disallowance of the post-judgment legal expenses based on the merger doctrine. However, Count II may proceed as to post-judgment escrow advances itemized in the POC.

C. The Count III §506(a), (d) Claim Will Be Dismissed Because 11 U.S.C. §1322(b)(2) Precludes the Modification of U.S. Bank's Secured Claim

1.

In Count III, the Debtor invokes 11 U.S.C. §506(a) and (d) and seeks an order bifurcating U.S. Bank's Claim into secured and unsecured components, as well as a determination that any lien U.S. Bank may have on the Property is void to the extent the total claim exceeds the amount of the allowed secured claim. The Debtor posits that U.S. Banks's claim is secured only to the extent of its interest in the Debtor's (i.e., the estate's) interest in the Property. See 11 U.S.C. §506(a).

After taking into account that there are approximately $3,800 in liens against the Property with priority over U.S. Bank's position, the Debtor asserts that U.S. Bank's allowed secured claim is limited to 49% of the remaining value of the Property (because the Debtor has only a 49% interest in the Property). The Debtor's legal theory, if applied, would reduce U.S. Bank's allowed secured claim to approximately $45,000. (See Response at 5).

The potential roadblock in the way of the Debtor's approach is the oft-litigated "anti-modification" provision, 11 U.S.C. §1322(b)(2), which provides, in pertinent part, that a chapter 13 plan may "modify the rights of holders of secured claims, other than a claim secured only by a security interest in real property that is the debtor's principal residence." (emphasis added).

The Debtor attempts to address this problem by invoking 11 U.S.C. §1322(c)(2), a provision that, in certain circumstances discussed more fully below, overrides §1322(b)(2)'s anti-modification provision.17

Section 1322(c)(2) provides:

(c) Notwithstanding subsection (b)(2) and applicable nonbankruptcy law—

(emphasis added).

As explained below, I conclude that §1322(c)(2) is inapplicable in this case. Therefore, the anti-modification clause of §1322(b)(2) prevents the Debtor from modifying U.S. Bank's secured claim.

2.

To understand the relationship between §1322(b)(2) and §1322(c)(2), and why the Debtor's argument fails, it is helpful to begin with some background and history.

Generally, 11 U.S.C. §1322 sets out the types of provisions a debtor may include in a chapter 13 plan. One significant rehabilitation tool accorded a chapter 13 debtor is the right to cure prepetition defaults. See 11 U.S.C. §1322(b)(5). Another part of the chapter 13 toolkit is found in §1322(b)(2), which authorizes the modification of the rights of both secured and unsecured creditors. Both §1322(b)(2) and (b)(5) permit a debtor to devise a plan that stretches out over time payments that the debtor cannot otherwise pay in accordance with the contract terms and applicable nonbankruptcy law. See First Nat'l Fidelity Corp v. Perry, 945 F.2d 61, 64 (3d Cir. 1991).

As mentioned earlier, §1322(b)(2) includes a limitation on the power to modify certain claims secured only by real property that is the debtor's principal residence. The prohibition against the modification of those residential mortgages was intended to provide better access to home financing by assuring lenders that their commitments and expectations would not be "frustrated." Perry, 945 F.2d at 64.

In 1987 and 1991, the Third Circuit issued two (2) decisions that restricted a debtor's ability to use §1322(b)(2) and (b)(5).

In the first of the two (2) decisions, In re Roach, 824 F.2d 1370 (3d Cir.1987), the court held that §1322(b)(5) permits a cure of any secured claims on which the last payment on the claim is due after the final plan payment, notwithstanding a pre-bankruptcy acceleration of the debt. Id. at 1376-77. However, the court also held that, under New Jersey law, a lender has an immediate right to payment in full upon the entry of a foreclosure judgment and, therefore, a debtor's right to invoke the cure provisions of §1322(b)(5) terminates upon the entry of judgment. Id. at 1378-79 ("[I]n the absence of statutory language, legislative history, or a significant federal interest mandating federal interference with state foreclosure judgments, we are constrained to hold that in New Jersey the right to cure a default on a home mortgage under § 1322(b) does not extend beyond the entry of a foreclosure judgment").

In the second of the two (2) decisions, Perry, the court read 11 U.S.C. §1322(b)(2)'s anti-modification clause expansively to preclude the confirmation of a chapter 13 plan that proposed to pay a foreclosure judgment in full over the term of the plan. The court reasoned:

945 F.2d at 65.

Against this judicial backdrop, in 1994 Congress enacted 11 U.S.C. §1322(c)(1) and (2).

Section 1322(c)(1) provides that "notwithstanding subsection (b)(2)," a debtor may cure a default pursuant to §1322(b)(3) or (5) "until such residence is sold at a foreclosure sale that is conducted in accordance with applicable nonbankruptcy law." Thus, §1322(c)(1) established that the deadline for curing a default under the Bankruptcy Code is set by federal law (unless state law provides more expansive "cure" rights)18 and permits a chapter 13 debtor to cure a default and reinstate a mortgage even after the entry of a foreclosure judgment, thereby legislatively overruling Roach. See, e.g., In re Mendez, 600 B.R. 321, 328 (Bankr. D.N.J. 2019).19

Section 1322(c)(2) expressly authorizes the modification of a claim secured only by a security interest in real property (i.e., a mortgage) and its payment in full pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §1322(a)(5),20 if "the last payment on the original payment schedule . . . is due before the date on which the final payment under the plan is due." The legislative history states that the amendments "overrule . . . the result in [Perry] with respect to mortgages on which the last payment on the original payment schedule is due before the date on which the final payment under the plan is due." H.R. Rep. 103-835, 103rd Cong. 2nd Sess. 52.21

3.

In this proceeding, the Debtor invokes §1322(c)(2).

The Debtor proposes to modify the Foreclosure Judgment by reducing the amount of U.S. Bank's allowed secured claim pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §506(a) and then paying the reduced, allowed claim over the life of the plan. The Debtor argues that the Foreclosure Judgment is a matured claim on which the last payment is due before the final payment under her proposed chapter 13 plan and thus that the §1322(b)(2) anti-modification clause may be overridden by § 1322(c)(2).

To resolve this issue, I must decide whether §1322(c)(2) permits a chapter 13 debtor to provide for the modification and payoff of a secured claim pursuant to §1325(a)(5) where the claim is presently based on a foreclosure judgment, but was originally based on a security interest in the debtor's principal residence with a maturity date after the date on which the last chapter 13 plan payment is due. In other words, the question is whether the Foreclosure Judgment effectively transforms a long-term debt into a short-term debt because the judgment rendered the debt immediately payable, bringing it within the scope of §1322(c)(2).22

This is not a new issue and several courts have opined on the subject.

The Debtor principally relies on In re Nepil, 206 B.R. 72 (Bankr. N.J. 1997). In Nepil, the bankruptcy court permitted the debtors to pay off a foreclosure judgment over the life of the plan, notwithstanding the duration of the underlying mortgage. To begin its statutory construction, the court first concluded the language of §1322(c)(2) was not clear. Noting that the Bankruptcy Code does not define the words "original payment schedule," the court found the phrase might take on "substantially different meanings depending on whether it is read broadly or narrowly." Id. at 74. The court explained:

Id.

Emphasizing that the statute is designed to afford debtors in chapter 13 a greater opportunity to form flexible payment plans in order to retain their homes, Nepil interpreted the language of §1322(c)(2) broadly to apply to a foreclosure judgment, with the caveat that its decision should not be construed as providing foreclosure judgment holders with anything less than the full amount of their judgment. The court stated:

Nepil, 206 B.R. at 72; accord In re Winogora, 209 B.R. 632, 635 (Bankr. D.N.J. 1997).

There is contrary authority.

In re Rowe, 239 B.R. 44 (Bankr. D. N.J. 1999) found the language of §1322(c)(2) to be clear and deemed the term "original payment schedule" in §1322(c)(2) to refer only to those mortgages that mature prior to the last payment under the plan, i.e., (1) short term mortgages; (2) mortgages with balloon payments maturing before the date on which the last payment under the plan is due; and (3) long term mortgages maturing prior to the date on which the last payment under the plan is due.

Rowe concluded that the phrase "original payment schedule" does not extend §1322(c)(2) to cases in which a foreclosure judgment accelerated the mortgage. The court reasoned that Congress intended to protect debtors with short term mortgages because those types of loans are riskier for debtors. Further, Congress intended to provide additional protection to debtors with long-term mortgages that mature prior to a final payment under a chapter 13 plan because such debtors have already made most of their loan payments and likely have acquired substantial equity in the residence — a worthy competing interest as compared to the policy of protecting the mortgage industry by way of the anti-modification clause. See Rowe, 239 B.R. at 49-52. In rejecting the reasoning of Nepil and Winogora, Rowe concluded that the references to "curing" or "modifying" in §1322(c)(1) and §1322(c)(2) respectively, speak to the underlying mortgage, not the foreclosure judgment. Rowe, 239 B.R. at 52.

Fifteen (15) years after Rowe was decided, a bankruptcy court in the Middle District of Pennsylvania followed its holding. See In re Barbone, 2014 WL 4976822 (Bankr. M.D. Pa. Oct. 3, 2014). The court stated: "Logic would suggest that the simple acceleration of the mortgage would not change `the original payment schedule of the claim' and whether it comes due during the term of the plan." Id. at *1. Consequently, Barbone rejected the debtors' attempt to apply §1322(c)(2) to strip off a second mortgage that had been accelerated but not subjected to foreclosure.

More recently, In re Goione, 595 B.R. 477, 486 (Bankr. D.N.J. 2019) acknowledged that courts have struggled with the phrase "last payment on the original payment schedule" and whether that encompasses foreclosure judgments or mortgages with maturity dates falling after the final chapter 13 plan payment. Persuaded by the prior decisions of Rowe and Barbone, the Goione court concluded that §1322(c)(2) does not encompass long-term mortgages that have been reduced to a foreclosure judgment. Goione, 595 B.R. 477 at 486-87. Other courts have reached the same conclusion. See In re Hinds-Santiago, 2015 WL 239211 (Bankr. S.D. Fla Jan 15, 2015); In re Anderson, 458 B.R. 494 (Bankr. E.D. Wis. 2011); In re Duran, 271 B.R. 888 (Bankr. D. Wy 2001).

I am persuaded by the second line of cases described above.

The language "original payment schedule" is plain and clear. It can only refer to the last payment due under the original note rather than to the date the accelerated debt is due. Otherwise, the words "original payment schedule" would be rendered meaningless. As explained by Rowe, had Congress intended §1322(c)(2) to include accelerated loans and foreclosure judgments so that the last payment of those types of debts became "due before the date on which the final payment under the plan is due," the phrase "original payment schedule" — referring to the unaltered remittance timetable — would have been omitted. Rowe, 239 B.R. at 50.

For these reasons, I conclude that the Debtor cannot wedge U.S. Bank's long-term mortgage debt into §1322(c)(2) simply because the debt was accelerated and reduced to judgment pre-petition. As a result, the anti-modification clause of §1322(b)(2) prevents the Debtor from obtaining the relief requested in Count III because the relief would modify U.S. Bank's rights. See Nobelman v. Am. Sav. Bank, 508 U.S. 324 (1993). Count III will be dismissed to the extent the Debtor seeks a determination that U.S. Bank's claim may be modified through a §506(a) bifurcation and then paid in full pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §1325(a)(5).

D. The Count III FDCPA Against U.S. Bank Will Be Dismissed

1.

Count III asserts that U.S. Bank is liable for damages under the FDCPA due to its failure to recognize the existence and legal consequences of the Foreclosure Judgment and its demand in the POC for payment of charges that are legally uncollectible due to the merger doctrine. See generally Stendardo, 991 F.2d at 1094-95; Cohen-Harvin, 571 B.R. at 680.

Specifically, the debtor asserts that U.S. Bank violated the FDCPA by:

(See Response at 24-26).

As explained below, the Debtor fails to state a viable cause of action pursuant to the FDCPA.

2.

The FDCPA was enacted "in order to eliminate abusive debt collection practices, which contribute to the number of personal bankruptcies, marital instability, loss of employment, and invasions of privacy." Caprio v. Healthcare Revenue Recovery Grp., LLC, 709 F.3d 142, 148 (3d Cir. 2013). The FDCPA establishes both general and specific standards of proscribed debt collection conduct23 and provides a private right of action to any person adversely affected by a statutory violation.24

The FDCPA distinguishes between "creditors and "debt collectors."

A creditor is defined as

15 U.S.C. §1692a(4).

A debt collector is defined as:

15 U.S.C. §1692a(6).

Critically, the private right of action in the FDCPA, 15 U.S.C. §1692k, exists only against a "debt collector." In a successful action under the FDCPA brought by an individual, §1692k imposes liability for actual damages, "additional damages" up to $1,000.00, and reasonable attorney's fees and costs.

3.

It is clear from the allegations in the Complaint that U.S. Bank is not a "debt collector" pursuant to the FDCPA. U.S. Bank filed a proof of claim asserting that it is the entity to whom the Debtor owes a debt.25

The law is well settled that, except in two (2) situations, creditors are not debt collectors and are statutorily exempt from liability under the FDCPA, §1692k. E.g., Tepper v. Amos Fin., LLC, 898 F.3d 364, 366 (3d Cir. 2018); Jacques v. Chase Bank USA, 2016 WL 423770, at *7 (D. Del. Feb. 3, 2016), aff'd, 668 F. App'x 437 (3d Cir. 2016) (citing Hepler v. Washington Mut. Bank, F.A., 2009 WL 1045470 at *4 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 17, 2009)).

First, a creditor may nonetheless be a debt collector if that person "uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of any debts" 15 U.S.C. §1692a(6). This is known as the "principal purpose" test. Tepper illustrates its application. In Tepper, the court held that a creditor whose sole business is to purchase existing debt and then collect that debt on its own behalf, may be a debt collector under the "principal purpose" test. 898 F.3d at 370-71.

Second, a creditor may be a "debt collector" if "in the process of collecting his own debts, [the creditor] uses any name other than his own which would indicate that a third person is collecting or attempting to collect such debts." 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6).

There are no allegations in the Complaint that bring U.S. Bank within either of these exceptions to the general rule that creditors are not subject to FDCPA liability. Therefore, Count III fails to state an FDCPA claim against U.S. Bank.

E. The Court Will Recommend that the District Court Dismiss the Count IV FDCPA Claim Against Ocwen

The Complaint posits a similar theory against Ocwen in Count IV. The Debtor asserts that in filing the POC to collect a debt on behalf of U.S. Bank, Ocwen failed to recognize the consequence of both the Foreclosure Judgment and the merger doctrine and, as a result, demanded payment of charges that were legally uncollectible. In doing so, according to the Debtor, Ocwen mischaracterized the nature, amount, and legal status of the debt. See 15 U.S.C. §1692e(2).

Resolution of this claim on the merits would require a determination of several substantial issues, including:

These issues are weighty. I express no opinion on their merits because it is unnecessary to reach them in this proceeding. For another, more fundamental reason, Count IV fails to state a claim: there are no facts alleged in the Complaint that suggest that Ocwen engaged in any conduct that violated the FDCPA.

The gravamen of Count IV is that the POC was a communication that contained false information and that the party making the communication therefore is liable for violating the FDCPA. The initial and fatal flaw in this theory is that the POC was not a communication from Ocwen.

The POC was filed by Phelan Hallinan on behalf of U.S. Bank. While Ocwen (U.S.Bank's servicer) may have taken other actions in the course of servicing this loan to collect the debt on behalf of U.S. Bank, there are no facts in the Complaint that link Ocwen to the filing of the POC. Phelan Hallinan, not Ocwen, filed the POC to collect a debt owed to U.S. Bank and, therefore, is the source of the communication alleged to be a violation of the FDCPA. Ocwen is mentioned in the POC, but only passively as the party to whom notices and payments should be sent. The Debtor does not allege that Ocwen took any action in connection with or was responsible in any way for filing the POC or its contents. These facts fall short of alleging that Ocwen engaged in communication or other conduct that violated the FDCPA.

VII. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the motion of U.S. Bank and Ocwen to dismiss the Complaint will be granted and the Complaint will be dismissed with prejudice, except for Count II, which survives in part.26 An appropriate order follows.